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19. INDEX
abb power technology distribution distribution transformer accessories ........ 109
transformers ................................................ 6 doc........................................................... 171
abb-group.................................................... 6 documentation ......................................... 116
abbreviations and acronyms ................... 182 drives transformer...................................... 15
ability to withstand short circuit currents.. 149 dry type...................................................... 14
accessories ............................................. 104 dry-type transformers............................... 134
ageing ..................................................... 117 earth quake withstand ability ..................... 91
agricultural ester...................................... 162 earthing.................................................... 115
alarm and trip signals from the earthing systems ..................................... 208
transformer .............................................. 122 earthing transformers (neutral couplers).... 46
allocation of responsibilities between eddy current losses.................................. 143
supplier and purchaser............................ 110 effect of electromagnetic fields
anomalous losses.................................... 144 on humans............................................... 180
arc suppression reactors ........................... 47 efficiency.................................................. 141
automatic voltage regulation ................... 104 electrical and magnetic quantities............ 180
basic physics of the transformer.............. 136 electrical clearances in air ....................... 113
basic sl units............................................ 180 electromagnetic compatibility................... 177
bibliography ............................................. 185 electromagnetic disturbances
built in current transformers..................... 105 on transformers ....................................... 177
bushings .................................................... 92 electromagnetic field in the vicinity
bushings and joints.................................. 132 of transformers ........................................ 179
cable connections...................................... 95 electromagnetic induction ............................ 8
capacitor damping reactors ....................... 45 emc.......................................................... 177
capitalisation of auxiliary power energizing ................................................ 115
consumed in the cooling equipment .......... 71 environment............................................... 60
capitalisation of load loss .......................... 69 equipment................................................ 202
capitalisation of no load loss ..................... 66 equivalent diagram .................................. 138
ce marking............................................... 170 erection at site ......................................... 113
cellulose materials............................118, 160 fans............................................................ 97
cenelec.................................................... 186 fault localisation advice,
cenelec standards ................................... 193 dry type transformer................................. 127
choice of system voltage ......................... 136 fault localisation advices
combustible gas detector ........................ 107 oil immersed transformers ....................... 128
commissioning......................................... 115 feedback .................................................. 184
common rules for power installations flow indicator............................................ 107
exceeding 1 kv ........................................ 201 fluids ........................................................ 161
common transformer features ..................... 8 forced oil, forced air heat exchangers........ 97
comparison between ieee/ansi foreword....................................................... 2
standards and iec standards ................... 187 frequency................................................. 121
condenser bushings .................................. 93 frequency variation .................................. 179
conductor materials ................................. 159 function of transformer protective
connecting transformer terminals equipment................................................ 131
to the networks ........................................ 113 fundamental requirements ....................... 201
contributors ............................................. 184 furnace transformer ................................... 32
convertor station........................................ 28 gas actuated relay ................................... 104
convertor transformer ................................ 33 gas bubbles ............................................... 18
coolers................................................96, 133 gaskets .................................................... 134
copyright note.......................................2, 212 general electrotechnical formulas ............ 181
core materials.......................................... 159 generator step up transformer ................... 18
cores ......................................................... 77 handling, lifting......................................... 111
core-type ..................................................... 9 harmonics ................................................ 177
corrugated tanks........................................ 97 high current bushings ................................ 95
current limiting reactors ............................. 42 hse, health, safety and environment .......... 60
customer review of the management hvdc transformers ...................................... 28
systems ..................................................... 60 identifying terminals ................................. 173
d-connection............................................ 157 iec ............................................................ 185
declaration of conformity ......................... 171 iec standards ........................................... 190
declaration of conformity (doc) ................ 182 ieee standards ......................................... 186
definition of power rating ieee standards ......................................... 196
(rated kilovoltamperes)............................ 187 incoterms ................................................. 110
degrees of protection against indoor installations in electrical
solid objects ............................................ 172 power systems......................................... 204
degrees of protection against water ........ 172 industrial transformers ............................... 32
dehydrating breathers ............................. 105 information required with enquiry
dielectric stress.......................................... 18 and order ................................................... 73
dielectric testing....................................... 188 inrush currents ......................................... 144
differential protection ............................... 121 inspection during operation...................... 125
dimethyl silicone ...................................... 162 inspection in de-energised condition ....... 125
disposal after use .................................... 135 installation........................................ 110, 202
distribution of energy ................................... 7 installation and commissioning ................ 110
Transformer Handbook Page 210

