oar CREA: EDTHONS 1S TH sro OF IDEAS ys Agus POLITICS AND Eris Quins Se. TO =u Me undand obte by Pad ES DARWIN + Does sec ond bed Pay Aen (Thed Edin) ‘rae or Fouts ako Omicr Wetmos Er pel andelied ‘by Robert M. Adams + ‘HERODOTUS ¢ Tire Histonies: etna nee ome ee Rb nee yonBES + Leas. het fihadE Hen nd Dovid Jobson toca «Te Seiceren Pouca Warny6s O Joi Locke OE Sadly Pal E Sigmund MACHIAVELLI «Te Pesce ronal sleet M, Adan (Seon Eton ___ NALTHS ex ss 08 rune or PoretaTion die Phy Apion (Second Eon ani Taeronasc Mavoresno + UN Ded y Ft Benior MILL Mus ede Ale yon MORE Cron. trend nll bebe Ado (Second Eaton) - NEWMAN roto 90 Via Sua day Dav}- Doe (Second Eon) 4° NEWTON» Nevo sce ad ltd BY, Berard Cohen and Richer S. sll ROUSSEAU Rouge’ Pounea. Werscs rested Conacy Bonde eed by Alan iter ST PAUL «Tae Warnes of Sr. Pa did by Wane A Mac nd sn T Pgerll (Second Eon) THOREAU + Wiusen Ressraice 70 Cnn ovens? ‘tidy Wile Rot Sond Eon “THUCYDIDES «Tue Pevononsesas Wat rented by War Blam edi y Wale Bice aed Jnr Toller: Rots WATSON Tie Dour Hun A uasown Accou or re Drsconey OF rw Scruton DNA dae by Cather. Sent STONECRAT + AVncxcno ee ics oF WOMAN ‘ied y Carl H Pastor Secon Eda) ‘)MPLLIE UseF Nowwon Camcat Eamon, wont ‘nanoncombseytingibince ome ben Sea A NORTON CRITICAL EDITION ROUSSEAU's POLITICAL WRITINGS DISCOURSE ON INEQUALITY DISCOURSE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY ON SOCIAL CONTRACT Translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella NEW TRANSLATIONS INTERPRETIVE NOTES BACKGROUNDS COMMENTARIES Edited by ALAN RITTER UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT AND TRINITY COLLEGE and JULIA CONAWAY BONDANELLA INDIANA UNIVERSITY BI ana torn WW + NORTON & COMPANY + New Yoexpel SGC re Tash ra Copright © 1988by W.W, Noten & Compan: Ine rigs rene Prine in he United tts of Ameria. Teel nya Eh retin Note Congestion Bou SN cag The Mipelt Bok Gp Bal ngny ie Kos Fi tin Lieu of Cong Catling in Picton Dats Rowse, Jara, 712-1778, Rruseaspolitea wetngs (A Noto ite edition Bblopps p Cnt: Dscease on ineguaiy—Discoune on Palit ecnary—On soi coat. 1, Rasa, eam pow, 1712-1778—Coleted wes, Rie, Ala, 97- Ul Bandana, ie ‘Coney. yerrans 97 0/0" 720365 I80N 9-393-45h53-2 WW. Nonon Compa In, 50 Fifth enue New Yrk NY 10110, ‘WW Norton Company Lid, Cate Hae, 7576 Wells Steet, landon WiT 301 4567890 ee Contents ee Petice ‘Teansator’s Note = Rousscau’s Political Writings i Dicoue on the Ogn an anda f egaiy ‘mone Men ; Discoane on Poll Eooery 2 (On Sei Contactor Minis of Pate Right & Backgrounds 175 Jean eqs Rowse: A Biogaphial Sth ” Fre Rouse: Cofoione ie rescrens 7 RoUSEAL * Franoi Mare Acut de Vole o Dad He ‘5 James Bowell and Samuel oboe » Glee Cena o Aa Sih 4 Thomas Paine 6 ‘Immanuel Kant = Joseph de Maistre xb Jon Adame Benjamin Constant a Piere-joseph Proudhon 3 Les Tobey ” Commentaries a ean Starobiuki ~ ‘The Polaial Thought of Jean-Jacques Rowsead 231 R.A. Leigh « Liberty ae Authority in On Social Contuat 358_ Discourse on Political Economy rn, eee . roger sere am ied ar chet ras sweater le oer tiecar cat mo rary act lec dere et arae Fear ei a go eeoraerse ema ect ing ag een sokeethadice auch aoe eset eamtiee Discourse on Political Economyt sateen eens ine michael Eocene ie emp nae Eoeeciaseracme mateo cia ce hae home ‘DiscOUNS ON Pouca. Kconoury ” syethings to become equa in this re bee ales of he er wou i ee es ee, eck the family, ard the soul of apowael fk eel of am otnaryman vat he ec nae be ofa pirate individu empite isto the cel Bn th bt ey fou 20 diferent Since the athe: s phyla se tien paternal poverrayreaenall ethene ‘att rare en epee fa ee ny whose ember a al natal cal bn ey, beng ptey arbitrary inthe ways edablshel, can befound atin agreement, and the magia cn command ches ex by cal wes. The duis of the fer re diated then ar felines ‘and in a mariner that rarely petits him to disobey then, Lead ce ae ast gate ad are ot ale od endo Jo anything excep what they have promised to do, and rhe oP eope hs ight to demand that the de. Anar cen moe fe mot rece iat see the cen hve mgt vt serene tom the fates, its obviow batall papa terg det mnat om i ite he onan the pea ny shin tener adiitrtion ss etblted ely to ase pels ch antecedent The principal pros the woo Fert hoachol sto prea ree the athe sy ‘weve may one dy dive i among bi cle wiht ings metho, wath ofthe piesa # aa, an pool unksod f wainanng pte cc in pene seer. ina word the smal fn destined to i ont nd elope disolvel ino several lhe sina ati, and when pet amy created to endure forever im tase condi, the Selene must incre in oer fo lly. Ae ot ony enough fre gat family to manta sel, bak can easly be prove dice dest more bar than good oeseverl rvans derived fom the nate of hn it's te ite sshd be in command.” Fi, the auton Bates the the site ete ul notte a,b ihe promer mse and in every division of opin ems be ne oan ke shih decies. Secon, however sight we may upp he tp Ker ectir tothe woman, ince they alway ca et Beat 7 {rset prid, ths a sufi reson ocd fer ‘macy, for when the balance is perfect, a straw is enough to ti ‘ls oreoner th husband shoul ave he htt oene ee Act this wife, because i is important for hrm to make certain at shiéren he is forced to acknowledge ard raise belong t0 0 cre lore apt Feelin titaanertecand me Peal Coneec sheet ash whee ‘tc eons sr es oeonucs ROOSEN! should ob the fiber, nity out op er having thei needs a lake tee doe he ra fed by im for Ra of Po pe evans aio one bi thei services in prove bs, Fo gee, atop thy may brat Eschang fo he eo to be apron. [sy nothing of ee Scan is cantar orate and because no lw can autho et seis mthing of tis ind in ola city, Fa for the leader na ik sc Rappines intel misery. th de cil ofen in command of men, if is a acd incmenienes aie in he eletons, and, in ether ce at rns of ptr als. you have bt oe lade, eae ah econ ofa aster who has to teaon to lve you it aa ite crdrebein ik benny and the quach ei terdahues at neiabie and thee consequences dsasrouy in ‘rah ucity in which he publ iet and the nus have no nara Fee ety clacad bythe penal interet and the par Som fhe er ad the member “Aho the neon fhe fxhes of fay andthe chi magi tate shoal edt the same gal thi pts ae 90 different, their thteand gts vditnc