Radars mmm __ 4.4 State the basic working principle of a RADAR ~~ + RADAR stands for radio detection and ranging, It is an electrons used for the detection of location, range (distance), direction ang vas sy H lo distant targets. city gy _ * The basic RADAR system as shown if Fig. 4.1 (a). 1. Transmitter Duplexer Antenna Receiver Transmitter Duplexer MMMEFIG 4.1(a): Basic Radar System h power signals at microwave frequency range. power signals (EM signals) are radiated into space by us plexer. luces and EM signal to send it towards the target for ts the transmitter or receiver to the antenna alternately erated by transmitter is radiated into space by using et and reflected back towards the radar “echo signals” | and receiving purpose.——— ee Receiver The reflected signal: gnals (echo signals) =" collected by th | e RADAR antenna are deli livered. A. ver throu! gh duplex er int the receiver, the recei eived signals are amplified to the rece nih processed. to di etect the presence of the ta rget and dk etermine i its location. 5, Display: « Itis designed to pre .o present the received i ed informati ation.ne OPTIC COMPONENTS AND DEVicEs cK DIAGRAM OF FIBRE Optic COMMUNICAT| ON [Photodetector}—-[ Electrical stage} FIG 2.9 : Fiber Optic Communication System e all other communication system, the primary objectiv ‘munication system also is to transfer the signal containing infor, Wicieare ne = video) from the source to the destination. The general communication system is shown in the Fig. 9 information (voice, data I block diagram of optical information : The source provides information in the form of electrical transmitter. The information may be audio, video or data ete. a Transmit : It is a current carrying conductor actually carries Electrical signal tical source. E.g. copper, Aluminium wire. Source : The electrical stage of the transmitter drives an optical source to jodulated light wave carrier. Semiconductor LASERs or LEDs are usually tical source here. medium : The information carrying light wave then passes through the medium i.e., optical fiber cables in this system. or : Now it reaches to the receiver stage where the optical detector 1e optical carrier and gives an electrical output signal to the electrical on types of optical detectors used are photodiodes (p-i-n, avalanche), s, photoconductors etc. ; Finally the electrical stage gets the real information back and gives destination.FIBRE OPTIC COMPONENTS, AND DEVIC Sg. 0.6 TYPES OF SOURCE: USED IN OPTICAL FIBER CABLE Optical up | The two types of sources Used In Optica! fiber cory et SOMMuUNIeatIOn are (i) LED (Light Emitting Diode) oe (i) LASER, (Light Amplification by Stimulated Ernisot { f sion of Radiation —————- TIENT FEATURES ~ SALIENT FEATURES OF AN OPTiCA sounce {i) The optical source’ 8 size and configuration Must be best with optical fiber, Jaunching light into an (ii) The light output of the optical source Should be highly directior 1 ectiona ‘{iii) Must accurately track the electrical Input signal to minimize distortior. and rick Optical source should emit light at wavelengths where the fiber has low losses and low dispersion. Must couple sufficient optical power to overcome attenuation in the fiber Should have a very narrow spectral bandwidth in order to minimize dispersion in the iber. lust be capable of maintaining a stable optical output which is largely unaffected by ges in ambient conditions (e.g. temperature) essential that the source is comparatively cheap and highly reliable in order te fe with conventional transmission techniques. PES OF DETECTORS USED IN OFC Optical detectors PINdiode APD s of detectors used in optical fiber communication are, (ii) APD (Avalanche Photo Diode).SEE Satollito communication Sy: @ TIC subsystem + Attitude control subsystem, «+ Propulsion subsystem 1+ Antenna subsystem a) Power Subsystem: All communication satellites obt satellite surface. ‘ain their electrical power from solar culls placed an. at operate the satelite during eclipse periods. i subsystems both dc to de converts ana de 0 + They charge the batteries th distribute the de power to all inverter are used to supply special voltages to some subsystems b) Communication Sub-System: + is the heart of the communication satelite. It consists of transponder. + These receive the uplink signals, amplify, frequency translate and amplify them again for transmission as down - link signals, + Itconsists of antenna subsystem for both reception and transmission. ©) TCC Subsystem: Telemetry Tracking and Control (TTC) subsystem monitors the on-board conditions such as temperature and battery voltage and transmits this data back to a ground station for analysis. 