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    Ansi C29.1-1988

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    Hudson Resende

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    IPT. COPIA VALIDA SOMENTE PARA PESQUISA Se ANSI C24.1 88 MH O724350 QO2qa20 ? a ; fae fate ANSI ¢29.1-1988 American National Standard for electrical power insulators - test methods Tecan RR aE) tai rencenne odemucm 8 Wee LHL (igandes (om sen ANSI C25-1 88 @™ 0724250 002982) 9 am ANSI®. €29,1.1988 Revision of ‘ANsi €29.1-1082 American National Standard for Electrical Power Insulators — Secretariat National Electrical Manufacturers Assaciation ‘Approved August 23, 1988 ‘American National Standards Institute, Inc Copyright by the American National Standards Institute Sat Feb 03 14:55:08 2004 Test Methods ANSI (29.1 88 MM 0724250 O027a22 0 mm American 4°72! of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the re: National Standard Pobiihed by 4ulrements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer Consensus i established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantia! agreement has been reached by directly and materially affeeted interest. Subs stantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, bat not necessarily unentim. ity. Consensus requires that al views and objections be considered, and that a concerted cffort be made toward thelr resolution ‘The use of Amertean National Stendards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from man- ‘facturing, macketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not can forming to the standards. ‘The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no ci- ‘cumstances give af interpretation of any Americen National Standard. Moteover, no per- son shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an Ametican National ‘Standerd in the namie cf the American National Stonderds Institute, Requests for intet- Pretations should be addressed to the secretariat o: sponsor whose name appears on the title page ofthis standard, ‘CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standatd may be revised or withdeawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute requite that action be taken pertoiically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers ‘of American National Standards may teceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. ‘American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 Copyright © 1989 by American National Standards Institute, Inc All rights reserved. ‘No pat ofthis pubeation maybe reproduced in any form, ‘nan eletonie retinal system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publiaie, Printed in the United States of America Acciag2 ‘2004 Copyright by the American National Standards Institute Sat Fob 03 41:5: Foreword “f= ANSI C25-2 0724150 0029623 2 mm isnot pat of Arercan National Standard C29.1-1988) ‘This standard comprises a manual of procedures to be followed in making tests to deter- ‘mine the characteristics of insulators used on electric power systems, This standard i ‘not an insulator specification, but rather atest method to be used in conjunction wit ‘ngulatorspecifictions. ‘American National Standard €29.1-1988 isa revision of American National Standard ‘Test Mothods for Electrical Power Insulators, ANSI C29.1-1972. The present revision ‘was prepared by Accredited Standards Committee on Insulators for Eletrle Power Lines, C29, which isin charge of this work, ‘Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to ‘The Manager of Engineering, National Blectrical Manufacturers Association, 2101 L St, NW, Washington, DC 20037, Attn: Secretary, ASC C-29. ‘This standard was processed ani approved for submittal to ANSI by Accredited Stan dards Committee C29. Committee approval does not necessarily imply that all comumit- tee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the £29 Com- mittee had the following members: J. Nicholls, Chairman C. White, Secretary Orgontzation Represented ‘Name of Representative Assocation of American Reloads. DBonnevile Power Admiaisration Electric Light and Power Group. Inetitute of Hectscl and Flstonie Eagineers« Nationa Recteeal ManufictuersAvtcitich Salkbury Co. iehtcia : Stone & Webmier Eninseing Corp: US’ Deputmeat ofthe Army Caton wi Vat) 2. Copyright by the American National Standards Institute Sat Fe 03 14:55:16 2004 Contents seerox COPIA VALIDA SOMENTE PARA PESQUISA ANSI C29.1 88 WM 0724250 0025624 4 mm 1, Scope . 