Bereich oid Q& ° ° Gary Calder ®) co} Editor: Lawrie Ryan OXFORDr\e).4 Physics Third edition Jim Breithaupt Gary Calder Editor: Lawrie Ryan Message from AQA This textbook has been approved by ADA for use with our qualification. This means that we have checked that it broadly covers the specification and we ‘are satisfied with the overall quality, Full details of our approval process can be found on our website. ‘We approve textbooks because we know how important itis For teachers and ‘students to have the right resources to support thei teaching and learning, However, the publisheris ultimately responsible fr the editorial control and {uaity ofthis book. Please note that when teaching the AOA GCSE Physics or QA GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy course, you must refer to ADAS specification as your efinitive source of information. While this book has been written to match ification, it cannot provide complete coverage of every aspect of the ‘Awide range of ether useful resources can be found on the relevant subject, pages of our website: wunw.aqa.org.uk. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PROXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom, ‘Oxford University Press i a department of the University of Oxford, It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford isa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in cermin other countries (© jim Breithaupe 2016 The moral rights ofthe authors have been asserted. First published in 2016 All tights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any ‘means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University ross, ov as expressly permitted by law, by licence ar under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization "Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press atthe address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must ‘impose this same condition an any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Daca Data available 978019 835939 5 1098765 Paper used in the production of this book isa natura, recyelable product made from wood grown in sustainable forests. ‘The manufacturing process conforms to the environmental regulations ofthe country of origin. Printed in China by Golden Cup Printing Co Ltd Acknowledgements ‘The author wishes o acknowledge the support, advice, and contributions he has received from Marie Breithaupt, Gary Calder, and Darren Forbes, and from Frama Craig, Sadie Garrat, and their colleagues at Oxford University Press AQA examination questions are reproduced by permission of AQA. Index compiled by INDEXING SPECIALISTS (UK) Lid. Indexing house, 306A Portland Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 SLP United Kingdom, (COVER: Fric James Azure / Offset p23: Ezume Images)Smutterstock: Header Photo O1: Ezume Images!Shutterstock; pa: Leonid Andronov/Shutterstock; p6: SihasakprachumyShutterstock: p7: Ammit JackShutterstock: p&(2): Heong|Shutterscock; p8(B):Jack Guez\Getty Images; p14(T}: Sergey NovikovjShurterstock; p14(B): Syda Productions/Shutterstock; PIB: Martyn F. Chillmaid/Science Photo Library: p19(I} Cordelia Molloy/Science Photo Library: p19(B): Denis Kuvaew/Shutterstock;, P20: Twobee(Shutterstock: p21: Holbox/Shuterstock: p25! ‘KzenonjShutterstock: p26: PandaWild/Shutterstock; p28: Anneka) Shutterstock; p31: Harvey Ftzhugh/Shutterstock: p24: Viadiir ‘Tronin/Shutterstock; p36: Ashley Cooper/Science Photo Library; P38: Lakov FilimonovjShutterstock; p39{T):Zeliko Radojko| Shutterstock; p39(8} Chris Gallagher/Science Photo Library: p40: Paulrommer/Shutterstock: p43: julo®9)istockphoto; p48-49: Sommai/Shutterstock; Header Photo 02: Sommai/Shutterstock; 1P57(T): Martyn F. Chillmaid|Science Photo Library; p57(B): Martyn F CChillmaid|Science Photo Library: p67: Ulkastudio/Shutterstock: p68: Raphael Gailarde)Getty Images; p69: Cordelia Molloy/Science Photo Library; p72: Author Supplied: p76: Orchidflower/Shutterstock: p78: \Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p106: US Department of Energy) Science Photo Library; p108; Patrick Landmann(Science Photo Library; p112-113: Germanskydiver/Shutterstack: Header Photo 03: Germanskyeiver/Shutterstock; p124(U}: Everett Collection) ‘Shutterstock: p124{R): ARprofessionals com my/Shutterstock: p128: ‘Nightman1965)Shutterstock: p130: Susan Legget/Shutterstock: [p134: US Air ForceScience Photo Library: p136: Brian Kinney) Shutterstock: p150: Paolo Bona Shutterstock: p15: Andrest) Shutterstock; p154: Conrado/Shutterstock; p156(M;: Thiewry) Shisterstock: p156(B): Levent Konuk/Shutterstock: p162: Roibuy Shutterstock: p163: ChiccoDodifshutterstock; p64: Inc] Shutterstock; p166: Stephanie Bright; p168: Gerard Koudenburg) Shutterstock; p172173: Yuriy KuliiShutterstock; Header Photo 04: Yuriy KulikiShutterstock; p74: Hightide(Shutterstock; p180: Cuson/Shutterstock; p12: Mat Hayward/Shutterstock: p184: GristinaMuraca/Shutterstock: p194(1) DeepGreen/shutterstock: 'p194{B): Christian Delber/Shutterstock: p196: US Air Force/Micaiah Anthony/Science Photo Library; p197: Martyn F. Chillmaid/Science Photo Library: p196(T: Aj Photoflop AmericainfScience Photo Library, p198(B): Wang SongyShutterstock: p199: CNRYScience Photo Library; p20G: Lucian Milasan/Shutterstock; p205: Mopic} Shutterstock p206: Bogdan ionescu/Shurterstock: p209: Christian ‘Musat/Shutterstock; p214: Awe Inspiring Images/Shutterstock, 1p232: Dedek;Shutterstock; p294: Yury Dmitrienko(Shutterstock; [p235: NASAJCXC|NRAOSTSCIIR Gendler/Science Photo Library: [p237: Stanislaw TokarskiShutterstock; p238: Walter Pacholka, Astropics/Science Photo Library; p241: NASA/WMAP Science Team) Science Photo Library: p252(1}: Media