tat onecama cbf ther thc forming {Shee ste fundamen ve of sect and without fling inte teil othe huran rac. In ctf nate’s woke ie the es ace Sar can sk toi liliog his dis, i, for the magistrate, nating but af gid which constlywosks to divert him fu falling his ova, and which cone ot tr lads to his down oro thi ofthe st, ules he restaned by the mos sublime virtue. The nly prcation necessary fo the father ofa to potethinslf fam dav an to prevent his atl fclinatins frm becorning empl bul tee ete ery ncinains that corp the agitate Todo good the former ony to conul his heat the lates becoes 2 tar te moment he isens oh own, Even hs reason should be "epeto hi nde shad lew no te guide ha pubic on, hich th I, Tus, atte har eeated a mule of good fate inf, batts dsl at since ie resto af ihe worl, iy ‘wisdom is ever produced ten men capable of govecning their fl- coh Tae St ffl tht public ena eer ea en ae lespective with the farnily but the obligation of their {airs sen to make ach of thes fap, the same rales of con set thn eh win ci wee “wo lw ch toa ge os @ imsett Thy, the eile faving ay a magacy is he “ies forall The Discourse ow Pouricat Eoonom a much honor by writing books to refute it" Besides, this Ce since Aristotle himself thought it appropriate te conten yet ok se hoc en he fittest "Again Tak my sade to dtngih carly betecen pubic one “Teme authonty, which Lal sven, a dsncupsheh hes the fact thatthe one has the right 6 Tega and in certain cas to blige the ver by ofthe nation, while the othe: has ony cating poner aed can only obligate rive infvduals* Ser Poimce smb So Peo Permit me for a moment fo ue a common conpation, insecuate in many respect but sited to making myel beter tndertod ‘The body politic, taken individually, can be considered san ory nized, Hig body and sar to that ofa man, The smsegn pox tepesnts the bead the laws and eitoms ae the brain the cero thenewout system and seat ofthe undentanding the wil and he cn ses, of which the judges and magistrates are the ongans. commerce, Indust, and agcltte ae the mouth and somach which prepare the common subsistence; public france se the blod thats wise enor, peroring the fntion ofthe he, sen back ode rear fren and He nought the body th cizes ae the body ad men ters which sak the machine move, Ins, and work, and which cnet Senired in anyway without afl srsaton being ans ight tothe brain the animale. ste of oa heath ‘The lieof beth topes these common to the whale, the recp- socal sensibility ard the inka snncction betwee lhe ars. What, ‘ihiscommunveation ceases, the fra unity deappeas, a econ fhgous pos ac ony rete o one sate y the saosin? The tman del, o the sates disoled ste vat “The boxy polite therefore, slo 8 mos ing which ha wl ‘and this general will, which always tends toward the conservation and telat of fi whole and of eich pad which ic sours ofthe beicobiz sain gains one thr Ta tothe sate, the rule of what ht and ust tant ‘Hanlon iin posing whish sbows how ludicrous i for 99 many witers to have as theft the shrewdness presenbed wwe chiTaren Se al meals, 25 if all that the Low decrees ee ee Sehnert oa eso eto See seth ae iiiaenanhares Ei eSmecesra SSC ety amanecgecs, Ramiieaitt eae, goemeeen er wick eras pemiiee eae tee esate ome ‘sed enact be dds fe rer on etna ef jsctle cebe hsar a ea acgues Rowssea nino ple, tom vith tsar deel cea ts ef sie, wich i anering wih eect tal citizens, may be fully with respect to foreigners, andthe NS Seni Geo {elation to its members, is ne longer 9 in relation to other states and ee oaertiet plate nl eal oh Setar of oe te lr bow. Ths eer ne nee cand eae Seu ist nih cere ua casters _and whose states and various peoples are merely individual members. Ihey ete abc yield poled ey oe sagen os al te ugatien oxi ers cis eae Se peer onaic ob epee one ta ce Every political society & composed of ather smaller societies of differ: a i idaho aaron fs ee com hth too pees ee leper erm eer ser eiogrsed ae ici die tl aconnntt nic S moecietetmal aiaten cect ae eee Mabinogi we imental seal rc erbnorkiee real coe nea fins mst pea ecnime ch ati Oe ees a seins sel moony ten beanteaen tee ie The io te pl soe sy her ei he nnisolte sont a geen ile ge ey atc wilh qule on oad been ee ee jamcoroptn themed Nera pow sep oe ears eclle wtekee ae ie et Ska wy ete ea ar eh ras eh anit cota ‘Gosden es eae eee ih han he eran eae Oe eee a cha of es, dosti ya eee i betray perenne en ct aici, thy and can pepe ene trois nl ate pa ten ledge Rh ee a Be Dn nde ewe fae Tt Ma a thor oth oo ref tht pb decry que Soe inh cea bt Se Tal Ws Henatinpnats ware ot at, Novia noe tryna eae Pic doce nfcote are ane Tee unless the people seduced by private interests, which tite for is ar easel and eloquence have been able to sub noun Insane le ies ae Discourse ov Pouca, Ezonony 6 andthe general wll nother: Let noon ite Mian demociaey san tiyannical aristocracy, govemned by leamed men and exten. Haanaee Gartlly bat apocts it any deckonwhsto, un yn a ae ‘he sever wll slays fer the commen goed et ha se fen deco, a i conitestion, ich aus he atte fe nscubly tobe creumvened br the eof pat ae In that es, the social body sacs deine ale bee eas sper senegal wil wich © gn nj whe 5 these ew bodies, and unjust with reed tothe ube foe which each ofthem has Ben seycreds a © he whe We see that wit the ai ofthese principles ii very easy to explain heap! contain wih be eel ee a teary men who ate scrupulous and honorable ces eee oy deccifl and unscrupulous in othe tearpling andreot hes ma sacred date, an retaining th tothe cea a concen ufc are often unlawful, Ths, the mot compe men aluayovay veneer bomage to the public trast: thus (or noted in the are on Reap even thieves. who are enemies of vu in the grat acy eee semblance i tet dens, Ir sisting he grr wilas he fot ii of ae wn andthe fordamentl rule of government, Ihave wat theught tnceseny Sire ery sv mats ng en = tthe magitiates, and wheter in pubic aff one should tender he god ofthe sao that ft aes Teche long been decid one way in practice and another in they; and, in enc it would be shee folly hope that those who ate infact masters wll pce another interest other own. I woul, there be apo Diate further to subi public economy int popular rane ‘vps. The former i