3.

Role of Mediterranean Diet Components on Inflammatory Response

3.1. Contribution of Trace Elements and Minerals

Previous studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between adherence to the

Mediterranean diet and the intake of essential trace elements, including iron, copper, zinc,
molybdenum, sodium, potassium (K), calcium, and magnesium. Furthermore, the
Mediterranean diet is rich in factors that can influence mineral absorption, such as Zn[20]. It
is worth mentioning that patients with Major Depressive Disorder have been found to exhibit
low levels of micronutrients in their serum. While more research is needed to investigate the
role of trace elements in various diseases, it is possible that these elements could be beneficial
for individuals with MD. Additionally, there appears to be a correlation between serum trace
element levels and developmental dysplasia of the hip. [21–23].

3.2. Effect of Salt Consumption on Health

The high sodium content in the Western diet is associated with inflammatory response due to
hyperosmotic stress. Osmotic stress can trigger the release of proinflammatory cytokines
from human mononuclear cells cultured in vitro. Mice fed a high-salt diet exhibited
exacerbated EAE symptoms, characterized by an intensified TH17 immune response in vivo.
This effect was dependent on SGK1 and IL-23R. Additionally, a high salt intake disrupted
macrophage (M2) activation, impairing tissue inflammation processes but promoting wound
healing. Additionally, excessive consumption of salt appears to inhibit the function of Treg
cells by triggering the production of IFN in these cells. Studies have demonstrated that
environmental signals resulting from a high-salt diet enhance proinflammatory responses
through both innate and adaptive regulatory mechanisms. On the other hand, maintaining a
higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, which involves low intake of salt, may be
associated with a decreased risk of hypertension.