Union/Shutterstock: p252(B): Stephanie Bright; p253{1}: Galyna AndrushkojShutterstock; p253(C} ‘SmileusShutterstock: p293(B): Becris/Shuterstock; p255: omphoto) Shutterstock: p256: Mino SurkalaShutterstock: p259: FloridaStock] Shutterstock: p21: Royal Institution of Great BritainScience Photo Library, p262: Stefan Holm/Shutterstock: p26: Jerry Ziterman) Shutterstock; p267: Peter Bernik'Shutterstock: p277: Annto| ‘Shutterstock: p278:Jeigphotography/Shisterstock; p279: David tit] Shutterstock; p280: Hadbzxy/Shutterstock: p281: Roman White) ShutterstockThis book has been written for the AQA GCSE Physics and AQA GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy courses, ‘making them completely co-teachable, Physics only lessons are easily identifiable with their own black-bordered design, and are also formatted in italics in the below contents list for quick access. Chapter Pi Conservation and dissipation of energy 4 «= P-3._——Apliances and efficiency id P11 Changes in energy stores 4 PS Summary questions eo P12 Conservation of energy 6 Peiioction questions as Chapter P2 Energy transfer by heating 26 PER IOMEE quesoans) a ‘Chapter P3 Energy resources: 36 7.7 Nuclear fission ™ P32 Energy from wind and water 38 Rpm, Nuclear isles! a P33 Power from the Sun and the Earth 40 Eyota aestiors. bat P34 Energy and the environment. 42 Ez Pectin questions a Chapter P4 Electric circuits so = Resultant forces _ P61 Electrical charges and fields so, | RN Bemnentiot et gi P4.2 Curent and charge 52 = ee naa pad Poe Component characteristics 56 GE? Monet omen - P4 Summary questions 62 PeSurmnary questions: 7: 4 Practice questions 63 iiiChapter P9 Motion P9.1 Speed and distance-time graphs 9.2 Velocity and acceleration 9.3 More about velocity-time graphs 9.4 Analysing motion graphs 9 summary questions 9 Practice questions Chapter P10 Force and motion P10.1 Force and acceleration P10.2 Weight and terminal velocity 10.3 Forces and braking 10.5 Using conservation of momentum 10.6 Impact forces 10.7 Safety frst 10.8 Forcesand elasticity P10 Summary questions P10 Practice questions Chapter P11 Force and pressure PIi.1 Pressure and surfaces 11.2 Pressureinaliquid at rest 11.3 Atmospheric pressure P11. —Upthrust and flotation P11 Summary questions P11 Practice questions ee ee cea es Chapter P12 Wave properties P12.1 Thenature of waves 12.2 The properties of waves 12.3 Reflection and refraction 12.4 More about waves 12.5 Sound waves 12.6 Theuses of ultrasound 12.7 Seismic waves P12 Summary questions Piz Practice questions Chapter P13 Electromagnetic waves P13.1 Theelectromagnetie spectrum 13.2 _ Light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. 13.3. Communications P13.4 Ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays PISS X-raysin medicine P13 Summary questions P13 Practice questions 134 134, 136 138 140 142 143 166 148 146 148 152 156 156 158 160 161 162 162 164 166 168 170 a te 174 17% 176 178 180 162 184 186 188 189 190 190 192 19% 196 298 200 201 P15.7 Transformers 226Required Practicals Practical work isa vital part of physics, helping to support and apply your scientific knowledge, and develop your investigative and practical skills, ‘As part of your GCSE physics course, there are 10 required practicals that you must carry out. Questions in your exams could draw on any of the knowledge and skills you have developed in carrying out these practicals. ‘A Required practical feature box has been included in this student book for each of your required practicals. Further support is available on Kerboodle, Permboceciey a 1 Determining specific heat capacity. P26 Determine the specitic heat capacity of a metal block ot known mass by measuring the energy transterred to the block and its temperature ise, and using the equation for specific heat capacity. 2 Investigating thermal insulators. P24 Use different materials and different thicknesses of the same material to insulate Identical beakers of hot Water, and measure the change in temperature of the water at reqular intervals. 3 Investigating resistance. Pad Set up circuits and investigate the resistance of a wire, and of resistors in series and parallel. PAG 4 Investigating electrical components. Pad Correctly assemble a circuit and investigate the potential difference-current characteristics of circuit components, 5 Calculating densities. Pot Measure the mass and volume of objects and liquids and calculate their densities using the density equation. © Investigate the relationship between force and extension for a spring. P10.8 Hang weights of known mass from a spring and, using the correct apparatus, measure the resulting extension. Use the results to plot a force-extension graph, 7 Investigate the relationship between force and acceleration. P1014 Using a newton-metre, investigate the effect on the acceleration of an object of varying the force on it and of varying its mass. 8 Investigating plane waves in a ripple tank and waves in a solid, Pi24 Determine which apparatus are the most suitable for measuring the frequency, speed, and wavelength of waves in a ripple tank, and investigate waves on a stretched string, © Investigate the reflection and refraction of light. Pia Use different substances and surfaces to investigate the refraction and relection of light. P14 10 Investigating infrared radiation. Pis2 Determine how the properties of a surface affect the amount of infrared radiation absorbed or radiated by the surface.How to use this book Learning objectives «Learning objectives at the start of each spread tell you the content that you will cover, ‘¢ Any objectives marked with the higher tier icon @ are only relevant to those who are sitting the