2. Definitions . . 2.1 Ingulators and Parts «2... 22 Low-Frequency Voltages. - 23. Impulse Voltages... 24° Mechanical Strength, 2.5 Miscellaneous .... 3. Test-Specimen Mounting for Hletrial Tests. 3.1 Suspension Insulators. . 3.2 Line insulators @in, Post) 2... 3.3. Apparatus Insulators (Cap and Pos) 34 Strain Insulators 3.5 Spool Insulators. 4.2 Low-Frequency Dry Fathover Voltage Tests 43° Low-Frequency Wet Flashover Voltage Tests. 44 Low-Frequency Dry Withstand Voltage Tests 4S Low-Frequency Wet Withstand Voltage Tests 46 Low-Frequency Dew Withstand Voltage Tests 4.7. Impulse Flashover Voltage Tests... 48 Impulse Withstand Voltage Tests 49 Radio-influence Voltage Tests 4.10 Visual Corona Test 7 4.11 Puncture Tests. 5. Mechanical Tests... 3.1 Ultimate Mechanical Strength Tests,» 52 Combined Mechanical- and Hloctical Strength Test (Susp 5.3 Time-Load.Withstand Strength Test ..... SA Porosity Test ... 5S Thoemal Test...) 5.6 Pinhole-Gaging Test. 6, Galvanizing Test 7, Routine Tests... 7A Blectrice! Tests 8, Rovison of American National Standards Referred to in This Document .......-... 15 Table 1 Rate of Increase of Load Figures Figure 1 Low-Frequency Humidity Correction Factors , ., Figure 2. Impulse Humidity Comection Factore........... Copyright by the American National Standards Institute Sat Feb 03 11:55:22 2001 ANSI (29-1 88 MM O724250 0029825 & mm American National Standard for Electrical Power Insulators ~ Test Methods 1. Scope ‘This standard comprises a manval of test methods to be followed in making tests to determine the charactor- Intics of electrical power insulators, as defined herein, Individual texts shall be made only when specified. 2. Definitions NOTE: Defialdous a ven herein apply specially to the et trated In this standard, For adationl Gefritions ae ‘Amedean National Standard Dictionary af Eietial snd Elec tronics Terms, ANSI/IEEE 100-1988, 2.1 Insulators end Parts 2.A.L Insulator, An insulator is «device intended to give flexible or rigid support to electcc conductors ‘or equipment and to insulate these conductors or ‘quipment from ground or from other conductors or equipment. ‘An insulator comprises one or more insulating parts to which connecting devices (metal fittings) are often ormanently attached. 2.1.2 Shell. A shell i a single insulating member, having a skitt or skicts without cement or other con- necting devices, intended to form a part ofan insulator or an insulator assembly 2.1.3 Pin Ivulator, A pin insulator i an ingulator having means for rgid mounting on a separable pin. 14 Rost Lnsalator. A post insulator is an insulator of generally columnas shape, having means for direct and rigid mounting, 2.1.5 Cap and Pin Insulator. A cap ané pin insulator {8.n assembly of ons or more shes with metal cap and pin, having means for direct and rigid mounting. 2.1.6 Line Insulator (Pin, Post). A line insulator, an assombly of one of more shells, having means for semiigdly supportig line conductors. 2.1.7 Apparatus Insulator (Cap and Pin, Post). An apparatus insulator i an assembly of one of more appa- ‘etus-inaulator units having means for rigidly support- ing electric equipment. t by the American National Standards Institute 3 14:58:24 2004 2.1.74 Unit. An sppastusinsulator unt isan assombly of one or more shel with attached metal parts, the Function of which to support ily conductor, bus, or other conducting elements on Steveture or bate member 21.72 Stack, An apptratucinsulator stakis a ‘igi assembly of two or more apparatus insulator its. 21.8 Suspenion Insulator, A suspension instlator is an insulator with attached metal parts having means for nonigly supporting lett conductors. 21.8.0 Unit. Asuspensiondnculatorunitisan susombiy ofa shell nd hardware, having means for non- "iid coupling to other units or terminal hardware 21.8.2 Sting. A suspension inmlator string assembly of two or more suspension inelators in tan- dem 2.1.9 Stein taulator A strsininssato i an nse lator generally of elongated shape, with two transverse hoot or lots. 2.10 Spool Iusulator. A spool insulator ian ins lator of generally cylingsea form having an axial mount ing hole anda cicamferential groove or grooves forthe attachment of a condustr. 