Specialists in Electrical Training MAR 5 HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY COURSE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAFE OPERATION OF MARINE/OFFSHORE HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SYSTEMSTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD MARS Course INDEX 10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 11. 18. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989 PHILOSOPHY OF HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION AND UTILISATION OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY FEATURES OF SWITCHGEAR FARADAY CENTRE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY RULES SAFETY DOCUMENTS KEY SAFE AND ‘ISOLOK’ SYSTEMS OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. TREATMENT OF THE SYSTEM NEUTRAL POINT. BASIC FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE APPLICATION OF PROTECTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT CONTROL OF AC GENERATORS (including AVRs) SYNCHRONISING GENERATORS MARINE POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (PMS) SWITCHGEAR MAINTENANCE AN OUTLINE OF THE ELECTRICAL TESTING OF POWER PLANT COURSE QUESTIONNAIRE for MAR § Course ‘©The Faraday Centre Ltd. = Revo “www faradaycentre.co.uk- THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD woiiewanson ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS jor MAR 5 Course The Faraday Centre Led 0 Revo ‘wan faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSIOL ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS Electric Shock The human body muscles are all electrically controlled, receiving current pulses from the brain to activate. A current pulse causes the muscle to contract and requires about 10 pulses per second to maintain the muscle contracted. OUR 50 HERTZ (100 PULSES PER SECOND) SUPPLY SYSTEM IS THEREFORE EMINENTLY SUITED TO KILL when applied to the heart muscle. The majority of the human body is a saline solution and therefore offers little resistance to electric current, our outer covering of skin however is dead and, whilst dry, offers the majority of the resistance we have to electric shock. The skin does however break down due to burning and can be regarded as a non-linear resistance (Metrosil), thus the higher the voltage the lower the apparent resistance. The graph overleaf shows the apparent decrease of body resistance with increase of voltage. ‘This outer resistance varies from person to person and with physical and emotional conditions so does the body's capability to withstand the electric current, hence, even the Extra Low Voltage (50 volts/25 volts to earth) could be dangerous to some people. ‘The threshold of feeling, (when a ‘tingling’ can be just be felt), is about ImA at 50 Hertz and 15mA would cause the recipient to ‘hold on’ as the muscles contracted. Above S0mA Fibrillation will occur if maintained for more than half a second and, if the heart muscles are affected, death can occur. Direct current (less than 5% ripple) and High Frequency A.C. (above 10 kilohertz) pose less of'a danger from Fibrillation but, have alternative hazards of their own. ‘Time is also a factor in electrocution and a much lower current than S0mA can be lethal if it is maintained. Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB’s or RCCB’s) should trip in 40 milliseconds or less with a fault current of 30mA. At 40 milliseconds it would take approximately 400mA to cause heart stoppage, hence their use is to be recommended, especially with hand held tools using our domestic supply voltage. © The Faraday Cenire Lid 2 Revo ‘www faradayeenire co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Mole MARSIOL APPARENT DECREASE OF BODY RESISTANCE WITH INCREASE OF VOLTAGE (Ohms x 1000 3060 «90 120,=«150.-S«180~=—«210~=«240~=«270 «300 Voltage (RIMS) © The Faraday Centre Lid 3 Revo ‘www faradayoentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/OL Electric Shock Effect of Current on the Body Body resistance (mostly skin resistance) varies from person to person and wet or dry conditions, however tests carried out show that Hand to Hand currents at 50 Hz. could give the following results: ~ 0.9t0 1.2mA Current just perceptible 1.210 1.6mA Tickling sensation in the hand as from ants 1.6 to 2.2mA Sensation that the hand has gone to sleep 2.210 2.8mA Same sensation perceptible in the wrist also 2.8 to 3.5mA Slight stiffening of the hand 3.410 4.5mA Considerable stiffening of the hand, the lower arm growing tired up to the elbow 4.0 to 5.0mA Feeling of cramp and slight trembling in the hands. 4.5 to 5.0mA Cramp in the lower arm 5.0 to 7.0mA Slight cramp in the upper arm (unpleasant) 6.0 mA Women can just break this contact 9.0 mA Men can just break this contact. 15.01020.0mA —_—_Release impossible, cannot be tolerated for much over 15 minutes. 20.010 40.0mA —_ Serious and very painful contraction of the muscles; breathing stops, but normally resumes if current is interrupted within 5 seconds. 30.00 100.0mA Ventricular fibrillation; a state of the heart leading directly to death. The heart muscles are unable to fully relax, thus pumping stops.) At High Voltage (above 1000v) the severity of the muscular contractions are such that the recipient ean be thrown clear by the shock and thus survive, but this is by no ‘means usual, and is usually accompanied by severe burns. At the lower voltages the chances are that the muscular contractions will be such as to prevent release from the contact (Hold On) and time becomes a significant factor. For death can occur at relatively low currents if these are maintained for long periods. DThe Faraday Cenive Lid 7 Revo ‘www faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/OL Are and Blast Other dangers arising from electricity are in the form of ARC and BLAST. Ares occur whenever a switching operation is performed, In a device designed to interrupt current, the arc is contained within the switching device and extinguished by the interrupter. However should the switching device not be designed to interrupt current e.g. an isolator on switching, an arc will be drawn which may not be interrupted and which could result in a short circuit An are can also arise from the breakdown of an air gap due to a voltage across the gap e.g. a flashover between phases or to earth causing a high current to flow under a fault situation. The air ionises causing a low resistance path and thus a high current (c.g. short circuit) results, The effects of the arc, the temperature of which can be almost 20,000 °C is to cause eye damage and severe buming to body and clothing. Personnel in close proximity can also be affected by the arc which will set fire to inappropriate clothing, Having established a power are, blast will occur which is the result of vaporisation of the materials involved e.g. copper contacts busbars etc. During this process copper can expand to 67,000 times it volume and the effects are explosive. ‘The fault energy is proportional to I*t and this is a measure of the damage that can result from the fault. ‘Thus limiting the magnitude of the current and the time for which the current flows will limit the amount of fault energy/energy let through and consequently reduce the damage and potential danger. This limitation is achieved by the use of protective devices, © The Faraday Centre Lid 3 Revo www davadayeenire.