History Of Design

Gutenberg Printing Press:

o Gutenberg printing press was made in 1439.
o Before it there was not printing but people copy things in hand-
written form.
o The first book that was printed by Gutenberg printing press was
“Bible”.
o The first Gutenberg printing press was made by wood in 14th
Century then made by metal in 18th Century.
o The efficiency of metal Gutenberg printing press was higher
than the wooden one. Wooden Gutenberg printing press prints 250 papers per hour while
metallic prints 800 papers per hour.
o

o Paper Parchment (Animal Skin).

Art Nouveau:
o Art Nouveau (1890 – 1905) (1910 – 1914).
o Founder Siegfried Bing (Samuel Bing)
La Maison De I’art (1895)
Art Gallery & Exhibition
1984 Belgian Journal L’art Moderne coined term
o Other Names:
 Germany : Jugendstill
 Italy : Stile Liberty
 Spain : Modernista
o Spreadation:
 Germany Europe then United States
o Reason:
 Imitative historical design (18th Century).
o Inspiration:
 Art and craft movement
 Japanese art
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  Aestheticism
o Distinguish Character:
 Asymmetry
o Style Of Movement:
 Graphics
1. Colors
2. Line Art
3. Absence Of Pattern
 Architecture
1. Material
2. Organic
3. Rhythm
 Furniture
1. Curves
2. Carving
o Artists & Designers:
 Charles Rennie Makintosh (Furniture)
 Hector Guimard (Architecture)
 Antonio Gaudi (Architecture)
 Lious Tiffany (Glass/Jewellary)
o Influence:
 Visual Arts
 Furniture
 Utensils
 Paintings
o Design Elements:
 Whiplash curves
 Organic forms
 Resembling stems, flowers
 Muted colors
1. Olive green
2. Gold
3. Brown
4. Yellow
o End Part:
 Rehabiliation – Trend fades away and emerges into new Movement “Pop Art”.

Art & Craft Movement

o 1880 – 1910
o Founder: William Morris
o Known as Reaction Movement
o Origin – England (Late Victorian Period)
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o Influence Applied Arts
Decorative Arts

o Style – Against Industrial Revolution

o Architecture Colonial Bungalow
California Bungalow

o Morris Marshell (and) Company 1861 Home clear items

o 1890 Reframed the name and called Morris (and) Company
o Established Kelmscott printing press and customized font Gold Serif (A).
o Inspiration of Morris John Ruskin
Augustin Pugin
o Against Great Exhibition 1851
o Avoid truth of material
o Artificial display / products.
o Low labour cast
o Development Of Movement:
 130 craft organization formed in Britian (1895 – 1905)
 1885 – Birmingham School of Art – 1st school of this movement
 In 19th Century idea spread & inspired other organizations
o Style – No particular style in terms of design elements.
o Influence Of Movement:
 Furniture
 Wooden work décor items
 Sculptures
 Stained glass items
 Decorative Art
 Painting graphic
 Weaving embroidery
o Architecture Modern Exterior & Interior as a whole local material.

Timeline Of Art Movement

1. Victorian Style (1837 – 1901):

 This style we can be definitely
considered to be the first trend, which
began to develop industrial design.
 As the name itself indicated, the
Victorian style developed in the period
of the reign of Queen Victoria and
included not only design but also had a
big influences on the architecture.
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  It was a period of great transformation, the second Industrial Revolution broke out, there was the
development of industry, technology and inventions and a mass production was also commenced.
 Style Highlights:
 Distinguished by the severity of the numerous ornaments and form reloaded.
 Artificial pomposity of ornaments, decorations, which occupied every available space in
interiors.
 Lack of consistency of style and quality, which seemed to be cheesy.
 Application of new materials.
 Eclectic (the use of styles from different periods)
2. Art and Craft Movement (1850 – 1914):
 Arts and crafts movement was founded
in Great Britain in response to the mass
production, having been pioneered by the
industrial revolution. It was propagating
a program of revival of the art and the
craft.
 It was believe that the industrial
revolution through mass production had
led to the collapse of the taste, the
personality and the morality of people.
Art and craft caused that the products were made by hand, the return of handicraft. Straighter
forms, large smooth surfaces and linear shapes started taking the place of products overloaded
with the decorative art. Motiffes were often taken from nature.
 Style Highlights:
Simple forms.
Inspiration with natural forms, the flora and the fauna.
Simple linear shapes.
Abstract forms, inspired by movement and mystical beings.
Use of high quality materials.
An interest in Gothic, medieval art, using bold forms and strong colors based on
medieval design.
3. Art Nouveau (1880 – 1910):
 Art Nouveau was a concerted attempt to
create an international style based on
decoration. The essence of this movement
was to strive for the unity of the stylish
art, by combining its activities in various
areas, particularly arts and crafts, interior
design, sculpture and graphics.
 In contrast to Arts and Crafts, Art
Nouveau began to use media technology
to mass production. Representatives of this trend, having been fascinated by new technologies,
began to use new materials, construction and techniques methods.