that of every state in ubich uty ef inet and ull eigns between the people andthe eaer the lates neces wll exist wberever the goverment andthe people have diferent nets and, consequently, oppesing wills. The masins of government ate inscribed at lngth in the archives of history and in Nach’ at ine." The maim ofthe people ate feund oly the wing hilo. ophers wh dare apres the ight of hamanty "The fist and the mot important asim af legtinat or poplar premarin er wor fs gover whee a hepa ef ‘he prope, is therefor, as | have sai, to fll the general malin a ee a eos Aisinguish it clearly from the particu wl, stating with ons This distinction is aay rnp ifical to mae, nd ony the mea be ime vite is eapable of shedding suficent ight on it. Since its nec miirateteteanepantee une lameaee rman eter fe Sait Nctnavome ai dnirtattaete« ene Jacques Rovsseat sncrks wm eater diay ele wets a cman aon Tne othe ao i Hoe ye al en he ett a hay ye oi sae gata. in eh nero ere, Iie, and libetyof each member through the protection ef al. But how ‘can men be force to defend the liberty of any one among them without Se eet a ei ca ple veh et without doing some damage to the private property of those who are ier meses ome store aca ae foe ot tt ro ekce eidercesc eer ene ae ee es ee Sethe nee accihybereacde eee Senin enced be kesate deol ee eee eae ene Soe eee ae hier ieee ne Bon ee ecrinias Gee erin taal toutenctinstces Tooter cece sm ni cere ee Teen pared pede ete eran Gola uty sear auton ear ioas Sas sa ereware she ren corte er tees Siiteemaihetand sees eens Tata cdot ce sh cle tneeh ees Phong rene erp ieloretel reine Groce ebm al ete eroneeksonreb hee hs Sag dbase haba anata eee Sak is romeo sede aoe eae aes Sip oer EL poe oa tae ene ee trina sb mane uc Seems hee See The leader's most pressing concern, as well as his essential duty, shine oer reece ic onan ea ee ic adap wih ah sant stone ee Si ore vs been ah at ue ‘thera himself, as the one who enjoys all their hi beaeluchoetinoenne parece een haa free from the yoke ofthe lw, he ought to beware of taking ava Discourse o¥ Pouca. oonony 6 tage of so dangciow a prciogative, one which othcs would in tum soon commitments ate reciprocal by nature, itis posible w gut accel shove the lay without renouneingiteadvankager al mace thing 0 anybody who claims to oe nating osnyone eke hac ns same rexen, no immuniy ftom the lw wl ee be pated on ape srounds whatioever in a wellcegulted govement. yen the ceaers ‘tho deserve well of her country shoul be eval with Renny bat ‘ever wit pileges, for the repblicis onthe ink fr, scot somone thinks that its prfecly secepable nett obey the les Bt ‘fever the nobility or the military or any ae tein he ste wee ts adopt sucha guiding principle, all would be ineicably low ‘The poner ofthe laws depend’ even nee oa thei own wisdom than on Ue seventy oftheir minister, seth pbc wl dave spate ‘ght flo the son whch dite fo i eon, Pb cen Siti a vey impetntprecation vast pace at he beginning of cdi a wellcanedpeable whith poe han fo ef and we fal Infact, the fst ofthe lav to respect the lan; every of parish mens smerel a ain expedient concened by sell mind seat ter fr the repeet ey cannot oben. I has enna bee bse tat the countres in which corporal punishment ate the reat ere sre alio those in which they are the mos frequen th, the rly of erates careely indicative of anything but the mulvde of lw Breakers, and, by punishing al with equal every, the gil a6 fed ‘© commit enmes to escape punishment for het mistakes Tutalthough governments not muster ofthe an, no smal ing tobe it guarantor ad to poses a thousand ways of making ve. ‘The talent olin constsinthisalene. When one as ren band, there sro art in making everyone eble, and not even uch nw ning men's heats, for experience hs long sine: tug the pope to stich great imporianee tall the haz its Kader avo dng tt and tb worship tha wen He donot hate it. An inbocie whe obeyed an, Tike anyone es, puns serous tines the ae seman knows trv to prevent then he extends his repectable dominian oe: wil cen more than ocr ates. If he coud ange for eveyone to do fe, he would have thing more to hinsel, ard th maserpicce {fhis bors would be tobe able to eran te. icra, als thatthe greatest alent of ears st digs thee power n ode to tral ites odions, and Yo manage the st 20 peaceably tha sce toneed no lle Teoncide, therfore, that ut athe Evie’ ist duty i fo make the laws conform fo the general wl, the Fist ral public eamomy thatthe admintraton shoul conform tthe Lvs. Ts wl fice ‘vc to prevent the state erm beg badly governed ifthe anger as ee eldeadthn dependRowsstas “ rae cgurs inte ete bythe ea roel eel omer rem ‘ty, lima oF the people he had to institute. This is not to say that dha fe Pe ae eae ot eh ae neon of a eo i pid or cacti af camed on thar oes oe the a of he aw which eer tbs coil roe er See eee cod spit al fe vn ch Salle rey Tey scone wl ee, sear eb nore In cos which fs nt pc ti ee Ta Mon be esericd see etoccen sen? item lo bor ay mn can ane lle ces ofthe perce il ber es eee Mime fos ep, ad eeu sly nee Se aThe peered bel nese: he lade Ln see ia tcopal il saves en eae ma ere Prine hers sy, the pea cule oat tw ceny ne fot be sated of flonng ts geil wll” fe SE alt steed mat tl non dos eve cunt ef obi tory Tio roe and pat SE ernest fyb led inchs ese In Chin, te vntlog nut oe bce tod tinh oem sl spa tho beeen te and te ple bed epee none pr Int attr ptm pn Dest eat out in arether iSonic ad ey manda sewer ih hs heal a Ale tenicpg ini department Th at) there no Serene ns kaon ins opal, bt ong expec {Srthrcoue! the week we be ape. ‘Thee any tect emey ale enper,pentted ha pale ety ee ties nila sen ee cee sl the scons che Re pa ise it piece fat he teens Wisma ave made ce nd one gn uowhout thew iso anal mate ta esate engl sn ee ‘eee, a fone das nang more, heel be ee apernce they nal ya te prerment nl haedfely aking ‘lop ins elo bbnce rte god to now ow Ik eof men thy, Bat tl ole tem i wat One neh hem te he ma cite stony at whieh ene tts aman ne iy ond eee no leo hi wl ht ‘ens Gatun roe ae, inte ong to, tate gece Laltetagetone ase ein ect des at ge Spin nateiattos spite renee pl 8 ie Siler haccrenanieamerte, erie geen tana ans eeecirucwatormad bebagwraamupemeetniio: carte