1 Wie Holder, A wis holders an insulator of senecalycylindicl open shape, having whole for securing the conditor anda serew or bal for mount ing. 2.2. Low-Frequency Voltages 2.2.1 Low Frequency. Low frequency, as wed in this standard, means any frequency between 1$ and 100 hertz, 2.22 Low-Frequency Flashover Voltage. A low: Frequency fashover voltage of an insulator isthe root- ‘meanquare value of the low-frequency voltage that, under specified conditions, causes a sustained dlsruptive discharge through the surrounding medium, 2.2.2.1 Dry flashover voltage tests are tests as doseribed in 4.2. 22.2.2 Wet flashiover voltage tests ae tots a3 described in 43. 2.2.3 Low-Frequency Withstand Voltage, A low- frequency withstand voltage of an insulator is the root- 5 TEE eee PPP tt TT TT TT LOLOL OLOOL OD ee ents tT IPT. COPIA VALIDA SOMENTE PARA PESQUISA ANSI C29. 88 MM O724250 O02982b 8 Mm AMERICAN NATIONAL STANBARD C29.1-1988 mean-square value ofthe low-frequency voltage that, ‘under specified conditions, can be applied without causing fashover or puncture, 2.2.3.1 Dry withstand voltage tests are tests a5 described in 44. 2.2.3.2 Wet withstand voltage tests are tests a eseribed in 45. 2.2.3.3 Dew withstand voltage tess ae tets as described in 4.6. 2.24 Low-Frequency Puncture Voltage. A low: frequency puncture voltage of an insulator isthe root: ‘mean-square value of the low-frequency voltage that, ‘under specified conditions, causes disruptive discharge ‘through any part of the insulator. ‘Puncture tests are tests as described in 4.11, 2.3 Impulse Voltages 2.3.1 Impulse Wave. An impulse wave is a unidicec- tional surge generated by the release of electrical energy. into an impedance network. 2.3.2 Impulse Flashover Voltage. An impulse flash- ‘over voltage of an insulator Is the crest value of the Impulse wave that, under specified conditions, causes ‘Aashover through the surrounding inedium, 23.3 Cuitleal Impulse Flashover Voltage. The ccti- cal impulse flashover voltage of an insulator isthe crest value of the impulse wave that, under specified condi- tons, causes flashover through the surrounding medium ‘on 50% ofthe applications. Impulse lashover voltage tests are tests as described 4.7. 2.34 Impulse Withstand Voltage. The impulee with- stand voltage of an insulator isthe crest value of en ep- pled impulse voltage that, under specified conditions, does not cause a flashover, puncture, or dsruptive ds- charge on the test specimen. [mpulae withstand voltage tests are tests as described ina, . 24 Mechanical Strength 24.1 Untimate Mechanical Strength. The ultimate of providing « mechanical support without regard to electrical failure. ‘Ultimate mechanical-strongth teats aro tests as de- scribed in 5:1. 2.4.2 Combined Mechanical and Electrical Strength (Suspension Insutator). The combined mechanical and electrical stength of a suspension insulator i the me- ‘chanical load af which the insulator fails to peeform its fanetion either electrically or mechanically, when vot- age and mechanical stress are applied simultaneously. ‘A-combined mechanical and electrcal-steength test fsa test as described in 5.2, 6 coy by the American National Standards Institute Sat Fob 03 14:55:26 2001 2.4.3 Time-Load Withstand Strength. The time-iord withstand strength of an insulator isthe mechanical 4oad that, under specified conditions, can be contiau: counly applied without mechanical or electrical fllure, A timetoad withstand test sa test as deseibed in 33. 2.44 Mechanical-Impact Strength. The mechanical- {impact strength of an insulator isthe impact which, under specified conditions, the insulator ean withstand ‘without damage. A mechanical impact strength testi sesibed in 5.1.22. 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5.1 Test Specimen. A test specimen isan insulator which is representative of the product being tested; it i specimen that is undamaged in any way whlch ‘wuld influence the result of the test, 2.5.2 Leakage Distance, The leakage distance of an {insulator is the sum of the shortest distances meesured along the insulating surfaces botween the conductive pits, as arranged for dry Mashower test. (Sucfaces coated with semiconducting glazo shal be considered as effective leakage surfaces, and leakage distance over ‘wich surfaces shall be included in the leakage distance.) 2.5.3 Dry-Arcing Distance. The dry-arcing distance of an insulator isthe shortest distance through the ur- rounding medium between terminal electrodes, or the ‘sum of the distances botwoen intermediste electrodes, whichever isthe shorter, with the insulator mounted for dry lashover test 2.84 RadioInfluence Voltage, The radlo-influence voltage ofan insulator is the radio-frequency voltage ‘mearured under specified conditions. Radio-influence voltage tests are tests as descalbed 49, test as de- 3. Test-Specimen Mounting for Electrical Tests 3.1. Suspension Insulators 3.1.1 Mounting Arrangement. Uniess otherwitt spec!