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  Style Highlights:
 Curved lines and organic shapes.
 Winding, non-geometrical, rough edges, asymmetry.
 Colors: mostly bright, delicate, such as white or lilac.
 Inspiration of Japan culture.
4. Modernism (1880 – 1940):
 Modernism is the trend in avant-
grade art, design and architecture.
The main objective of this trend
was to strive for originality,
innovations, thereby rejecting the
tradition and false rationalism.
 Modernism was a revolt against
the conservative values, in
exchange was interested in it what
is unusual and unknown. This
often led to experimentation with
form, highlight the processes and materials being used and it showed tendencies to the abstraction.
 Style Highlights:
 Using new material such a concrete, steel, glass.
 Simple forms, devoid of decorative elements.
 Using simple mass, smooth finishes of walls and open space plan in architecture.
 Austere (severe or strict) interiors, it was desirable to provide order.
 Modular, simple furniture.
 Using toned down, natural colors.
5. Art Deco (1910 – 1939):
 Art deco was a reaction to the Art
Nouveau movement, an expression
of the opposite to the disharmony.
This style diverged significantly
into the future, began to use mass
production to create useful objects,
however consistent their highest
quality. Because of that they
unfortunately were not available to
the whole society.
 Style Highlights:
 Applying geometric shapes, sharp edges, but with rounded corners.
 Using materials such as chrome, glass, shiny fabrics, mirrors, ceramic tiles, bakelite and
expensive, imported materials such as ivory, bronze, precious stones.
 Shells sunrises, flowers were recurring motifs.
 Bright colors.
 Using historical themes e.g. Egyptian.
 Architecture with large windows and doors, flat roofs, corner windows often appeared.
 Furniture in single copies, streamline shapes.

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6. Bauhaus (1919 - 1933):
 This Art college, which was found in
Germany, was arising with specific
antithesis (opposite) of the Arts and
Crafts movement. The art presented by
artists of the Bauhaus expressed the
simplicity in the form, was using
repetition of elements and textures. They
were using straight, regular lines.
 Style Highlights:
 Simplicity of the forms, lines,
shapes.
 Regular, repetitive forms.
 Projects which give the impression of lightness, using new materials to achieve this
purpose.
 Using mostly aluminium, steel, chrome, plastic and glass.
 Simple, beautiful, but at the same time inexpensive furniture.
 Functionality of the product – a form derived from the function.
 Using frequently concrete in construction, including interiors, lack of ornamentation.
 Regional conditions, climates, landscapes and inhabitants customs were leading into the
architecture form.
7. Organic Design (1930 – 60, 1990 - ):
 Organic design gained the inspiration
form nature and wildlife. Living in
harmony with nature was inspiring artists
to create products and architecture, using
delicate forms, cylindrical shapes,
smooth lines. Buildings became the part
of the landscape.
 This first organic projects were created
during the interwar period, however the
bloom of this movement took place after
the second world war.
 Style Highlights:
 Mild, smooth lines and sculptural forms.
 Hostile design, referring to the surrounding environment.
 Using both natural and synthetic materials, from which it was easy to model organic
forms.
 Delicacy of form.
 Building, furniture harmonize with the surroundings, the architecture with the landscape.
 Inspiration taken from nature.
 Projects were supposed to meet the social, physical and spiritual needs.

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8. Minimalism (1967 – 1978):
 Minimalism emerged in to 50s of the twentieth century, but it was rapidly growing in the years
60s, 70s. This trend was a reaction to the consumerism of society. As the name suggests,
designers of this movement were minimizing the use of art means, decoration.
 Style Highlights:
 Simplicity and harmony in
interior and furniture.
 Open spaces in interiors.
 Avoiding inner walls.
 The illumination had the
significant influence on
interiors.
 Using basic geometric shapes –
square, triangles.
 White color was dominating.
 Furniture and decorations limited to minimum.
 Elegant.
9. Pop Art (1958 – 1972):
 As the name Pop Art suggest it was also
drawing its inspiration from the culture
of music – popular culture.
 Style Highlights:
 Bright, rainbow colors.
 Expressive forms.
 Using mainly plastic.
 Using repetitions in art.
 Using well-known personalities,
consumer products in works of
art.
 Comics inspiration.
10. Post Modernism (1978-):
 Post-modernism is a movement in
architecture, art, which developed as the
response on the simplicity and rationality
of modernism.
 Style Highlights:
 Combining previous style.
 Superficial decorations.
 Collage, photomontage in
graphics.
 Playing with the form.
 Form individually adjusted to the user.
 Using many layers and mixing them.
 Pastel colors.

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11. American Kitsch (1940 – 1960):
 American Kitsch otherwise known as Golden 50s, can be described as a trend in which the
decorative was dominating. Artists were using unusual colors. Kitsch was often described as too
sentimental, vulgar and pretentious. It was seen by some as an expression of bad taste.
 Style Highlights:
 Copying art icons.
 Presenting people in dramatic
poses.
 Appearing motifs of atomic
bombs, aeroplanes.
 Exaggerated use of
decorations, ornaments.
 Aerodynamic shapes.
 Exceeding principles of the
functionality in the kitschy
object, collecting different
functions in one object.
 Impact on many senses in the same time.
 Avoiding everything that is difficult and inconvenient.
12. Space Age (1960 – 1969):
 Space age, it is a period in which the
society was fascinated with space travels,
therefore were created projects that had
futuristic character.
 Style Highlights:
 Futuristic shapes.
 Silver, white and blue colors.
 Space motifs.
 Smooth, shiny surfaces.
 Using such materials as glass,
metal, plastic.
13. Deconstruktivism (1988-):
 Deconstruktivism began to develop in the
80s of the twentieth century, being a
continuation of post-modern architecture.
 Style Highlights:
 Using broken, shredded forms.
 Multi-layered structures, twisted
geometries.
 Rejecting the decoration.
 Multilayered fonts and images
imposing different interpretations.

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