entero et scours ow Potion. Foowcary © ake of hem: wars tz, men shen shes eA sn pnw rina a 0 hi ng that he Se Srna ee pt iF sou want te laws be abeyeds male Wea et Smad men trem do what they shou tirenoagh ome hein me fn hata the geo of cent green ald times when philosophers gave laws and vied the suey tony torake them wise an happy, The cee eo ee ath law, 10 many recuatons conning won hab PNY maxims which were accepted or eted mith the gress ee, tran did net eget hs imps uf siete heen 4t much care in coruping the moval habits of et dea Pak magistrates in correcting thi ofthat kllowciaens Beto ee overs, which ble tht th hive dane ceo hn ddowhen the have red money, never oxen tnapi hare or pile tgp that IT'the second exenal rl of pale cosy sno les inpentae than the ts Do yor wat the peal Gs ee ae cern that al particular wils rein eco wih ce es ne ny this conformity ofthe patcalar el wih grea we Sime thing na word mae vitae ek I politeal waters were es dey thei arin, hey would ee tow imposible for ary ene watever opin he ‘pit fs orgs lei gel by haw of doy he cab var tht the mainstay of pic author esa the hea cf et ters, and that nothing can ake he plac fmol as in the nin tenance ofthe genemment, Noon gd and wpe ac sone sth bow how to adm the lv, but, famenay, ey Honest people nho non ho to oe tem Apne wo ccd in tolerating remorse wl have no tool cndarmg wrt, len sere dnd contin primer, frm which here 8a a the ope of ‘Scie, and whatever cnn taken thse who on aa mp ty to Jo wrong had lack the means of ang th sw oF ea the pel In thie, sce al pa meres oes inh ‘general interest, which is no longer that of any indwvidual, public vices hhave greater power to enervate the laws than the laws have to keep vices in check, and the corruption of the people and its eaders finally spreals to the government itself, however wise nest ee aed ota berg ito apea ty obry the aws n,n th, eating he i Flee, thea laws come tie mote wold add ties beer fo them ct ex tha woul be rece we no ‘others remain. In such a situation, iti useless to ple edicts upon edicts itaaereem: Selceeeicae Sere EteJone Jones Rousseay tis. Atha ss nly to ntodae oe 2 cn reel onc, The more ou mp the gant coe nate te, and al te sipawis 1 a cubes ahr the plunder mh ou apointare only Tooting, Soon, the price of virtue becomes Se eter ur bone le von pais tad ree noe coneapble te) eth ny an Pe Felice aa they ave dabonored by thir honors, I they eee eclatencr be pecton worn, tind tora fou, dy, sh the slain hi tun nd the people wich fa Ge es teh pial enc of tunes manos SUS pean “ad ty mudaret come ely fom exe sae peet ne Fon ing oat ot “Atruch times, the voice of duly no Longe speaks in men's heats, and ‘elear fel psuse cy fron rth lar ef an pet ecb ahh yd est ener Auch nce het {hc rcee lal re contenpe he wks hey ell ro dt todos sce. Whatever cos in the cine wed ioutien torn af potash oer wie pares nape or transacted only to the degree that personal interest demands and directs. i hte lf he rat pln sofa the ‘ra th they need tat ech ore ney bere he woke ers to ine whl cy woking for thre ay Ons need he oe fers te exis oan ther paper ode abuse Seman dese th ovn opener ena tea ced Tt fc cies lve he diy, and hse ented with ple auto shee ap temas beset nn too ee mle end ti Cine al tees rit and snag ton ay tha ten dopa wis Ba dar at alo re "sts onl myst. Tne peat minh 50nd sed Albese wad mbntcs wie ger mepaefon ie wate te pope se no nge ruse pbs er babi see he feito ters ad lenge wc ng ce neal ee St Ar eis sey dy ony Cae ‘ined iatis hades wos on tova egy eee as them, tough ts desence,fan wosling @ ager pre and hokey hos isin thon nays Bat hc ee oxbiotinetlnessedby honed abet ae abohte than te prany of pen Ts doe see Sone ig fear wig te poe ba ta hae ae inaketinde memes Hitay ait mtorr ate 6 ius, one ‘one asthe ight ad pone to DDwoounse om Poca. Zooncay o is net enough toa conformity with the general ian we hat ante by the rope ne Mande ling son "ese that he feeling fr humanity is dipted and eas sia eS feet calamities in Tatar or Japan, a we tne ly theses Rene in concn mace en aera vay to make them ative. No, since thirinaontneees one enly to those wih whom we ave to ve. i pod that he ee cconeentated among fllow cizensseques mew face ene {ough the habit of seeing ach other era thoxgh tic commees nt whic unites them, It is cetain that the gees manele of etn to bien produced by love forthe homelands comdanaton oF te fo afsellove wi l the Beauly of vue gs thse od he ‘ment an enegy tat, without dsfgring it makes tthe moa hoe of all he passions. This s the pasion thet praducd so ene ee actions whose brilliance bozzks ous fehl ees and so na sea ‘men whose ol levies puso bes, now tet ove ofones eae lana isthe object of derison. We should nat be sptied The apne of tender heats scm to be quite Encl fo anyone who ha nt lt them, and the love for one's homeland, a hurd ts ror lee and delight han the ove fora mises, likewise cannat be cence cxceot through being experienced, but itis eny to dene in all te Heats i inflames an inal he ation: tines thal esd wine ardor apact ftom which the pues vite cant shine, Let us dare compare Socrates himssf Cato* One was more the philoopher and the other more the citizen. Athers was ale k and Socrates ad no ther homeland than the whole worl Cato lays eamed as home. land in the dept of his heart he ved fort lone and couldnt outine it The vite of Soca that othe wisest of men, hit cenpanad wth Cacat and Pompey, Cae vert a ged song mote The oe teaches 2 few private india, coma the soph, and dis for the tu the other defends the ste, liber, and the vs again the conquers ofthe worl, and finally departs from the earth when be n Tonge ses 4 homeland to serve A worthy stent of Socates woul be the mast vinous of his contemporaries + worthy emule of Cao would be the areatet. The virtue ofthe it would bring hms happiness he second ‘woul sok his happiness in that of thers. We snl be taht by one and Ted bythe other, and that lone should eteine ou peer, Ott wander ce ny ute in te Rpatgiensa ne Sake Red et ans a tn itealine Tice ewe Saco See emer.paroquns ROUSE ie Ja Jcgues een has never been cet, bits not sex rpm lie inp eRe ena I, leet gn by rang ther pee ee att nly come ele fer bom [and