= fied, the test specimen (unit or sting) shall be suspended vertioally atthe end of a grounded conductor so thet the vectical distance from the uppermest point of the insulator hardware tothe supporting structure shall be not lass than 3 foot (914 men). 3.1.2 Energized Electrode. The energized o: bottom electrode or conductor shall be a straight, smooth rod or tube having an outside diameter not les than 3/4 {inch (19 mm) not more than 1-1/2 inches (38 mm). Tt shall be coupled to the lower integral fitting ofthe test specimen so that the distance from the lowest edgs of the insulator shell to the upper surface of tha electrode QUISA ANSE C24-1 88 MM O724L50 0029827 T mM shall be between 0.5 and 0.7 of the diameter of the lowest insulator. The conductor shall be horizontal and at right anglos to the axis of the test specimen, The con ductor shall be of such length that fashover will not be initiated at the electrode ens. 3.1.3 Proximity of Other Objects. No object, other than parts ofthe test assembly, shall be neacec the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1-1/2 times the test specimen dry-arcing distance, with a minimum al- Towable distance of 3 feet (914 mm). 3.2 Line Insulators (Pin, Post) 3.2.1 Mounting Arrangement (Crossarm). Unless ‘otherwite specified, the supporting crossarm shall be a horizontal, straight, smooth, grounded, metallic tube ‘or structural member having a horizontal width not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nor more than 6 inches (152 smn). It shall bo of such length that flashover will not be initiated at its ends. 3.2.2 Mounting Pin (If Required). When z separable pin is required, the test spectmen shall be mounted ver- ticaly on 2 Linch (25-mm) diameter metal pin of such length that the shortest dry-areing distence from the ‘upper electrode and connected metalic parts to the ‘supporting crossarm shall be 25% greatec than the simi- lar distance to the pin, Tho pin shall be coaxial with the {test specimen. Insulators having integrally assembled ‘means for mounting on a crossatm shall be mounted vertically and directly on the test ccossarm. 3.2.3 Bnergized Electrode. The energized or top ‘electrode or conductor shall be a horizontal round rod ‘or tube placed at right angles to the supporting erost- arm, and of a diameter not less than 1/2 inch (13 mm). It hall be of such length that ashover will nt be initiated at its ends. The conductor shal be placod in the top conductor groove of the test specimen. Whoa. ‘there is no top conductor groove, the conductor shall, be placed in the other means provided for the con- ‘ductor support. Ifa te wire sto be used, the conduc- tor shall be secured by means of atleast two turns of ‘wire not smaller than No. 8 AWG (American Wire Gage), the ends being closely wrapped around the conductor fm each side of the insulator. 3.2.4 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer the test specimen or energized electrodes then 1-1/2 times the testspecimen dry-arcing distance, with a minimam al- lowable distance of 3 feet (914 mm). 33. Apparatus Insulators (Cap and Pin, Post) 33.1. Mounting Arrangement. Unless otherwise specified, the test specimen shall be mounted vertically ‘upright ona horizontal, grounded 10-sch (254mm) channel, with the channel lange projecting down. A subbateshallbe used if the insulator characerstic are by the American National Standards Institute 44:55:30 2 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD €79.1-1988 prodicated on its use, The supporting channel chal be of such length that flashover wil not be initiated at its ends, and its top surface shall be not less than 3 feet (014 mam) above the ground. 3.3.2 Energized Hlectrode, The energized or top electrode or conductor shall ba « horizontal round rod ‘or tube at right enges tothe supporting channel, and ‘of a diameter approximately 5% of the testapecimen dyarcing distance within the limits of 4-1/2 nchet (114 mm) maximum and 1/2 inch (13 ram) minimum. ‘The length of the conductor shall be such that flathover will not be initlated at is ends. It shall be mounted di rectly in contact with the top integral fitting of the teat specimen, and with its horizontal axis in the same verti+ cal plane asthe vertical axis of the test specimen, 3.3.3 Proximity of Other Objects, No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1-1/2 times the test-specimen dry-arcing distance, with amainimum allowable distance of 3 feet (914 mm). 