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSIOL Earthing General By definition EARTHED means connected to the general mass of earth in such a manner as will ensure at all times an immediate discharge of electrical energy without DANGER, ‘Thus it follows that if equipment is so earthed the path through the human body will be of very high resistance in comparison and hence little current will flow through it, diminishing the chance of electric shock. Terrestrial ‘The supply system in Britain and many foreign countries (but not ALL) requires that the neutral of the Low Voltage transformer winding be solidly earthed. This has the advantage that the phase to earth voltage will not rise above 240 volts for a 415 volt phase to phase voltage. It has the disadvantage however, of ‘meaning that any unearthed metal in contact with a line conductor will be at 240 volts to any earthed metal in the vicinity and the general mass of earth, which is conveniently assumed to be at zero potential ‘The use of an earthed neutral also means that protective devices can be fitted to detect and interrupt phase to earth faults and so prevent insulation breakdown due to stress caused by phase to phase voltage being applied to it. (This is of more consequence at the high Distribution and Transmission voltages). Marine In the marine environment High Voltage 3 phase a.c. systems (e.g 3.3/6.6/11KV) generally have an earthed neutral, usually “earthed” or ‘grounded’ to the ship's hull via a neutral earthing resistor (NER) or through a high impedance earthing transformer, either method providing a means of limiting earth fault current. However, Low Voltage practice (e.g. 380/400/415/420/440/450V) usually is to leave the system neutral insulated (i.e. insulated from the ship’s hull) but with earth fault monitoring. Consequently, earth faults are less likely to cause ‘tripping’ when the neutral is insulated, thereby maintaining continuity of supply. ‘The use of an insulated neutral precludes the use of a 4 —wire ac. system to provide single phase supplies for lighting and sockets. Therefore, delta-delta transformers are often used to ‘step down’ for lighting, galley and general socket supplies. ‘Nevertheless, on passenger ships (e.g. large ‘cruise liners’) it is not uncommon to find some Low Voltage supplies (e.g. 120V) to passenger and crew quarters being derived from ‘step down’ transformers with secondary neutral earthing or with secondary windings which are centre tapped to earth. Finally, under earth fault conditions it is assumed that the zone immediately surrounding the earthed faulty equipment becomes Live at /ine to neutral voltage and thus anyone standing within that zone also becomes charged at that voltage. If both person and equipment are at the same potential then there will be no current flow through that person. Earthing is therefore a vital safety element for both personnel and equipment. ©The Faraday Centre Led é Revo ‘wow faradaycentre.c0.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989 © The Faraday Centre Lid 0 IRPOA09 Wanw faradayeenive co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989 Introduction (as written in the Memorandum of Guidance) 1 The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (the Regulations) came into force on 1" April 1990. The purpose of the Regulations is to require precautions to be taken against the risk of death or personal injury from electricity in work activities. The full, text of the Regulations, which includes those parts relevant to the mining industries, i set out in SI 1989/635 available from The Stationery Office 2 The Regulations are made under the Health and Safety at Work ete Act 1974 (HSW Act). The HSW Act imposes duties principally on employers, the self employed and on employees including certain classes of trainees. The Regulations impose duties on persons (referred to in this Memorandum as ‘duty holders’) in respect of systems, electrical equipment and conductors and in respect of work activities on or near electrical equipment. (The words in bold are defined in regulation 2). The duties are in addition to those imposed by the HSW Act. 3 The guidance is intended to assist these duty holders in meeting the requirements of the Regulations. It will be of interest and practical help primarily to engineers (including those involved in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of electrical systems and equipment) technicians and their managers. It sets out the Regulations and gives technical and legal guidance on the Regulations except as they apply to mines or quarries. While it reflects the Health and Safety Executive's (HSE’s) view of the meaning of terms used in the Regulations only the Courts can provide a binding interpretation. The purpose of this Memorandum is to amplify the nature of the precautions in general terms so as to help in the achievement of high standards of electrical safety in compliance with the duties imposed. However, for detailed advice reference must be made elsewhere and some relevant sources of information available at the time of writing are made throughout the Memorandum. 4 When those who design, construct, operate or maintain electrical installations and equipment need advice they should refer to appropriate guidance, such as may be found in national, international, reputable foreign and harmonised or industry standards and codes of practice or HSE guidance, or they should seek expert advice. Only those who have both the knowledge and the experience to make the right judgements and decisions and the necessary skill and ability to carry them into effect should undertake work subject to these Regulations. A little knowledge is often sufficient to make electrical equipment function but a much higher level of knowledge and experience is usually needed to ensure safety. 5 Because the Regulations state principals of electrical safety in a form which may be applied to any electrical equipment and any work activity having a bearing on ‘©The Faraday Centre Lid 1 IRPOs9 ‘www faradayeentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 electrical safety, they apply to all electrical systems and equipment (as defined) whenever manufactured, purchased, installed or taken into use even if its manufacture or installation pre-dates the Regulations. Where electrical equipment pre-dates the Regulations this does not of itself mean that the continued use of the equipment would be in contravention of the Regulations. For example, much of the equipment to which the Regulations apply may have been made to a standard, such as a British Standard, which has since been modified or superceded. It is likely to be reasonably practicable to replace it with equipment made to a more recent standard when, but only when, it becomes unsafe or falls due for replacement for other than safety reasons, whichever occurs sooner. Equally, fixed installations to which BS 7671 is relevant may have been installed in accordance with an earlier edition, now superseded but then current; that, in itself, does not mean that the installation does not comply with the 1989 Regulations. 6 Advice on the application of the Regulations in particular circumstances can be obtained from local offices of the appropriate Inspectorate. British Standard BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations (also known as the IEE Wiring Regulations) 7 The British Standard BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations is also known as the IEE Wiring Regulations - they are non-statutory regulations. They ‘relate prineipally to the design, selection, erection, inspection and testing of electrical installations, whether permanent or temporary, in and about buildings generally and agricultural and horticultural premises, construction sites and caravans and their sites’. BS 7671 is a code of practice which is widely recognised and accepted in the UK and compliance with it is likely to achieve compliance with relevant aspects of the 1989 Regulations. 