insulation ................................................. 201 operational safety .................................... 202
insulation materials.................................. 160 ordering copies ........................................ 184
insulation resistance................................ 114 other fluids ............................................... 162
interharmonics......................................... 178 outdoor installations................................. 203
internal overvoltages caused by high over voltage protection ............................ 122
frequency oscillations .............................. 168 over voltage protection devices ............... 106
introduction.................................................. 6 overcurrent protection.............................. 121
investigation of transformer disturbances 127 overcurrents............................................. 178
ip-classification ........................................ 171 overvoltages ............................................ 178
landfill ...................................................... 135 overvoltages and overvoltage limitation... 164
large distribution transformers ................... 10 overvoltages caused by atmospheric
lca............................................................ 135 phenomena.............................................. 164
ldt .............................................................. 10 overvoltages due to earth-fault ................ 165
life cycle assessment (lca) ...................... 135 overvoltages due to ferroresonance ........ 166
lifetime..................................................... 117 overvoltages generated within
lightning impulse........................................ 17 the power system .................................... 164
limitation of temporary overvoltages........ 165 padmounted transformer ..................... 11, 12
limitation of transient overvoltages .......... 167 padmounted transformer ........................... 13
line-feeder transformers ............................ 35 painted surfaces ...................................... 134
liquid conservator with parallel operation ............................... 76, 121
rubber diaphragm .................................... 133 pcb-contaminated oil................................ 135
litterature ................................................. 200 phase-shifting transformers ....................... 24
load loss .................................................... 64 physical fundamentals ............................. 136
load losses .............................................. 146 plywood ................................................... 160
load rejection overvoltages...................... 166 polemounted transformer........................... 13
local regulations ...................................... 135 porcelain .................................................. 160
loss capitalization and optimum power rating limitations .............................. 18
transformer design .................................... 62 power transformer and oil immersed
low voltage bushings ................................. 92 reactor accessories.................................. 107
magnetic leakage field............................... 18 power transformers.................................... 17
maintenance............................................ 126 pressure relief devices............................. 106
maintenance in de-energised condition... 126 protection against fire .............................. 203
maintenance in energised condition ........ 126 protection, control
mathematical symbols for and auxiliary systems .............................. 208
alternating-current quantities protective equipment ............................... 114
and network quantities ............................ 182 pt 100 element......................................... 104
mathematical symbols for electrical pttr ............................................................... 6
quantities (general).................................. 181 pulse .......................................................... 29
mathematical symbols for magnetic quality ........................................................ 60
quantities (general).................................. 182 radiators..................................................... 96
measurements......................................... 131 rating plate............................................... 175
mechanical checks .................................. 114 receiving the transformer at site .............. 112
mechanical forces ..................................... 18 recording of disturbances ........................ 131
mechanical forces in the windings........... 152 reference temperature for load losses ..... 188
medium distribution transformers .............. 11 resibloc ...................................................... 15
mineral oil................................................ 161 resin........................................................... 14
miscellaneous.......................................... 170 reuse........................................................ 135
monitoring ............................................... 122 routine tests ............................................. 163
monitoring and control systems............... 208 safety criteria ........................................... 208
motor drive unit........................................ 133 safety measures ...................................... 202
multiples and sub-multiples of units......... 180 safety precautions ..................................... 60
nema ....................................................... 173 sdt.............................................................. 12
network connection ................................. 113 sf6 connections.......................................... 96
network transformer .................................. 12 shell-type ..................................................... 9
neutral earthing reactors ........................... 44 short circuit requirements and testing ...... 188
no load (magnetising) current short-circuit impedance............................ 146
and no load losses .................................. 141 shunt reactors ............................................ 37
no load loss ............................................... 63 single phase transformer ................... 13, 173
normal information..................................... 73 small distribution transformers................... 12
objective ...................................................... 2 smoothing reactors .................................... 57
off circuit tap changer .............................. 133 solid insulation materials.......................... 160
off circuit tap changers .............................. 99 solid synthetic insulation materials .......... 160
off-circuit/on-load tap changer ................. 114 sources of sound generation ................... 155
oil filtering unit ......................................... 133 spark gaps ............................................... 106
oil level indicators .................................... 106 special information..................................... 74
oil preservation systems.......................... 105 special precautions for dry-type
oil pumps ................................................... 98 transformers ............................................ 168
oil-water coolers ........................................ 98 special tests............................................. 163
on line monitor systems........................... 108 stationary transformers .............................. 35
on load tap changers............................... 100 step-down transformer............................... 20
on-load tap changer ................................ 133 storage..................................................... 112
operation ................................................. 117 sub sea transformer................................... 16
operation, monitoring and maintenance .. 117 substation .................................................... 7
Page 211 Transformer Handbook

substation and unit substation ................... 10 transformer sound ................................... 153
sudden pressure relief devices................ 106 transformer types and their application........ 7
surface protection.................................... 134 transformer-relevant standards................ 185
sustainability development ........................ 60 transient overvoltages................................ 17
synthetic ester ......................................... 162 transmission of energy................................. 7
synthetic hydrocarbon ............................. 162 transport .................................................. 111
system intertie transformer ........................ 20 transport wheels/skids ............................. 107
tank ........................................................... 90 tuning (filter) reactors................................. 45
temperature rise and load capacity ......... 120 type tests ................................................. 163
terminal designation ................................ 173 uncertainty in measurements................... 188
terminals.................................................... 92 underground transformer ........................... 17
testing of transformers............................. 163 units and conversion tables ..................... 180
thermometers .......................................... 104 vacuum cast .............................................. 14
three phase transformer .......................... 174 vacuum pressure encapsulated................. 15
three-phase transformer connections...... 157 vacuum pressure impregnated .................. 15
tightening torque...................................... 114 voltage ratio and voltage drop (or rise) .... 138
traction transformer ................................... 35 voltage regulation equipment..................... 99
transfer of responsibility .......................... 110 voltage unbalance ................................... 178
transferred overvoltages in transformers. 169 wind turbine ............................................... 16
transformer components ........................... 92 windings..................................................... 80
transformer design .................................... 77 y-connection ............................................ 157
transformer liquid and insulation ............. 132 z-connection ............................................ 157
transformer materials .............................. 159 zinc coated surfaces ................................ 134
Note:
We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice.
With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail.
ABB does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors and or possible lack of information
in this document.
We reserve the rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein.
Any reproduction – in whole or in parts – is forbidden without ABB’s prior written consent.
Reference is also made to copyright notes contained in the text, e.g. to Copyright © IEC, Geneva,
Switzerland. www.iec.ch.
ABB 2004.
Transformer Handbook Page 212

1LAC000010 - 04
Business Unit Transformers

Affolternstrasse 44
8050 Zürich
SWITZERLAND
http://www.abb.com/transformers Copyright© 2004 ABB
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