34 Strain Insulators 3.4.1 Mounting Arrangement. Unless otherwise spec- ified, the test specimen shall be mounted in a postion ‘with its major axis at 45 degrees from the vertical (for Wet flashover test, the major axi shall be at right angles to the spray direction, and the axis ofthe upper con- ductor hole or stot shall be horizontal), using flexible ‘etal conductors of approximately SO% ofthe hole dismeter. The conductors thall be clamped with guy clampe, spaced from the test specimen ata distance not lem than the testapocimen length. Mechanical tension sufficient to avoid sppreciable sag in the setup shall be applied to the test specimen, The lower conductor shall bbe grounded. 3.42 Proximity of Other Objects, No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer the test specimen or energizad electrodes than 1-1/2 times the ‘dny-arcing distance ofthe test specimen, with & mini- ‘mum allowable distance of 1 feot (305 mm). 3.8 Spool Insulators 3.5.1 Mounting Arrangement, The test specimen shall be mounted horizontally or vertically [as specified {in Big. 1 through 5 of American National Standard for ‘Wet-Procoss Porcelain Insulators (Spool Typs), ANSI (€29.3-1986] , and in contact with two amooth metallic saps 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) wide and of any sultable ‘thickness, rod of suitable diameter shall pass through the axial hole ofthe test specimen and one end of each of the straps. The straps sll extend horizontally in ‘one direction from the rod arid remala parallel to each ‘other for a distance from the test specimen of riot less ‘than the height of the test specimen. The other ends of 7 hehe eee eee eee tte tt ttt TT Tl i) PT >>) LOLOL LOO CO LOLOL One IPT. COPIA VALIDA SOMENTE PARA PESQUISA ANSI (29-1 68 MM 0724150 0029626 1 mm AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C29.1-1988 the straps shall be suitably connected to a grounded support. 3.5.2 Energized Electrode. The energized electrode shall consis of one tucn of No. 8 AWG conductor placed ‘round the wite groove and served back on itself, This ‘conductor shall be castied away from the test specimen. Parallel to and ina direction opposite to the supperting steps. 3.5.3 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer to the test specimen or energized electrodes than I foot (0S mm), 4, Electrical Tests 4.1 General Test specimens used for the tess in this section shall have clean Insulating surfaces, 4.2. Low-Frequency Dry Flashover Voltage Tests 4.2.1 Mounting Arrangement, The tes-specimen ‘mounting for dry lashover voltage tests shal bein sc- cordance with Section 3, 42.2 Voltage Application, Ths intial applied volt- age may be quickly raised to approximately 75% of the ‘expected average dry lashover voltage value, The con- ‘tinued rate of voltage increase shall be such thatthe time to flashover will be not less than 5 seconds nor ‘more than 30 seconds after 75% of the flashover value nteached. 4.2.3 Dry Flashover Voltage Value.‘ ‘The dry flash- ‘over voltage value of atest specimen shall be the arth. ‘metical mean of not les than five individual Nlashovers ‘taken consecutively. The period between consecutive Aashovers shall be not les than 15 seconds nor more than $ minutes. 4.24 Corrections 424.1 Standard Conditions. Dry flashoyer volt- ‘age values shall be corrected in accordance with Ameri- ‘can National Standard Techniques for High-Voltage ‘Testing, ANSI/IEBE 4-1978, except the following sta. dard conaitlons shall apply: Barometric pressure: 29.92 inches of mercury (10.086 x 10* pascals) TPE (S*C) 0.6085 inch of mercury (2.051 X 10° pascal) ‘Temperature: Vepor pressure: ‘Probable vation: Due to insecuraie of conection methods, Alcan of precise calibrations, and othec uncontolele ‘condition, aviation of 23% from the probable tre avers diy fashorr voltage value ray coeur ests conducted none Inborstory. Valnes obtained by tests conducted In difeent Inboratories may vay by © 8%, by the American National Standards Institute 41:55:38 2004 Humidity and relative ait density corrections shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.4.2 and 42.4.3, 42.4.2 Humidity. The dry flashover voltage