8 There are however many types of system, equipment and hazard to which the BS 7671 is not applicable; for example, certain installations at mines and quarries, equipment on vehicles, systems for public electricity supply and explosion protection. Furthermore, BS 7671 applies only to installations operating at up to 1000 volts ac or 1500 volts de. 9 Installations to which BS 7671 is relevant may have been installed in accordance with an earlier edition, now superseded but then current. ‘That, in itself, ‘would not mean that the installation would fail to comply with the 1989 Regulations. Other, Statutory Regulations 10 The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/2665), impose requirements regarding the installation and use of electric lines and apparatus of suppliers of electricity including provision for connections with earth. © The Faraday Centre Lid 2 IRPOWOS ‘winw faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 ‘The safety aspects of these Regulations are administered by the HSE; the remainder are administered by the Department of Trade and Industry. The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations may impose requirements which are in addition to those of the Electricity at Work Regulations. Other sources of guidance 11 Guidance notes and other publications issued by HSE from time to time give detailed advice on such matters as, design of certain equipment, safe working practices, maintenance and repair of equipment and installation practice for particular environments. 12 There exist many codes of practice written by standards-making authorities, trade associations and other bodies setting out standards and procedures applicable to particular industries, processes or hazards, Such codes may provide useful, detailed expansion of the guidance given in this booklet but it must be borne in mind how and by whom these codes have been drawn up. European Directives 13 Purchasers and users of electrical equipment should be aware that Member States of the EEC, and enforcing authorities such as the HSE within Member States, are obliged to accept for Health and Safety purposes equipment which conforms to certain Directives made under Article 100 of the Treaty of Rome. Further information about these Directives can be obtained from HSE, QUESTIONS (1) What is the main purpose of the Regulations? (2) What is a ‘dutyholder? (3) What is B.S. 76717 © The Faraday Centre Lid 3 IRPOIOo ‘www faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 a) REGULATION 2 _ Interpretation In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires “circuit conductor” ‘means any conductor in a system which is intended to carry electric current in normal conditions, or to be energised in normal conditions, and includes @ combined neutral and earth conductor, but does not include a conductor provided solely to perform a protective function by connection to earth or other reference point; “conductor” means a conductor of electrical energy; “danger” means risk of injury; “electrical equipment” includes anything used, intended to be used or installed for use, to generate, provide, transmit, transform, rectify, convert, conduet, distribute, control, store, measure or use electrical energy. “injury” means death or personal injury from electric shock, electric bum, electrical explosion or arcing, or from fire or explosion initiated by electrical energy, where any such death or injury is associated with the generation, provision, transmission, transformation, rectification, conversion, conductance, distribution, control, storage, measurement or use of electrical energy. “system” means an electrical system in which all the electrical equipment is, or may be, electrically connected to a common source of electrical energy, and includes such source and such equipment. QUESTIONS (1) Is electrical equipment which has been switched off part of the system? (2) is electrical equipment not regarded as part of the system? (3) What are the electrical causes of injury that the Regulations are designed to prevent (4) The Regulations apply to all levels of voltage. What is the potential danger from a low voltage source? (5) What is meant by the term “Charged”? Te Faraday Cenive Lid 7 TRPORS Www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD. Module 101 REGULATION 3 _ Persons on whom duties are imposed by these Regulations (1) Except where otherwise expressly provided in these Regulations, it shall be the duty of every - (@)__ employer and self employed person to comply with the provisions of these Regulations in so far as they relate to matters which are within his control; and (6) (i) manager, in relation to a mine within the meaning of the Mines and Quarries Act 1954 and Gi) operator in relation to a quarry within the meaning of Regulation 3 of the Quarries Regulations 1999, to ensure that all requirements or prohibitions imposed by or under these Regulations are complied with in so far as they relate to the mine of which he is the manager or quarry of which he is the operator and to matters which are within his control. (2) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work- (@) to co-operate with his employer so far as is necessary to enable any duty placed on the employer by the provisions of these Regulations to be complied with; and (®) to comply with the provisions of these Regulations in so far as they relate to matters which are within his control, QUESTIONS (1) Under the Regulations, how is an employer defined? (2) What are the duties of an employee while at work? (3) How can a person find himself responsible for causing danger to arise elsewhere in an electrical system, at a point beyond his own installation? (4) What is the difference between a regulation which is “Absolute” and one which is qualified by the term “Reasonably Practicable”? ‘©The Faraday Centre Lid 3 _ IRPOIOS ‘www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 4 Systems, work activities and protective equipment (1) All systems shall at all times be of such construction as to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger. (2) As may be necessary to prevent danger, all systems shall be maintained so as to prevent, as far as reasonably practicable, such danger. (3) Every work activity, including operation, use and maintenance of a system, shall be carried out in such a manner as not to give rise, so far as is reasonably practicable, to danger. (4) Any equipment provided under these Regulations for the purpose of protecting, persons at work on or near electrical equipment shall be suitable for the use for which it is provided, be maintained in a condition for that use, and be properly used, QUESTIONS (1) Are any of the sub section Regulations “absolute”? (2) What factors should the dutyholder consider when preparing a maintenance programme? (3) What precautions should be carried out where work to be done is of an electrical nature and by whom should this work be carried out. (4) When electrical equipment is decommissioned what precautions should be taken to ensure it cannot be inadvertently re-energised? (5) What are the particular requirements with regard to the use of any protective equipment? © The Faraday Centre Lid © _TRPOAOD ‘ww faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 5 _ Strength and capability of electrical equipment No electrical equipment shall be put into use where its strength and capability may be exceeded in such a way as may give rise to danger. QUESTIONS (1) What conditions have to be considered before selecting electrical equipment for use on a system? (2) What is meant by “strength and capability"? (3) What are the special requirements with regard to earthing conductors? @ The Faraday Centre Lid 7 TRPOWS