means nothing moce to them than it does to foreigners, and if da roa a ean ete anyone” wad be none {Tl if they di not even enjor the benefit of public safety there and if Be ter es ey wer ick f be daceton of power te ES tig pontie cr pemiaiictor then blow bcd Shela Inch eam feng bcd to he dt fhe te wat raat no See the gis ote te fae and with Sekeshe wt bet eb debad hemes they would cone, feats bztn the wot citi ie whith ie ten can Bed tere indie foelend then, coul ony hve a in Sint eoming Thon oso cn bebe tt pez can he ‘alellanon theulony smaon ef pn erg cil esha Sol tisno moc tle fate peal il el theres ttt oft at, nineet he mb, ty harm or dt iy fn th genes an ie posesin of hs een wal p ed patties esti sy bd Behe Sesto at Sion ee es aan selon: troperment woldigutlybeleakel frag tes So could ne ten beled pele Ge asta Reg at tex eng etn ps, ofa ng eet eae were eos ison kant orn ec Sto ge sare wath wt tees col held ie ole beets eee Soutien of etal titel tcmmiinen’ te body foto opie frie potcion oe ast as mene wah mh a feat te lia? Aad de pod fee ena any es ten Traci tc pl te ete a Son acne his it for one pe he fo pat na hal ss a eH ve tome fom be maul of sry and otc ae ‘ovina tft oes up hilictorkocooee ae be ‘ismvat Botte gveraert smite sche oe ne Pon erthe gndfte mld Tal sranen omen a ot oct tat rant has es mente the oe kee ‘be proposed, the most dangerous that can be ‘accepted, and the most Rscmelia mn weganne oy ya mene Discov on Poti Boowou 1 small number of men who are net the peopl bat th foes of the people, and who, having obligated thamvelres by + pesoral oth to ith themsches forthe good ofthe people laimto pve therein tee ‘he people should perish fr them, What if somecne wants to find examples of the protection thatthe state owes its member and ofthe respect tones thee penn? These ‘examples should be sought only arzong the mont ilstiios und cous, se0us nations of the earth, and there ate scarey any but fe peoples tivong shor the wort ofa man is known, It wel kun how per, plexed the entire republic of Sparta found itl, hen the question of Dunishing a guilty citizen arse. In Macedenia, a human lie nas = mater of sich importance that oral hit grandeur. that pewerdl mens arch Alexander would not have dated puta Macclonian etal fo death in cold bloed ules the accused had appeated to defend himself ‘fore his fellow citizens and had been condemned by them, But the Romans distinguished themiehes above all the people of the cath by the regard of thet government fr private individuals and by ts serup lous attention to respecting the invilabie sights ofall member of the sate There was noting among them at sacred asthe life of eran «itizens: no less than the assembly ofthe etre peep was recente condemn one of them. Neither dhe senate itself nor the com ial their majesty had the ight © do tis, and, among the mos power people inthe worl, the crime and punishment of actiacn wis «public ‘oriow; so hash di itscem to shed blod for any crime, whatever it sight be, that by the Porcian Law [the Ler Prt, the dent penalty ‘was commuted to that of exile forall thowe who would be wiling to ‘endure the las of such a sweet homeland. Everything in Rome alin the armies bepoke that love fellow citizens ek for eaeh ober, and that scoped for the Roman name which aroused the courage and inspired the vitue of anyone who had the hener of bearing it The cap of a ‘citizen delivered from save, the civic exown of one who ad saved the Iie of another were looked upon with the great lease ami the pomp of trumps. and itis wort nating that ofthe crowns with which «ane honors nablestions in atime, onl the ive crown andthe crown «f eiumphant generals were made of gan and leave all he aes were ‘merely gold. Thus itwas that Reme vas vittous and became mites sf the world. Ambitious leales! A shepherd governs hs dors and his focks andi the least of men. IFtis ever a fine thing to command. itis hen those who cbey ws can honor us. Therefore, respect you fll itizens, ard you will male ourelee warty of respect eect liber, and your poser wll incense daily never exceed your righty and bere long they wil be boundless ett honda theft he oman mar ‘itizenset the advantages they eno unty endear itt them; Jet the government eave them a suficentshare in pubic adninitratin 5 that they feel at home: and et the ls be, in thee eyes, revels the ‘uatantees of publi liberty. These rights. as ine 2: they are, belong to2 JeasJacgues RoUsseat acide ocag ment ten acy Seth aon it pore ae eth tl faker ent i a el Secon nai sitter toga ma my eet Seamer cto, Wis me ea a ect rem te te org tes seal rac ean Go Th se Saeco “rly upon hove of moderate means the ws a equally poweres aginst shop be nest ga cein fees et eh so re fs is Be Te diene nptllémcmslyreoncaty prevent extreme inequality of fortunes, not by aking wealth avay fom rrr ears on eegreiey en Eo rarest tots cones be eno qe od thy lig ion rpg Kotor area Magee tate fi lor er i ers cre eg reeee cea aera eres al Sas aber med nconmene e car sar ere nahin ee, yy tel ah eters cet dead ot om ed pete rma. cease aime ci fee ces ate roe eee Pearle ereepioret Seong come rs feo cot ea eri be ner Bat all these precautions will be inadequate fone goes no further. 1 baal ogee ea fee et ciereaanaey acter cetaceans ised yo ambe iinet aaron gen mordaelc mi, certainly be a very bad citicen, but it must also ‘be agreed that even if Lap cao thie ol Srl Seema pte what ‘te man ete i i Discourse cw PoUCAL Eoononey B than whats deonmed. I, for sample, they attained ely en ne 9 cotter cn pout ee ee i ne with the body ofthe sate, and not to pereine a ther ona aioe ns ‘ompal cmp asapat afte sue ore el sdenhngthemsee in some way with thi peat nk, I alg themes member ofthe harcand in bvegit tht ose sentiment which ever ilated man flsonh ir hinsel eee, ling uth soulstenandthsprest oben, ond usin wendorany no subline vite that dangerous dipostion fram which ur veg nse. Not ony does philoxpay demote the pomity ofthe roe Girton, bat his) fumthesceuntes sing ecapes f ewe they ate so sare among us its bean no one ered aut whether orn there tan ciizen antl less docs anyone hak ck ‘ung about it soon encugh to tain them. Its to late change rar ‘url indintons, onc they have taken the