value shall be corrected to standard humidity conditions in, secordance with the curves in Fig. 1. (Humidity corree- tion curves ae not available for spool and strain insu- laters.) ‘The vapor pressure shall be determined by the follow {ng procedure: Humidity shall be measured with wet- and dry-bulb ‘thermometers, the air being circulated past the ther- -mometers at a velocity of 3 meters (9.84 feet), or more, per stconé, or with the sling psychcometer. The mea- ‘urements shall be reduced to vapor pressure with the assistance of the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables or by the following formulas: For U.S. customary units: f-32 Py where Py = vapor pressure, in inches of mescury ‘Py pressure, in inches of merowy, of saturated aqueous vapor at temperature ¢? ‘6 =barometic pressure, In inches of mercury temperature of ar, n degrees Fahrenkelt 1 = wet bul temperature of si, in depreet Fahrenbelt For St units: Py =P,~ 0.0876b(¢- FL +0.00115¢) where Pa = vapor pressure, in pascals : , = pressure, in pasals, of saturated aqueous ‘vapor at temperature ?” = barometric pressure, in pascale 1 temperature of air, in degrees Celsius f= wet-bulb temperature of air, in degrees Celsius 4243 Air Density. The dry ashover voltage value shall be corrected to standard atmospheric tem- perature and pressure conditions. To do so, divide the ‘measured voltage value by the relative air density cor. rection factor, Kg, calculated in one of the following ways: For US, customary unit: P Kai Gear where ‘P= barometric posse in inches of meteury = air omperaturo in dogret Fahzenhelt ANSI C24-1 88 mM 0724150 0027829 3 mw For St units: Ka 0000955 oa where P= barometrie pressure in pascals ‘T= air temperature in degrees Celsius = a Kg 032 apie where P= barometric pressure in millimeters of mercury T= als temperature in dogrees Celsius 43 Low-Frequency Wet Flashover Voltage Tests 43.1 Mounting Arrangement, The test specimen ‘mounting for wet flashover voltage tests shal be tn a cordance with Section 3, 43.2 Precipitation. The precipitation shall be ap- piled in nccordance with subsection 1.3.3.2 and Table 1.2 Practice in USA) of ANSI/IEEE 4.1978, a aa Pangea a ‘ Sass iH LTT ery Hae 8 Suspension inguatore }—_” Apparour isuatore *) haere mec on CHRP (oO) Ae OF ag bo 06 BT oa ag OTN ie \ifor PneSbune, ReneS cr ucheutr Fig. Low-Frequency Humidity Correction Fectors by the American National Standards institute 4:55:44 2001 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD €29.1:1988 433 Preparation of Test Specimen. The prepara tion ofthe test specimen shall bein accordance with subsection 13.32 of ANSI/IEBE 41978, 434 Voltage Applicstion, At nt les than I rin- ute fer the final adjustment ofthe spay, the applied voltage may be caised quickly to approximately 75% othe expected average wet Mashover voltage vale Tae continued ate of voltage increase shall be such thatthe time to flashover wil be not les than Ssee- onds nor more than 30 seconds afte 75% of the wet Aashover voltage vale i eached. 4.3.5 Wet Flashover Voltage Value,? The wet flash- ove voltae value ofa test specimen shal be the arith. retical mean of not les than five individual flashovers taken consecutively. The period between consecutive Alashovers shall be not less than 1S ssconds nor more than 5 minutes, ‘4.3.6 Corrections Coreetions shall be made in a cordance with 42.4 except that no cotestion for humidity shall be made, 44 Low-Frequency Dry Withstand Voltage Tests 44.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen ‘mounting for dry withstand voltage tests shall bein accordance with Section 3. 44.2 Voltage Application. 75% of the rated dry withstand voltage may be applied in one step and gradi ally raised to the required value in not less than S not ‘more than 30 seconds. 44.3 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, which isthe rated dry withstand voltage with appro- priate atmospheric corrections epplied, shall be held ‘on the test specimen for I minute. 444 Corrections, Corcections shell be made in ac- cordance with 4.2.4. The test voltage applicable to ‘existing atmospheric conditions is obtained from the rated withstand voltage, as given for standard atmo- spherisconiitions by-use of the following equation: 8 vaMxe whore Y= test voltage, ecimen V, = vated withstand voltage, in klovolts 8 = rolative ale density -H= humidity correction factor applicable for the particular test specimen kilovolts, applied to test Fthobablevriation: Dus to vations in water peay neese> rls of correction methods, ficulties of pec eabrations, {td other uncontolale conditions, variation of + 4% Crom. {the probable tu average wel Mshover voltage value may be expecied in tests conducted in one laboratory. Vales obtalned by tests conducted inden laboratories may vary by # 123% COPIA VALIDA SOMENTE PARA PESQUISA ANSI C25.