www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD _ Module 101 REGULATION 6 Adverse or hazardous environments Electrical equipment which may reasonably foreseeably be exposed to — (@) mechanical damage; (b) the effects of the weather, natural hazards, temperature or pressure (©) the effects of wet, dirty, dusty or corrosive conditions; or (@) any flammable or explosive substance, including dusts, vapours or gases, shall be of such construction or as necessary protected as to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger arising from such exposure. QUESTIONS (1) What effect can abnormal temperatures have on electrical equipment? (2) What is required of electrical equipment used in a flammable atmosphere? (3) Who should undertake maintenance of such equipment? (4) Which Standard covers the IP Rating system and what is the purpose of the system ? © The Faraday Centre Ltd 3 TRPOIOS www faradayeenire co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 7 Insulation, protection and placing of conductors All conductors in a system which may give rise to danger shall either — (a) be suitably covered with insulating material and as necessary protected so as to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger; or (b) have such precautions taken in respect of them (including, where appropriate, their being suitably placed) as will prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger. QUESTIONS (1). What is the purpose of this regulation? (2) What level of insulation is required? (3) How can the insulation be protected? (4) Should suitably placing the conductors not provide sufficient protection from danger, what additional precautions could be taken? © The Faraday Centre Lid, 9 TRPOIO9 ‘www faradayeentre.60.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 8 Earthing or other suitable precautions Precautions shall be taken, either by earthing or by other suitable means, to prevent danger arising when any conductor (other than a cireuit conductor) which may reasonably foreseeably become charged as a result of either the use of a system, or a fault in a system, becomes so charged; and, for the purposes of ensuring compliance with this regulation, a conductor shall be regarded as earthed when it is connected to the general mass of earth by conductors of sufficient strength and current-carrying capability to discharge electrical energy to earth. QUESTIONS (1) What is the principle of earthing the UK public supply systems? (2) What is the advantage of an ‘earthed system’? (3) What are the disadvantages of ‘Separated or isolated systems"? (4) What is the purpose of the earth fault (loop) impedance test and how often should it be carried out? © The Faraday Cenire Lid To IRPOIOS ‘www faradayCenire.c0.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 9 __ Integrity of referenced conductors If a circuit conductor is connected to earth or to any other reference point, nothing which might reasonably be expected to give rise to danger by breaking the electrical continuity or introducing high impedance shall be placed in that conductor unless suitable precautions are taken to prevent that danger. QUESTIONS it the introduction of devices into a referenced (1) Why is it necessary to lin conductor? (2) What devices may be placed in a referenced conductor? (3) What precautions should be taken if the neutral conductor is to be switched? The Faraday Centre Led TT IRPOS09 ‘www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 10 Conneetions Where necessary to prevent danger, every joint and connection in a system shall be mechanically and electrically suitable for use. QUESTIONS (1) Why is the electrical integrity of joints important? (2) What is required from all joints? (3) What precautions should apply to plugs and sockets? (4) Why must portable equipment receive special attention? O The Faraday Centre Lid 12 IRPOWO9 ‘www faradayeenive co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 11 Means for protecting from excess of current Efficient means, suitably located, shall be provided for protecting from excess of current every part of a system as may be necessary to prevent danger. QUESTIONS (1) What are the two causes of excess current for which protection is to be provided? (2) What are the requirements for the protective device in a system? (3) What factors should be considered when selecting a protective system? (@) Under what circumstances may excess current be permitted to flow? ~OThe Faraday Centre Led 13 TRPOIOD ‘winw favadayeenire co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 12 Means for cutting off the supply and for isolation (1) Subject to paragraph (3), where necessary to prevent danger, suitable means (including, where appropriate, methods of identifying circuits) shall be available for:~ (a) cutting off the supply of electrical energy to any electrical equipment (b) the isolation of any electrical equipment (2) In paragraph (1), “isolation” means the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of electrical energy in such ‘a way that this disconnection and separation is secure. (3) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to electrical equipment which is itself a source of electrical energy but, in such a case as is necessary, precautions shall be taken to prevent so far as is reasonably practicable, danger. QUES |ONS (1) What is meant by ‘switching off? (2) What devices may be used for ‘switching off? (3) What is meant by “isolation”? (4) What are the requirements for an isolating device © The Faraday Centre Lid 14 IRPOIOS ‘Wwiw faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD Module 101 REGULATION 13 Precautions for work on equipment made dead Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent electrical equipment, which has been made dead in order to prevent danger while work is carried out on or near that equipment, from becoming electrically charged during that work if, danger may thereby arise. QUESTIONS (1) What precautions should be taken to prevent electrical equipment from becoming charged? (2) Where should HV apparatus be earthed? (3) When and where should conductors be proven dead? (4) What documents could form part of “Written procedures”? (5) What is the purpose of the “Permit to Work” procedure? ‘©The Faraday Centre Led 15 IRPOSOS ‘win faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 14 Work on or near live conductors ‘No person shall be engaged on any work activity on or so near any live conductor (other than one suitably covered with insulating material so as to prevent danger) that danger may arise unless ~ (a) itis unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to be dead; and (0) it is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to work on or near it while itis lives and (©) suitable precautions (including where necessary the provisions of a suitable protective equipment) are taken to prevent injury. QUESTIONS (Should work be carried out on live conductors? (2) How could the necessity for live working be avoided? (3) What frequently carried out procedures constitute Live Working? (4) What factors should be con: conductors? lered when deciding to work on ‘live’ (5) What precaution should be taken when working on ‘live’ conductors? @ The Faraday Cenive Lid Te TRPOIOS ‘wiw faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 15 Working space, access and lighting For the purpose of enabling injury to be prevented, adequate working space, adequate means of access, and adequate lighting shall be provided at all electrical equipment on which or near which work is being done in circumstances which may give rise to danger. QUESTIONS (1) How much space should there be when exposed live conductors are within reach? (2) What level of lighting is required and what Guidance Document covers this? 3) Is a handlamp adequate means of lighting? @ The Faraday Centre Lid 17 __TRPOIO9 ‘www faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 16 Persons to be competent to prevent danger and injury No persons shall be engaged in any work activity where technical knowledge or experience is necessary to prevent danger or, where appropriate, injury, unless he possesses such knowledge or experience, or is under such degree of supervision as may be appropriate having regard to the nature of the work. QUESTIONS (1) What is the object of this Regulation? (2) What is required of a person effecting an isolation? (3) What level of training or instruction is required? ‘echnical Knowledge or Experience”? (5) Who is responsible for determining the level of supervision required? © The Faraday Centre Ltd Ts _IRPOIOD ‘www faradayCentre.c0.