couse, aed abt ka ‘enforced seflove is oo inte to daw us ose foun, one the human elf entered in ont hers hs been given ve fo the eh temple acuity wich abr al vife and conte Ive o pt ou, Hw could love forthe homeland er amid soreany ther Dasion hich til i And what remains for kllow ens of» het Seay divided bemeen avarice, a mses. ant vant? Tei om the fit memento He tat ne mat ean how to deen to ve, and at we dure inthe sigh af ize by Being Bom, ne tant begin to dscharge our ds a the mrnent ef ur ith tee stelaws the prod athond, thee shoul be law fr te ped ‘of cikbood which tach us © ob ober an, sta each tans tenn camot be eth sale ahi fs dtc othe edcaton of ‘hilten canal the les be atandoned ote nade an preaies of tht fathers, bese i « mater f gtr npn Be se thant the fathers for, acoring tothe natural eure of things, the father's death fin sobs ofthe al us of his edict, bute homeland sooner rls els et; he tte esi adhe am ily dics ef the pu aust, by alg the pice of tbs and suming hs erporant futon, acquis ther hs by falling i Altes, te hes have all the es resent complun aout ease. in ths regard, they ae dang aboot nthing bu! changing» are and tecae the wll hall common, av iter. the sme ahary oe: thei cilen a ey exert satel a fae, and wil be Cheyed roles wll oh peng in fe sae of he bv ton they were while speatingin te name of ate Pub esto, unr the ‘les preerd by the gnement and unde te mages eta Tite bythe sovereign, thrfre, one ofthe funamentl parle of poplar or egal goverment I cre are bought up incon tran nthe boxom ef eiliy, hy ace seep he ans estate 4. Pe pane cf ey ol Ercoeiomntatogs ig Inigo henw.juogues Rowsseat vo eas fcours sed he prc cf te ee oh Seating ers pra on cans hae Sl io eet im, let us not doubt that they will brs ee ahr ren, never wllng ating bt wha ce eer ee en ee ecniee len Ee 2 wa etna tata mee zee fer Se ae Hie teats dat oe ogee se Scere cee etl sae reach ererr iy eee ies aledomec coerce Set eee eee eter erley ESriececeemmme eerie semen nlh esr cy arte ft a saibeketencee yg tae mpl Dsovnst ox Pourica. Beano * among, the people, forestall fiom afar the evils which sooner or later result fom the indifference of ctzens towards the fate of the rcpublis, and contain within stict limits that pessonal interest which 30 pclates private individuals that the site fs weakened by their power and ine nothing to hope for irom their good wil. Wherever a people love is county. respects its laws and lives spl itl ele reins tbe dome ‘to make it happy, and in publi administration where frtane pla ¢ lesser role than inthe fate of privat individuals, wisdom is clone to happiness that these tuo ende are combined TIL 1s not enough to have citizens and to protect them: itis sho necesary to consider ther subsistence, and provid forthe pie nects is an obvious consequence ofthe general will and the third esental uty of government. This duty is leary not to fill the pranaies of private individuals and exempt them from working, but 1 maintain abundance so much within theic reach that 1 acquit i labo s always rnecestry and never uses. Italo extends tal the activites invelved in the management of the teary and the expenditures of public alovstiation, Thus, ater having discussed general economy in cation to the government of persons, it remains fori to consider in telaton to the administration of propery ‘This part fies no fewer diffeulis to surmount or contradictions to resolve than the preceding one. Certainly, the tight of property i the nost sacred of all the citizens rights and mere important in certain respects than hberty itself, ether beeause it pas greater value on the presenation of life, ot because, with goods being easct to Usutp and ‘move dificult to defend than one’s person, more respect mst be given to what can more easily be stolen, of, finally, because property fs the true foundation of civil society and the true guarantee ofthe eitvens commitment For if persons had no responsibility for their possessions, nothing would be so cay as evading oe’ duties and scoring the laws, (On the other hand, itis no les certain thatthe maintenance ofthe ste and the govemamen incu cos and expenses, and, as anyone bo grants the end cannot deny the means, it flloas thatthe members of vocety should contibute some oftheir asets tos upkeep. Besides, itis dificult to make the property of private individuals secure on the one hand without attacking it on another, and its impossible fer all the regal tions concesning inheritances, wills, and contracts not to resitil the Citizens in certain respects regarding the disposition of their ove weal and, consequently, regarding thee right of propety, But besides what Ihave said above about the harmony which reigns between the authority ofthe lave and the libety ofthe etizen, there i {he oth Dacre snd woromie fen weal si wey Bic Zan' Seeraike tera as gyectiassoccioesne eae orden an“ pgs Ros wong ees te Rte Ni tenet does not by mature extend beyond the life: ‘hewn, the cig of props. cd Se eee age es eee rd eich alt oo te {low in applying them, ha, fom father to son an fiom relation to i te ca Seen eae i ee ee tah seine eraceiernice mera ee Fe can iinet cee serene eae see emeneea eto i es ect a SAE pore ecient tea Gap ebremegeerdg et ema aa eben Bites tan re emeieet eee ae os Pee 8-9, Deena 3 eee il el seine i ean Net wet ne nee bates Drscourst on Pouca conn 7 ie bbe ett erat te oie ute; and the difficulky of just and wise economy lis in this cruel alternative of allowing hc see ‘The firs thing the founder ofa epubic oul do ate theenuleh- sven! of ls isto find safcent ae to support the mages a ter officers and all public expendiuies. These secures ae eae erarivn oti, they aren the form of ene, 0 publ aes they ae in the frm rd, andthe later peeve tae foc easons that ae cay toe. Anne wh ha refed ong enough upon this matter ean hardly be of ehes crinion han thal of Bod, ‘who views public domain athe most honest and secre of al the means ‘f provding forthe needs a the sat; ar its were to ote at Romils fst concern nthe dnison of nds wast st dea thi of them for ths use Tacknonledge dais pombe forthe proce fom oy administered public prope to amount to athing, bt et {nthe atl nate of publ prope tobe peo admunitrd, Prior