4) Altitude Control Subsystem: It provides stabilization of the satellite in the orbit and senses changes in Telemetry tracking and | . control ki subsystem _] Control signals orientation, toall Ifany changes in the positon ofthe antennas it wll correct them. are Itfires the jet thrusters to perform attitude adjustments, pulsion Subsystem: ‘usually apogee kick motor used to put the satelite int final obit. sperated by the on-board computers in response to the command control Communication antennas: MME FIG 5.2: General Block Diagram of Communication * All the satellite communication system consists of two basic parts. + Satellite or space cratt. * One or more earth stations. '* The general block diagram of communication satellite is as shown in Fig system: “one or more antennas used for receiving signals from the ground sitting information back to earth. Iemainly consists of © Power subsystem '* Communication subsystem Microwave & Satellite Communi Microwave & Satellite CommunicatiorThe frequency with which, the signal is sent into the space is called as Uplink frequency. Similarly, the frequency with which, the signal is sent by the transponder is called as Downlink frequency. The following figure illustrates this concept clearly. Satellite s x & %, ‘ First Second Earth Station Earth Station The transmission of signal from first earth station to satellite through a channel is called as uplink. Similarly, the transmission of signal from satellite to second earth station through a channel is called a: downlink. t Uplink frequency is the frequency at which, the first earth station is communicating with satellite. The satellite transponder converts this signal into another frequency and sends it down to the second earth station. This frequency is called as Downlink frequency. In similar way, second earth station can also communicate with the first one.satellite Frequency Bands e L-band (1-2 GHz) e S-band (2-4 GHz) e C-band (4-8 GHz) e X-band (8-12 GHz) e Ku-band (12-18 GHz) e Ka-band (26-40 GHz)Gus, est f Bose station! Mlow | Pabsda trons A spronsee wees PLCS z| dL smoll ow a ; spf sosGt isaintertae yin Mlo yd pMAispats each) call, > sepasote feauerdy : b aman | gg bate Stortion| Onid ale Ibis ral ra ish! a Jere erecey meets ‘stations in he Celtelay petevore Guore Bands | dine Coecage actes into CULO S “bar ectontfeg re-0s6 eecrg g Guoed | Gor a sehequenty dhision Multiple» access 4 Forn is the division of the frequency band : atlocoted fr wareless cellular telephone Connmunica. ton he aoouslt.., p h ' iu 4) govin 1S Analagic # dvanced : Mab phone Channels syste (AMPs) \ 2 oe not used “this” Space ae and. each chornel @n be assigned Ae only oe DIIA 38. vot PE eos Problems that Tomy has : a. bene 4) | 93 fe Besetscen the diteven used henwend is a grhalt amount of band iat th ye called as gous fi T sAY eseaspvp + xe Top : 9 BMA time Dison Multipla Acces $9DMP Is digital transmiseron technology. | ‘that allows a nurobe of users to access ge sing’ ithout interference cradio- fequenty (PF 6) channel eo , bby allocating unique time sbts a ex within each channel | WSs 20. jase drides eth “gdh caltillas channel dato three time slots in order to increa. the cou 4 Hgeraines ch dete “that con be thoeu dor yy? wae 9 hay ten ai ana "Eada? the TOMA emald Mobile Bt ace (Gs) mp st a ot C0 puses are Se “a ¢ slat de Dusion Multiple. Access posted by code rot by ten and frequen o 7 glot ge potentially a om & chrequeny copacity (moe uses Can municote Smultaneat sly)cess ) technique where several information Division Multiple Ac ple of multiple access single channel to send features are. uses the full available Vv separate , simultane its? In CDMA ever instea specuum frequency: in ch recommended for voice and data is mu oe - i ‘ \ nication y user IY. d of getting allotted b: CDMA offers more air space . The hands off between base handed by CDMA. The comparison of FDMA, TDMA and ¢| in below table.5.1.3. Characteristics of Gsm Communication: Mobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services. Total Mobility: International access, chip - card enables use of access points of different . providers. Worldwide Connectivity:One number, the network handles localization. High Capacity: Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell. High Transmission Quality:High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains). Security Functions: Access control, authentication via chip - card and PIN.4.14.3. Features of Cdma ee ST py ie High immunity to interference. the spectrum. Multipath fading is reduced because the signal is spread over . High security. . Privacy. Channel data rates are very high. Soft handoff is provided. Each user can use entire bandwidth.Basis for Comparison Full form Operation mechanism used Transmission rate Technology used Security Signal detection Encryption Global use Flexibility Radiation emission GSM Global System for Mabile TDMA or FDMA Slow EDGE It offers less secured communication. Easy Signal must be additionally encrypted as no built-in encryption exist. More It offers more flexibility. More cDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMA Comparitively fast. EVDO Comparatively more secured communication is offered by it. Quite difficult It offers automatic encryption to the signal. Thus no additional encryption is required. Comparitively less Comparitively less flexibility is offered by CDMA system. Less