% 88 Mm O724150 0029830 T AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD €291-1988 4 Low-Frequency Wet Withstand Voltage Tests 45.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen ‘mounting for wet withstand voltage tests shall bein accordance with Section 3. 45.2 Precipitation. The precipitation shall be ap- plied in accordance with subsection 1.3.3.2 and Table 1.2 Practice in USA) of ANSI/IEEE 4-1978, 48.3 Preparation of Test Specimen. The prepara- tion of the test specimen shall be in accordance with subsection 1.3.3.2 of ANSI/IBEE 4-1978, 48.4 Voltage Application. 75% of the rated wet withstand voltage may be applied In one step and grad- ually raised to the required value in not less than S nor more than 30 seconds, 4.5.5 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, Which isthe rated wet withstand voltage, with appro- priate atmospheric corrections applied, shall be held ‘on the test specimen for 10 seconds, 4.8.6 Corrections. Correctlons shall be In accor dance with 4.2.4, except that no correction shall be ‘made for humidity. The test voltage applicable to cexlsting atmosphects conditions Is obtained from the rated withstand voltage, as given for standard atmo- spheric conditions, by use ofthe following equation: Vav,X6 where V= tos voltage, in klovolts, applied to test specie men ¥, = rated withstand voltage, n kilovolts 8 = colatve alt density 46 Low-Frequency Dew Withttand Voltage Tests 46.1 Preparation of Test Specimen, The test speci- ‘men shall be placed in a charnber having 2 temperature of from -10°C 10 15°C (14°F to $°F) until the speck ‘men is thoroughly cooled. (Cooling may take 10 to 12 hows) 46.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen shall be mounted in accordance with Section 3 in atest chamber having a temperatare of approximately 77°F 25°C). The relative humidity in the test chamber shall be approximately 100% This may be obtained by pass- ‘ngllive steam at atmospheric pressure into the chamber. 46.3 Voltage Application. The voltage shall be raised rapidly to dew withstand test voltage, while the {est specimen is completely covered with dew. The time ‘0 ralse the voltage shall be not more than 20 seconds, 4.6.4 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, which 4s the rated dew withstand voltage with appropriste at- mospheric corrections applied, shall be held on the test specimen for 10 seconds, 46.5 Corrections. Corrections shall be made in ac- cordance with 4.5.6, 10 Copyright by the American National Standards Institute SatiFeb 03 41:55:43 2004 4.7 Impulse Flashover Voltage Tests 4.7.1 General Impulse flashover voltage tests are ‘made under dry conditions only, 4.7.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen ‘mounting for impulse flashover voltage tests shall be in accordance with Section 3. 4.73 Impulse Vottage Ware, All tess shall be made with «1.2 X SOmicrosecond wave, in accordance with ANSI/IEEE 4.1978, 4.7.4 Caitical impulse Flashover Voltage Value.? ‘The critica impulse lashover voltage thal be deter ‘mined in accordance with ANSI/IEEE 4.1978. 4.78 Volt‘Time Flashover Curves,? The volt-time flashover curves shall be determined in accordance with ANSY/IEEE 41973, 4.7.6 Corrections : 4.7.6.1 Critical tmpelse Flashover Voltage. Th critical impulse Nashover voltage valve shall be corrected. to standard conditions in accordance with 4.2.4, except thatthe curves in Fig 2 shal be used, 4.7462 Volt-Time Curves. The full ir-density Corrections shall be applicable, The humidlty correction shall be made as follows: (1) When the ertical Nashover voltage value occurs at more than 10 microseconds, full corrections shall be applied to all values wit time lags of 10 microseconds ‘or more. When flashover above ertical voltage occurs at les than 10 microseconds, the correction shall be re- duced in the direct rato thatthe time to flashover bears to 10 microseconds. (2) When the critical flashover voltage value occurs at les than 10 microseconds, the correction shall be re-

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