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 101 REGULATION 29. Defenee (Applicable to ABSOLUTE Regulations) In any proceedings for an offence consisting of a contravention of regulations 4(4), 5. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, it shall be a defence for any person to prove that he took all reasonable steps and exercised diligence to avoid the commission of that offence. (This regulation only applies in criminal proceedings) REGULATION 31. Extension outside Great Britain ‘These Regulations shall apply ~ (a) in Great Britain and (b) outside Great Britain as Sections 1 to 59 and 80 to 82 of the Health and Safety at Work act 1974 apply by virtue of the provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Application outside Great Britain) Order 1995 NOTE: Regulation 31 was modified by the Offshore Electricity and Noise Regulations 1997. Although the regulation refers to the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Application outside Great Britain) Order 1995, this order was revoked and replaced by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Application outside Great Britain) Order 2001 and the regulation should be read as referring to the 2001 Order or any subsequent replacements. REGULATION 32 Disapplicatiion of Duties ‘The duties imposed by these Regulations shall not extend to — (a) the master or crew of a sea-going ship or to the employer of such persons, in relation to the normal ship-board activities of a ship’s crew under the direction of the master; or (b) any person, in relation to any aircraft or hovercraft which is moving under its own power. ©The Faraday Centre Led 19 IRPOIOD Www faradayeentre co.uk& THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS"03, PHILOSOPHY OF HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION AND UTILISATION for MAR 5 Course © The Faraday Centre Ltd. Rev 0 www.faradayeentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/03 WHY USE HIGH VOLTAGE ALTERNATING CURRENT? Background 1. Generation One of the natural forms of electricity is the lightning, which occurs during a storm. Unfortunately we have no way of harnessing this energy for our own use, but there are many other forms of energy which we can convert to electricity in power stations and control for our many uses. ‘Thermal, Nuclear and Hydro power stations are all sites of this conversion process. It is however not always possible to locate these power stations in the geographical area where we intend to use the electricity which has been generated. Hydropower for instance is only possible where water energy is plentiful and this is possibly in an area where the need for electricity is low. We can however transmit this electrical power to other areas whereas taking the water to the area where we need the power would involve very high costs and long pipelines, provide less flexibility and the water losses would greatly outweigh the electrical transmission losses. Distributed to home, factories, and workshops and so on where the energy is again transformed 10 be used in the many ways, which are essential to modern living. It is desirable to transport the energy as efficiently as possible. To transport the power electrically, however, is much simpler and more economical if we use alternating current, which is generated by rotating machines (Generators) at the power stations and then transform it to a much greater pressure (voltage) than the original because at this higher voltage the losses are significantly lower. {] Se (© The Faraday Centre Lid. Rev0 ‘www -faradayeenire.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Mole MARS/03 The losses in electric conductors whether they be underground, overhead, or in machines is mainly due to the resistance of the conductors carrying the current, these losses manifest themselves as heat. The formula for this heating effect in electrical terms is FR where I is the current in amperes and R is the resistance in Ohms A derivative of OHMS LAW gives the current in Amperes as equal to the voltage divided by the resistance or 1=V/R_ Hence for a given resistance R the bigger we make the Voltage (V) the smaller will be the current (1) and thus the heat losses will be less. Watts are the SI units of electrical power and are equal to Volts x Amperes or V x I 2. Marine and Offshore Applications Due to recent developments in the construction and modes of propulsion of maritime vessels there has been a need to consider the types of energy used. The maritime industry has vast experience in the use of electrical energy for illumination, communications and operation of electrical devices. The mode of propulsion on maritime vessels in the tonnage range of 50,000 to 150,000 has shown a preference for electrical propulsion. Previous voltage levels have been in the range of 440v 3 phase but due to the high energy requirements of large vessels for both domestic loads and electrical propulsion we must now consider the use of High Voltage Systems to help provide this increased load, reduce physical side of conductors and apparatus and prevent voltage depressions when starting large drives direct on line. (© The Faraday Centre Ltd. Rev 0 www faradaycentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Modile MARS/O3 If use of electrical energy can be achieved practically at a low voltage then the capital cost of purchasing and installing switchgear, transformer cables is relatively low and system operation docs not require high levels of skill 1o be carried out in a safe manner. On the other hand, High Voltage Apparatus, is comparatively expensive, requires careful stallation, regular maintenance, and for safety purposes should be operated only by skilled personnel. First reaction is that High Voltage Equipment cannot be justified. However, the reality is somewhat different. © The Faraday Centre Ltd. Rev) www -faradaycentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/O3 Example 1 ~ Current Comparison Asa practical example if we take an Air Conditioning compressor rated at 220 kW (220,000 watts) 200v === 220kW 1= 220000 = 1000 amperes 220 ‘The size of cable to carry 1000 Amperes without overheating would be 630mm?, which is actually not manufactured for de. Each core would have a diameter of 14mm, it would weigh almost 7 kg per metre and have a resistance of 0.0281m Q per metre, Apart from the initial cost of cable, and it’s weight, the losses on a short run of 50 metres would be PR where R. and cables x 50m x 0.0281 mQ per metre = 2.81mQ 000 A ‘Therefore PR= 1000 x 1000 x 2.81x10° = 2810 Watts. At a voltage of 440 de volts the current would be reduced to 500 amperes, lower, but still incurring a cost and weight penalty If we take the same 220 kW compressor rating at 3 phase 440 volts