BASI LLCULATIONS Simple stresses Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or o= Force / Area Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area, Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, itis the contact pressure between two Example 1: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 KN, Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m?. Solution: PeoA where: 100 | D P= 400 KN = 400000N zs | = 120 MPa As inD!- 47(100) i = tn(D?- 10 000) d 1 P= 400 kN eSthus, 400 000 = 120[+ x(D? - 10 000)] 400 000 = 30xD? - 300 000x 2 = 400.000~300 000% 30x D=11935 mm Example 2: A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in the # figure below. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 ‘MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel. (Note: 1 Pa= 1 N/m* , where Pa means Pascal) Bronze Solution: 2 ak 5m Sm ee ie. W = 800 kg = 7848.N 6A 71 I By symmetry / P= Pu (7848) 300MN For bronze cable Pp = Ow Aw 3024 = 04An Aw = 43.6 nt For steel cable: Pa = Gale [Example 3: ‘An aluminum rod is rigidly attached betw loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the exceed a stress in stee! of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 9 een a steel rod and a bronze rod as below. Axial maximum value of P that will not 0 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa. | Solution: \ { aluminum py hat a cpoom ? P Tae adm 1S SF fe Qs e ae >f {ke Le pao. = YP¢ -G -p Feud qoute © 24 3 gee ger Se ae gee ca oe 6 fooris® x 28x Ds 2e pe tek Ae seleer Gude afin For bronze’ Oty Ay = 2P 100)200) — 2P P-10000N For Steet Gy Aa =5P P=14C00N AumnUM Benzo ir Wegauve (~-) means comoresson For safe P, use P- 10000N-10KN |) 7 Shearing stresses are caused by forces parallel to the area resisting the force. It differs from tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress. It is given by the expression: t=V/A where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A being sheared,Example! What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m?, Solution: The resisting area is the shaded the punching force P. a along the perimeter and the shear force V is equal to i re ya ea = NO778.7N = SHI.S KN Example 2: Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the connection as shown below if P = 400 KN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa. Solution: The bolt is subject to double shear vata —> 40011009) = SC0[2( + mi] ® Po g> 2913. mar Bearing stress Bearing stess isthe contact pressure between the separate bodies. Idlers from (6° a. compressive stress, as itis an internal stress caused by compressive forces.Example : In the figure abeve,, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each plate. Solution: From shearing of rivet: P= tArier < = 60['/sm(20")] = 6000 n N From bearing of plate material: P=oeAs 6000 n = 120(20t) T=7.85mm er v L L cix2e Gontol x fT Kz \roxieS y aot exe’ y is Did FmSimple strain This is also known as unit deformation; it is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to the original length, ea ILE : where 6 is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ¢ is dimensionless Stress-Strain Diagram Suppose that a metal specimen is placed in a tension-compression testing machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gauge length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress and the strain ¢ can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress o along the y-axis and the strain ¢ along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel.Elashe-Plashe Zone - E Shain Sipess— Shean Dragram Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. From the origin O to the point’called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is @ straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial foree was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law. Within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or: one fe oro=E€ where isthe stress, is*the strain and F is the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus (equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P). ‘The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the:maximum stress that may be developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation ‘when the load is entitely removed, The region in the stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic we Zane range’ The region from ® to R is called the plastie range. The yield point is the pointyon hich the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load. The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength: The Tupture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength Sain hedouy 46 Whe se ee hemes & Axial deformation frecess = Ae get poo In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to strain and is given by o=Ee since o=P /Aande=8/L, thenP/A=E8/L. Solving for 8 gives: To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. [f however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration. Example: A steel bar of cross-section 500mm? is acted upon by the forces shown below. Determine the total elongation of the bar. Exest = 200 GPa. # oO TORN 45 kN |,a6m_|_— 1m ek SO kN Solution: ai 2 “ 91 Ep os 351 (a) (b)The entire bar is in equilibrium and hence all portions of it are also. The portions between ‘and B has a resultant force of SOKN acting over every cross-section and a free-body diagram of this 0.6m length appears as section (a). The force at the right end of this segment must be SOKN to maintain equilibrium with the applied load at A. The elongation of this portion is calculated as: §y = ——(50.000N)(0.6m)___ 51 = eomo-emay(eoaxt A/mm = 0-0003m The force acting in the segment between B and C is found by considering the algebraic sum of the forces to the left of any section between B and C i.e. a resultant force of 35kN acts to the left, so that a tensile force exists. The free-body diagram of the segment between B and C is shown as section (b) and its elongation is calculated as: & (35,000N)(am) ‘Baneio-tmF @onxio Hm 0.00035 Similarly, the force acting over any cross-section between C and D must be 45KN to maintain equilibrium with the applied load at D. 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