to ay appropriation of thee estes, they should be ete nated or approved by the asembly ef the peopl rte eas of the unty, which should then determine their wie. Aer ths solemn cer fon, which makes these recurs inakenie, their very rate ‘ange, 20 speak, and thee revenues become so sae i ineing the least thing tothe detriment oft itended prpne eto the tre! infrnous of al thes But acre of high tenon. I rk disgrace for Rome that the integrity ofthe queer Cato wat 2 mater for dacuscon, and that an cmp, yp rewarding the bert of Singer with a fw cons, need to a But ths money came frm is familys fortune and ot om the sts easy” But if thee are then like Gall, whet il we fd men ike Cat?" And wher ce te longer didenocable, bot ear wil be sepelous enc fist 1 ‘sin fom puting thet has on the ple reveaus othe i Erin, sel evetuall fom decvng themes by reknding con five thir vam and scandalous Ssiptions with the poy cf the ae, ard the mean of expanding ir autonity with those of ering te fener ef the sate? His ale all mths delete ape! of arinsaion that site i the ony effete instrument, and ht de inky of the sagittis he ony etait capable of containing hi edhe ele {Chad al the acount of manag seve ls ose hit dhon {Sy than to conceal ian pendence i never as qc to imagine new precautions 3s knavey i to che them, ‘Therefore, abandon account Feta papers nd pt Bnces back nto fail bands only thes wl they be fahlly manages igor treche diel SuroJews ogurs Rovsseav seco fled te ds of ee a cen fase ac ee fought ce ev sneer he ncn ofthe sce f hos nao 8 agro ered a ae leh dna ba mone Fa gl ed gor rea, sacs a tf eno dona cor B Once public, vihtaly the adminis poeaee eat concer, wl soe ee a ears aos a epec pacalpeben iter rear gery eed ee oe a ee sage eae ace Sn ee Ee ceatit mao ical Psi hreghyipohipctorlemtadbats eee alee eeapatenr ery Sate es he ea eerie in distress, While one thinks of a remedy for one difficulty, another is. lady making ill ft, and the remedies themscles produce new eee Oe ais neiecden is depos eee i ee alc aoeeeiama ee Er eee ern palpheoer tert noyed opie pe page ep ipeglietetin lal phe pee Tero daar hd scadanosl mantic sour dail Seinen nendenensmuee keaton aaah era Re ee ie ee ee ee Ce ee ee re ot cepted shail niger Tracaate stouhed be tance hae engeg il bis meta Sie pee shank n open nba ants Sas gre naan oar enseene is roe tates oy eel el reer fees reed og Mindoo mpenymhoe lees ein Behe peer nef ele ral Ea mera goat ae care ee ae ae ili eae ieee a ee Sah Saray epee ce ie coee tment rove dale don wang ona nena oneal fevenlipetcel eed coe mena eat Kepeauropsticice en salen endo hr ah se sold Soka yl card ese Discourse ow Pourict Boosey 2 esabishment of public warehouses was propa to prevent tnd years How mary counts would mate he raitenane fh SadToublshmen savers rot ena: sch sranatis, established and mainined by 4 wise admindtation we publi source in bad ean and the sats pip wees rac stall times. Ait et ditat® isthe just and noble insertion which ean be ted on the facade ofthe bullng. To ean hee neces gee {gpd government, have often tuned ay eyst thao ascetic and fel content toi in my om homeland he carpe ef Soden and bapincss hat [woul ie lowe prea heey eat fone cramines how the nec of ae ron, ne wl fd ht his «fen happens in wach the same way wth ite indicate let from real necaty than fan increas in wks estes and at capences se oflen inne ony ya pct aking resents, 5 teat the sate would ometins gin fom ot bagi nd is appae ent wes furdamentally move brdesome ha pore el weld te: Onccan hope, it ste, to heep the pple cer depend, ty gnng tha wih oe hand whet har ben lalen ax fom hen withthe ler and his nas the poly fp wd wi the Eatin tat ths san sophie ral the mere deadly to the sate fo the cece tha money no knget return othe sme hand fom which eae, ged that sich paps merely sene to nich les with ten from peducive men "The tae fr cancion of ti mest obi nd dangerous ces efthis nae nce. Tis teen enone by diferent Kind ‘ambien han the one ees to pci, oot ays what pyar tobe, and ts veal live nolo ruth he ape eieo Tk the nation lager ashe hiddon dese fo ice the inna Itty of lee ah the hep ofa nerons mh ember of troop anthro te Gnerone Ht are created nthe rin fhe tttzens by wate objectives ‘What been, 2 the vey Ha, that nothing appresed or nsetabe a pepe who comer. and hat en the eee ae nly to incre ther mieten, Even i htoy didnot each ws thi ‘Chon no sue show ast the Lage este the heave {hd'mete burdensome in propeten fs exendic become, fo ee prownce mut pay i sha of He exis oie geet sims fon ad, beyond, each spelt sme aroun fr foc antenna it out ere dependent to i Ihe taal tnes cma eae and osuned in antes this soon destroys the equilibrium of production and consumption, and Impovrser ouch of he country enchant "Rath cue fo the nce plc neds eu om he pe colin one A tne way come wen etzens, no lenge! conieting hemes to hve an nest inte comarca, wou cee BE» Joan argues ROUSEAY ej fh han nd hen ar old es com eerie Ceanic than ee men, sf onl. i Ye COUN, U0 Ase the a subjugate the latter more effectively. Such was the condition in a ey. em cores af the exly Romars, like those of Alexandet, had been won by Pee Eten who drew how, when neces, to shed thet bled for nd ‘sold it out. Marius was the first who, in, ther feelad, but wo nee the Jane Wat, lionel the legions by introducing eedmen, Mesa a oes mercenaries into them.” Having bese enemies ihe very people they were charged with mabing happy, tyrants estab. Tabet vepuar tees, oensbl oleep canes in check, but achaly to opp he inhabians In erdecto ase these toops, farmers had te te en om the ln, ther absence ot ony decreased te qalty of tects, bt thet apeep food les which inca the pie fod, This fist Usenet caused the peoples to complain, to subd them, te nunter of tops had be incense, ard, asa ell dd {hese and the mor Hie despa gre, the more imperative i tts to hep on increasing the tops ail more to wad ofits eflecls On the other Rand, these mercenaries, whowe woth could be reckoned by the pce st which the sold theives were px of i dbasernet, Fein cerns the lows which tected tem a well the reers whose bread tey ate, ated belived ita greater honor to be Caesars Traces than Roc’ defenders and, gien overt