Alternating Current, we must take into account, the power factor of the motor which would be around 0.8. For 3 phase systems Power (W) = V3 x Voltage x Current x Power Factor ‘The current therefore would be:- 1 = 220,000 _ = 360 Amps VB x 440x 0.8 The starting current of this Direct on Line (DOL) motor however could be up to 8 times the normal full load current of 360 Amps which is 2880 amperes and persist for several seconds. The voltage drop which would also occur would then be such as to affect the whole system. The common use of large motors necessitates a High Voltage to reduce this effect. The same compressor rated for 3300 volts would require only 48 Amperes and a far smaller conductor could be used saving in weight and cost. The (IR) losses would be greatly reduced as would the voltage drop on the system. On, Offshore Platforms and Maritime Vessels where there is limited generation, this severe voltage drop in tum would effect all other motors connected t0 it. Itis the ease with which we can transform alternating current in static plant to any voltage which suits our requirements that makes it the choice for high power applications. The same principle applies to transmitting large amounts of power over long distances, the higher the voltage the lower the losses and hence higher efficiency, 4 © The Faraday Centre Ltd Revo ‘www faradaycentre.co.uk— THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSIO3. For example if we consider - aload of 10kw + a3 phase supply voltage of 440 volts - with a 0.1 ohm impedance from source of supply to consuming plant. —_ 0.19 ———__+ ames SO muy Load Current I =_1kw = 13 amps 440 x ¥ Volt drop inline = = IR =13x0.1 =13 Volts Line loss = 3 VI = ¥3x1.3x13 =29 Watts The volt drop would be 0.5% with a line loss of 0.29% and the load can be supplied via a 2.5mm? cable which is perfectly acceptable and there is no justification for high voltage however a 10kw load is relatively small. If we consider a more realistic propulsion load of IMW with a 3 phase supply voltage of 440volts o SO ms Load Current = IMW= _1300_ amps This load would require as a minimum two 1000mm* cables in parallel. Also volt drop in line = IR = 1300x 0.1 = 130 volts And line loss V3 VI=1V3 x 130 x 1300 = 292000 watts Which is obviously un-acceptable therefore we must consider a High Voltage system. kV iMW © The Faraday Centre Lid. Revo ‘www faradaycentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Medile MARS/O3 With a3 phase supply voltage of 11000 volts and the same load of 1 MW. Load Current 1 = _IMW__ =52.5 amps 71000 x V3 Volt drop inline = IR=$2.5x 0.1 =5.25 volts Line loss = NB VI = 3 x 5.25 x 52.5 = 477 watts The volt drop is 0.08% with a line loss of 0.05%, which justifies the use of a high voltage system, 6. © The Faraday Centre Ltd, Rev 0 ‘www-faradaycentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSi03 ample 3_- Transmission Efficiency and Voltage Drop If, say, itis required to transport a power of 10kW over a pair of wires which each have a resistance of 0.05 ohms. If the supply is 100V, then the current will be : 1 = Power = 10x 1000 = 100A. Voltage 100 0.05 ohm 100 Fig Load 10kW 0.05 ohm Redrawing the circuit of Fig.1 as the single line diagram of Fig.2. Power Loss=1°R = 100°x(0.5x2) = 10000x 0.1 = 1000W or 1kW Although 10kW is supplied, only 9kW is received. There is a loss of kW and the efficiency of transmission is therefore only 90%. (9kW/100kW) 100V ov 0.1 ohm 100A Fig2 1oKW |g = >| okw If a voltage of 1000V was used then, for a load of 10kW would result in a current of 10A. The situation would be as shown, 999v 1000V Fig.3 9.99kW © The Faraday Centre Ltd Rev ‘www. faradaycentre.co.uke THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/03 ‘The power received would be 9.99kw, which is a transmission efficiency of 99.9%, The losses are reduced dramatically, The three elements, which affect the efficiency of transmission, are the amount of power to be transported, the distance, which it has to be transported, and the system voltage. To transmit a large amount of power over a great distance requires a high voltage to maintain a high transmission efficiency. In addition to high voltages, very high fault currents are encountered on power systems. For example, a maximum fault current on an IIkv system could be 26000A. On a 415V system it could be even higher. It may not be immediately obvious why such high values of current are necessary particularly as the largest motors on a power system consume only a few hundred amperes. The reason is to ensure that the voltage is maintained at the remote end of a feeder. For example, in Fig.2 a short circuit would result in a fault current of 100/0.1 = 1000A. The voltage reduction at the remote end for a load current of 100A would be 100% x 100/1000 = 10% ‘Whereas in Fig.3 the fault current would be 1000/0.1 = 10000A ‘The voltage reduction for a load current of 10A would be 100% x 10/10000 = 0.1% A high voltage is required to provide a high efficiency of transmission and a high fault current to limit the change of voltage with load. © The Faraday Centre Lid. Revo ‘www faradaycentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSIO3 LV Motor Cage Induction Motor, S60kW, 415V, 50Hz, 4 pole, FLC 890A, IEC Frame 400L. HV Motor Cage Induction Motor, 560kW, 3300V, S0Hz, 4 pole, FLC 119A, IEC Frame 355L. For both motors, let cable route distance between motor and associated starter = 50 metres. Also, assume load torque is directly proportional to motor speed" (as with centrifugal pump loads) with full-load torque produced at motor rated-speed. Mechanical Data Motor Frame Sizes: HV motor is one frame size smaller than LV motor. Motor Weight: HV motor = 2420kg LY motor = 3050kg Rotor Moment of Inertia (J): HV motor = 7.5kgm? LV motor = 14kgm? Cabling Requirements For LV motor, cables = 2x 3 core Cu PVC/SWA/PYC with cables installed in air. For HV motor, cable = 1 x 3 core Cu XLPE/SWA/PVC with cable installed in air. Note: Cable elecirical and physical data derived from cable manufacturers’ ‘Cables & Tables’ ete publications. For LV Motor: 2x 300mm? cables will be suitable elecrically, since current rating of each cable = 488Amps and for each cable the volt drop/amp/metre = 0.18mV. 890 (amps) x 50 (metres) x 0.18 (mV) x _1_ = 4.005 Volts which represents a volt drop of 0.965% 2 1000 relative to the supply voltage of 415V and (since this is <2.5%) is therefore acceptable. For HV Motor: 1x 38mm? cable will be suitable electrically, since current rating of cable = 126 Amps and the cable volt drop/amp/metre = 1.1mV. 119 (amps) x 50 (metres) x 1.1 (mV) x _1_ = 6.545 Volts which represents a volt drop of 0.198% 1000 relative to the supply voltage of 3300V and (since this is <2.5%) is therefore acceptable. (continued) 9. © The Faraday Centre Lid. Revo ‘www faradaycentre.co.uke THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Mule MARS5 Cable Transi ission Loss (@ FLC Cable transmission loss (kI7) = ¥3 x Cable volt drop (volts) x Motor FLC (amps 1000 For LV Motor: Total cable loss (i.e. for both cables) = V3 x 4.005 x 890 = 6.174kW 1000 For HV Motor; Cable loss = V3 x 6.545 x119 = 1.349kW (nearly 22% of cable loss for LV motor) 1000 Environmental Impact On the basis of ‘proportionality’, another way of comparing the above differences in eable loss under full load condition is that the ‘green-house’ gas (i.e. CO2 emitted at electrical supply source with generators driven by fossil-fuelled prime movers) associated with cable transmission loss will be just over 4.5 times greater for the LV motor compared with the HV motor! Natural Resource Utilisation Based upon cable cross-sectional area (CSA) ie. 2 x 300mm? 3¢ Cu cables for the LV