higher tier exams. content of a topic links to other parts of the course. This will support you with the synoptic element of your assessment. There are also links to the Maths skills for Physics chapter, so you can develop your maths skills whilst you study. Hints giving you advice on things you need to know and remember, and what to watch out for. Go further feature boxes encourage you to think about science you have leamt ina different context and introduce you to science beyond the specification. You do not need to leam any of the content in the Go further boxes. Linking to the Learning objectives, the Key points boxes summarise what you should be able to do at the end of the topic. They can be used to help you th revi ——— vi This book has been written by subject experts to match the new 2016 specifications. Its packed full of features to help you prepare for your course and achieve the very best you can Key words are highlighted in the text. You can look them up in the glossary at the back of the book if you are not sure what they mean, The diagrams in this book are as important for your understanding as the text, 5o make sure you revise them carefully Practical Practicals are a great way for you to see science in action for yourself. These boxes may be a simple introduction or reminder, or they may be the basis for a practical in the classroom. They will help your understanding of the course. Required practical These practicals have important skills that you will need to be confident with for part of your assessment. Your teacher will give you additional information about tackling these practicals. Anything in the Higher Tier spreads and boxes must be leamt by those sitting the higher tier exam. if you will be sitting foundation tier, you will not be assessed on this content. Using maths This feature highlights and explains the key maths skills you need. There are also clear step-by-step worked examples. Summary questions Each topic has summary questions. These questions give y chance to test whether you have learnt and understood everythin the topic. The questions start off easier and get harder, so that you stretch yourself. The Literacy pen @ shows activities or questions that help you develop literacy skil Any questions marked with the higher tier icon @ are for students siting the higher tier examsWorking scientifically skills are an important part of your course. The working scientifically section describes and supports the development of some of the key skills you will need, Maths skills for Physics MS1 Arithmetic and numerical eee The Maths skills for Physics chapter describes and supports the development of the important mathematical skills you will need for all aspects of your course. It also has questions so you an test your skillsThe section openers Peon Peres include an introduction to the section, some key questions the section will answer, and the required practicals in that section. They also remind you of the key concepts from KS3 and tell you how they will be developed in that section. At the end of every chapter there are summary questions and practice questions. The questions test your literacy, maths, and working scientificaly skill, as well as your knowledge of the concepts in that chapter. The practice questions can also call on your knowledge from any of the previous chapters to help support the synoptic element of your assessment. There are also further practice questions at the end of the book to cover all of the content from your course. viiKerboodle This book is also supported by Kerboodle, offering unrivalled digital support for building your practical, maths and literacy skills IFyour school subscribes to Kerboodle, you will find a wealth of additional resources to help you with your studies and revision: + animations, videos, and revision podcasts + webquests + maths and literacy skills activities and worksheets * on your marks activities to help you achieve your best + practicals and follow-up activities + interactive quizzes that give question-by-question feedback + self-assessment checklists 72,75 Animoten: The Me cycle of 9 star 5 Watch interesting animations on the trickiest topics, and answer questions afterward to check your understanding, ck pay to etc the animation ~ AQA Phusics GCSE student chee! Ps Ifyou are a teacher reading this, Kerboodle also has plenty of practical Forces in balance support, assessment resources, answers to the questions in the book SE and a digital markbook along with temp | Rar STR ERS RTT full teacher support for practicals ena ep eT ea.) and the worksheets, which include suggestions on how to support and stretch your students. All of the Parveen | Soap [reg memnenesectanatenn sees resources that you need are pulled =e Fs Check your own progress with the | together into ready-to-use lesson self-assessment checklists presentationsF | = z u | te = \ are URL Bere pat Energy is needed to make objects move and to keep devices such as mobile Siena ee eneonuencarentea anti tcl a snnel te eet enet coal, oil, and gas. The ability to access energy at the flick of a switch makes life much easier. People in developing countries often can't access energy as easily as we can, while people in developed countries are burning too much fuel and are endangering our planet by making the atmosphere warmer. In this section you will learn about measuring and using energy. You will also learn how wind turbines and other energy resources that don't burn fuel could enable everyone to have access to energy. Key questions ofa swit ndistant p tricity in PA Electric circuits and PS Electricity in the home, and about transformers in P15 Electromagnetism.