bind obedience, they kept ther daggers med gait hc fllow citizens aya he ft sign teat er thats I would not be diel to show fal ths ca oneaf te piniplease the downfall of the Reman Emp, The imeton of aril ad fotfcabons has, in out times, ered the pres ef Farpe to estabh the eof epulartoope to protect thet foried postions. bat wih exen mere legitimate metives, be feed that the eet wil be equally dealy wil be no les neces. say f depopult he cout ase anes ad gars wl ben le necessary oppres the peoples nanan them and ese dagen sablahens hae, for eme tne, been rong soapy allover our ein that only the imminent depopulation of Europe, an, seater ater, the rin ofthe pepe who inhabit can be forse Be tata ay, sould be noe that such insttatons necesay subve the tue ecenmic stem, which denies the principal revenve of the sae fn the public damai, and lene only the toublscme "source of uid and tne, which rein fr met se It should be remembered here that te foundation of the social pact is oper, and its fs condition i that each person shouldbe mane imal in the peaceful peseion of what bongs to him. Is tue that he sane teary cach penn, a et tail oblgats him Be etch pd ‘ee by lin al tt sce cody pin eat hoc scours ov Pourica Hoos 8 sss cmc te ie ta eth cit ‘Sova Be nae a eres Dyers acknowledge the evidence of nev, is clear hat mode tee (hie ie ancomen af hoy ate ae Spor al fi we czy ee as Ete eo tal ay ony wht pr a to Siu he it conker, bake trae oso te ss opto ace Stic as Sitar nb fats lca teeta ei ing be conan leperpo aoprcsirshasten realy eed erapciggee rpeenarehoten sal capi i tee lal gh ee Salted cing otay aun testes Geet Seay oie he phat mayer mel tem tedee ht dich say Cockayne fee a ne dion tonon, Geach eae te Faeiche ences who rw tc aren te pt end Emee ah tooo ight oo feat agucen ocean Teeth ttr ime nge ‘nln pop eto nd me pepe aod ae calcd on thing: and the ober are personal asad oe fad tf, Rah ce nets Nhe eon Fie te anon tp le say nfo ta es sre suse ted ace ute epee aloes fn Sin The Spo Lvs hea onde epee (Sto spay te ae el thar Thee Imrie he od al wea bv ning rod iin dotena tn sch td epee ety oe Sar shoc al’ cacy seme poo Be fe he ors ety prota nes oa er Franco het ober wih yf tds the one an cme heb ed Shamu fhe pete nen tft oy cay cb ae tang wave exh pon hws ee ‘eeu hth bet atc tgee re arity enn rel pen at onl cn these calculations ate rarely taken into account. First. one should con- Si sci ofgeeais sebngoeich aoe e Sul uyencoit ha er anes now wah unser sl py Stimtercs cece Saiicama: Beceaeecemte Eis SSS Shenae meee aga en ear Xex Jerse Juoques Rousse sete mor than the err one, Sc, oe Soul cnr he egg wt taco ai anon hs oe bre eos hd ee ale tne were so hs mere ha he et ths he esa dud, be eed te amon that exceeds the recess To this he will eply that, given his rank, ee apobunr br man of eo tes neces ft sian jot He coer» man ef igh soning Mariela an ny oc bel. Meco tho alge neces of Iie tr fi Bang meta 0 ak tha new 0 rnc en fesone crt cau, be wooo the ne roped be. Teper wel pot thensberiles iter Se sc cured bat cron ie ha oe roe when Teves peong nce Haal he lo ds tps mo Ices atone, an the pps a neve OU go tang ‘fr ith tat neha cont, shag 8 hud shy be credit fal tt fb bene tenon dees a he acne ch pes pol potion thnmene pcan fhe ha eens 3 poor wre ‘any the tg he bl a hbo fade eta he stages of tyr ep and aT he ea Tce Paton el by Hen alce? he otal pgs tnd eps {ceed ten Aniston coglebnereos Wena manok unde lsts ecto ches nore She tar con fips” Act ete tints ted he cs fede be Cr rh mae and tn tre gal ohh pad unger even mene kero Ant Is ne mn tie, ei phere necks {5 on he mae dws oct goons he apt Wie ihe hs tps tag gran eH cers igh he caine Waite atc apps oe epere ‘hoo a What fomene lne oe ote hi doe ‘gnemewndandweyone shen Wha cc nce te Henge denne mrs What et i har Hs me ae ety tno hin emer thy hot plats png aout erties been ea Be je A hs opt et 1h vt what he bys ih him not a penny iis the veh man's {malt How cfr isthe picture ofthe peor manl The move erent ows hm, the more soci sess him, Aldor ate cse even when he has the righ to open them: and if sometimes he ean, Iti itis with greater dtfcaly than another would have in "96 paon, If thee is unpleasant work te be done ota mia ‘Ren of yang ae ee cies ‘Discourse ow Fouinea Bexnomy 8 tebe asd, he isthe one who is en preference: he ahs bears thats hisown burden, the one ion which hs icher neha ae he Infvence tofavehimsc exempted. When th slightest secden bec faim ceonesveids him, A hs burbl cart onto: I coun he fata fr fom beng helped by anyone, be awed the ucla thc nade servants of cme jeg dike whos pseg by. In short a free assistance is denied him when he needs it, precisely because he has Shug wth which to py for it tifa por manta the miserne Phangan saul dag, ands onl nibs Teomices him aman ot ‘water no ess importan censidrion that he losis oor men xc much lesen to fet than thee ofthe ch, and hat aly ‘Facog wealth alway increas in propia need. Nthing ‘ee fom nothing hat as te n basins sti nhs ney She seed ef movey, ad the fis len fans ee serene mre df fultto car thon te xcond milion. But thee al more Exenting that the poor man spends is forever lost to him, and remains in or returns tothe hance of the eh ond sae tne cone re po the ands ofthe vay men ho shares he goverment otf those who are closely connected to it, they have, even in paying their share of taxes, a palpable interest in inereasing them, Tes summarize iy fw word the sail pat between the tw ‘estates: You need me, for I amt rich and you are poor; let us meke ant “reoment Between Tahll pert you fo have the fer of ening me Gr the contin tha ogi e whet il ou howe lft oto for te trouble sal Be aking to command ou Ill hese things av nef worked ot we wl that in oder wo ley tes in an equtabe and wu proportionate way the x ats should net nly be determined in proportion tothe ses tare, Satin proprtin comtingin the dene tne tr cord ions and the peti of her posesons, Thi pot nd ser ie Calculation cued on vena ty mutiteds of honest cls who new athe but Pt ora Montsqcn would not have sed ndertate aithont emling and poring heaven fo eighteen and integrity,” 2Te ou ge Dac ote a deine pire ade re hocaeni is te tele bis Sebnucr= emda eh Sea Rowe einer