motor (total CSA = 1800mm’) and 1 x 35mm? 3c Cu cable for the HV motor (total CSA = 105mm’), for this particular application with identical cable route length (50m) the cable requirements for the LV motor will utilise just over 17 times more copper than the cable requirements for the HV motor. -10- © The Faraday Centre Ltd. Rev) ‘www. faradayeentre.co.uk®) THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 121 OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY FEATURES OF SWITCHGEAR © The Faraday Centre Led 7 IRPOIOS ‘win faradaycentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 121 OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY FEATURES OF SWITCHGEAR Operational and Safety Features Switchgear is a general term covering mechanical switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, and protective equipment and the assemblies of such devices and equipment in enclosures and supporting structures comprise SWITCHBOARDS. The majority of modern LKV, 6.6kV and 3.3KV switchgear is Metaiclad meaning that it has a metal enclosure, intended to be earthed, and complete with all ancillary equipment except for external connections, All switching devices must conform to The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (Regulation 5) which states that “No electrical equipment shall be put into use where its strength and capability may be exceeded in such a way as to give rise to danger” ‘Therefore, they must all be capable of carrying currents continuously under normal circuit conditions and, of carrying for a specified time e.g. 1 or 3 seconds, currents under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit, Switching devices however play different roles in a circuit and whilst their definition “A device designed to make or break the current in one or more eleetrie circuits (BS 4727)’ is concise it does not differentiate between the capabilities and limitations of such devices. ‘The purpose of switchgear is to control and distribute electricity supplied to consumers. In addition to controlling the flow of electricity for ‘production’ reasons e.g. switching a pump or fan on and off, there is the need to be able to make equipment safe to work on as defined in EAW Regulations 12 and 13. This requires that equipment should be Isolated and, on HV systems, Earthed and the Switchgear therefore has to be able to meet these requirements in addition to the ability to control i.e. to switch On and Off. CONTROL ‘The four main devices used for this purpose are Switches, Circuit Breakers, Contactors and on outdoor distribution systems Drop-out Fuse Isolators. Switches Switches used in substations are commonly termed “LOAD BREAK - FAULT MAKE? in that way they will make, carry and break their normal rated current but will also make and carry, for a specified time, abnormal currents such as those of © The Faraday Cenire Lid TROIS ‘www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module 121 short circuit but are incapable of breaking that current. Their main application on a system is in association with Ring Main Units. The purpose of the Ring Main Unit is to provide a Tee-off from an existing HV circuit to provide a supply via a transformer to a consumer. The unit comprises two Switches with provision for cable earthing and normally a circuit breaker, also with circuit earthing facilities, to supply the transformer. Fig. 1 ~ Ring Main Unit Safety Features: Switches should have Independent manual operation which by definition is “A stored energy operation where the energy originates from manual power, stored and released in one continuous operation such that the speed and force of the operation are independent of the action of the operator”. Such operation is usually achieved by charging a spring which will only discharge its energy when it is sufficient to perform the action required Circuit Breakers A Circuit-breaker is defined as a mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also of making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit. High Voltage Circuit-breakers are given a fault rating in MVA at a specified voltage to which they have been tested, and this fault rating should not be exceeded. The circuit breaker is often referred to as Oil, Vacuum, Air, Gas (Sulphur Hexafluoride SF,). This refers to the type of insulating/are quenching medium and is not significant to the duty as indicated by the definition. Cireuit breakers are usually intended to operate infrequently i.e. mainly for the control of systems but still used for motor control on 11kV and lower voltages where other equipment is not available. ©The Faraday Centre Ltd, 2 IRPORS ‘wn faradayeentve co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — yyoqute 121 Circuit Breakers are ‘Latched” devices i.e. irrespective of the availability of a supply, they will remain in the selected position e.g. Open or Closed being held by means of a ‘Latch’ in the Mechanism. Tripping of a circuit breaker is by means of a spring, the ‘energy stored being released when the mechanical latch is tripped either by the trip coil or mechanical trip button. Closing is effected by a Solenoid or Springs which can be charged either by hand or automatically by motor. Safety Features: a) The most important interlock on a circuit breaker is the isolating, interlock, which prevents the isolation of the circuit breaker whilst in the closed position, b) On withdrawable units mechanical interlocks ensure that the circuit breaker is OPEN before it can be replaced in the cubicle and racked into the service position. ©) All withdrawable units have automatic shutters which cover any conductors which could be live when the carriage is withdrawn, Locking facilities are provided to enable these conductor orifices to be secured closed. On some semi-withdrawable units shutters are not provided, in this case if the circuit breaker is to be fully withdrawn, the cubicle door must be secured to prevent access to the orifices. 4) Oil Circuit-breakers have a pressure relief valve to prevent a build up of pressure due to the gases produced in the arc quench process. ©) Gas circuit-breakers (Sulphur Hexafluoride SFo) are fitted with alarms for low gas pressure and in some cases a stage of ‘lock out’ preventing operation. Contactors A Contactor is defined as a mechanical switching device, having only one position of rest, i.e. Open. It is capable of making and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions including operating overload but not abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit and earth fault. As it is unable to break short circuit currents it is usually fitted with fuses primarily to protect the system from the fault and secondly the cable and motor from the effects of the fault current. Contactors are usually Dependent Power Operated which is defined as operation by means of energy other than manual where the completion of the operation is dependent upon the continuity of the power supply”. They are referred to as a “Held” device as they are dependant on @ power supply to maintain them ‘closed’, a loss of supply will result in the contactor returning to the Open position. (Compare with the Cireuit Breaker) © The Faraday Centre Lid. 3 TRPOROT www faradayeentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — yodule 121 Designed for frequent operation, contactors usually employ vacuum interrupters for the current breaking duty in view of the minimum servicing required. High Voltage contactor designs vary but the main safety features are to be found on the majority in use. Safety Features: a) Where the contactor is withdrawable it is interlocked to prevent removal of the carriage whilst the contactor is closed. b) The contactor cannot be closed until the isolating contacts are fully engaged. ©) Automatic shutters cover exposed live contacts on withdrawal of the carriage, 4) The contactor opens on failure of a single fuse to prevent single- phasing. ©) On some contactors an earth switch is automatically closed to circuit earth on withdrawal of the contactor carriage. On others it is a manually operated earth switch interlocked with the contactor or, where fitted, its isolator. Drop-out Fuse Isolatos This pole mounted device comprises an Isolator (as defined) which is held in the closed position by a wire fuse link. For operational switching purposes the device can be operated as a single phase unit by means of an insulated pole from the ground. Under fault conditions the fuse link ruptures allowing the link to drop. In the open position the device meets the requirements for Isolation and so acts as an Isolator. A variation of this device is the Sectionaliser which, if it detects a number of fault operations within a preset time interval, will interrupt the current. ISOLATI By definition, isolation involves the disconnection and separation of the equipment from all sources of energy and securing to prevent inadvertent reconnection, Separation, achieved by a specified minimum distance between the contacts in the isolated position is to ensure that there is no risk of an inadvertent reconnection in the event of a voltage surge. With high voltage equipment the process of Isolation is an ‘Off Circuit? process i.e. the circuit must have been switched off prior to Isolation. Whilst interlocks are provided to ensure the switching device is OFF prior to Isolation, it is good practice to ensure that that this is the case by visually checking the Indication devices. Likewise © The Faraday Centre Ltd 7 _TRPOWOS Www faradayeentre co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — yyodule 121 when removing the Isolation it is important to ensure that the switching device is OFF rather than rely on the interlock. They have been known to fail! So far as Isolation is concerned, there are two types of switchgear: 1. Withdrawable ‘The switching device can be withdrawn from its cubicle to effect Isolation 2. Non withdrawable ‘The switching device is fixed within the cubicle and (Fixed pattern) Isolation is effected by means of an ‘Off Circuit” Selector. 1) Withdrawable Switchgear a) Fully Withdrawable To effect an Isolation, the Circuit Breaker is withdrawn from its Service Position thus disconnecting the circuit from the busbars. Automatically operated shutters cover the two sets of orifices which can be locked to prevent access when the circuit is Isolated. ‘The isolation can be either by vertical or horizontal withdrawl of the circuit breaker. Fig. 2 ~ Vertically Isolated withdrawable circuit breaker b) Semi withdrawable With this type of switchgear, for isolation, the circuit breaker is withdrawn from the busbars and circuit orifices but remains in the cubicle. The orifices and shutters are therefore not accessible and to secure the isolation either the breaker carriage is locked in the isolated position or the cubicle door is locked. The disadvantage of this, type is that the circuit cannot be proved dead prior to applying the Circuit Earth unless the breaker is fully withdrawn and the shutters are exposed, The Faraday Cenive Lid 3 IRPOSOS www faradayeentre.co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — yyoqule 121 2) Non withdrawable Switchgear Associated with this type of circuit breaker is an ‘Off Circuit’ 3 position Selector, the positions being ‘Service’ (On), ‘Isolated’ (Off) and ‘Circuit earth’. The Selector is interlocked with the Circuit Breaker to prevent its operation when the circuit breaker is closed. Fig.3 shows this arrangement. BUSBARS orF sussAR SECTOR A ciRCUTT Test AND v.7, aR CONNECTION POINT CIRCUIT EARTH IN TERRUPTER MAIN CABLES Fig.3 — Non-withdrawble circuit breaker EARTHING Good practice dictates that prior to applying an Earth to either a busbar or circuit, where practicable, it should be proved dead. It is also preferable that the earth should be applied using equipment which is capable of withstanding the potential short circuit current to cater for the inadvertent application of the earth to a live circuit Typical of these devices would be circuit breakers or purpose designed earth switches. Itis recommended not to apply a circuit main earth initially using hand earths. 1) Withdrawable chy a) Vertically Isolated - Transferable Earth With this type of switchgear there are three positions in which the carriage can be installed i.e. SERVICE, BUSBAR EARTH and CIRCUIT EARTH. To enable the carriage to be racked into any of these positions, the required position has to be selected. Having selected the required position, the circuit breaker can be racked into that position and CLOSED to APPLY the Earth or put the circuit into service. Figure 4 shows a diagrammatic arrangement of a vertically isolated circuit breaker with transferable earthing facilities. ©The Faraday Centre Led @_IRPOROD ‘ww faradaycenire co.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — yyodute 121 Creu Earth ae Fig.4 - Withdrawable circuit breaker with transferable earths b) Horizontally Isolated ~ Separate Earth Switch It is rare to provide a transferable earth facility to this type of equipment and thus an earth switch is normally associated with it for circuit earthing. Usually in the same enclosure, earthing switches are capable of making and withstanding for a specified period of time, abnormal currents such as those of short circuit and earth fault but are seldom designed to break current. Safety Features: a) _Earth switches comprise a Switch as previously defined. ) Earth switches are mechanically interlocked to prevent the inadvertent closing of the earth switch when the circuit breaker is in the Service position. ©) Earth switches are normally fitted with anti-reflex handles which are ‘one way operating devices and have to be removed and relocated before carrying out a further operation, thus preventing any attempt to break fault current in the event of an incorrect switching operation. Earth switch (non-automatic) Fig.5 — Earth switch associated with a horizontally withdrawable circuit breaker | © The Faraday Centre Lid 7 TRPOIO9 ‘www faradayeentre.c0.ukTHE FARADAY CENTRELTD — y\fodule 121 2) Non withdrawable As seen in fig. 3, Circuit Earth can be selected via the busbar selector. The earth is then applied by closing the circuit breaker. On some circuit breakers of this type a circuit selector can also be fitted which enables a Busbar Earth to be applied. AWARENESS WHEN OPERATING SWITCHGEAR 1. When isolating circuit breakers using an operating handle, cease operation if mechanism becomes tight or stiff and seek advice. DO NOT USE UNDUE FORCE. 2. When removing circuit breakers/contactors, make sure your hands are clear as the carriage is removed/replaced. 3. Ensure your head is clear of enclosure when entering or leaving a panel compartment. 4. Allow yourself sufficient space when withdrawing the carriage from a switchboard to give safe access/egress. 5. Do not operate switchgear mechanisms if you are not familiar operation. You are, by definition, not competent! safe D The Faraday Cenive Lid 3 IRPOWOS ‘win faradaycentre co.uk®) THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARSIOS FARADAY CENTRE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS for MAR 5 Course © The Faraday Centre Lid > Revo ‘winw faradaycentre.60.uk=| 5 8 | le se (AVOREDLIAS ASI @uVOREVIS “Baked ®@) THE FARADAY CENTRE LTD Module MARS/OS System Diagram 1 ‘wanw faradaycenire co.uk ~ Revo © The Faraday Centre Lid