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    mls ss _ GUPTA. KUMAR SINGH | Ree pA oni | ELECTRODYNAMICS | (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM) | A Text-book for B.Sc, Hons.) and M.Sc, Courses of All Indian Universities aD Dr. S. L; Gupta Dr. V. Kumar x. Head, Department of Physics Head, Department of Physics M.M. Postgraduate College, M.M. Postgraduate College, MODINAGAR MODINAGAR * Dr. S.P. Singh x. Reader, Department of Physics R. B.S. Collego, AGRA PRAGATI PRAKASHAN Mathematical Physics Advanced Quantum Mechanics ~ Rajput ag D Hand Book of Electronics Gupta SL, Kumar y, Statistical Mechanics ss ~ Gupta Ss... Kumar y, Classical Mechanics. ~ Gupta, Kumar Shame, Elements of Spectroscopy ~ Gupta, Kumar, Sha Evectro-Dynamics = Gupta, Singh, Kumar CO} Solid State Physics ~ Saxena, Gupta, Saxeng Basic Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays ~ Stivastava g yy Relativistic Mechanics 7 Salva Prakash © Essential of Quantum Mechanics ~ Stivastava 8 y ‘Advanced Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics ~ Vari, Joseph, Pradyumpay Advanced Practical Physics | & I = Singh sp, Viva-Voce in Advance Physics | & I ~ Gupla A.C, Saxena py, Introduction to Lattice Crystal & Lattice Defocts ~ Bhattacharjee, Nigar 3) | Plasma Physics = Sen Sw, Essentials ct Lasers and Non-linear Optics ~Banuah Gp, Circuit Theory, Wave Guido & Radiowave Propagation = Sen S.v, ‘Special Functions ~ Saran, Sharma, Trived, Laplace's & Fourier Transforms ~ Goyal AK, Gupta kp, A Text Book on Fortran Programming ~ Thapliyal, Rautham Physics Through C-Programming ~Palaniswamy Physics for CSIRJRF/NET SELECT ~ Sinha MP, fa Reference Books 5S ‘Symposium on Monopoles, Dyons and Tachyons ee ae = Tajput B.S. Weights, Measures and Dimensional Metrology GiS't73s ~dain P.C. (Standards, Instruments & Techniques) Advances in Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Metheds in Science & Technology — ~§. Day | Dimensional Metrology : Coordinats Measurements e dain, Singhal N = © Authors-Biectrouynamics i PRAGATI PRAKASHAN a - Eighteenth Edition 2010 Educational Publisher ‘Notsenth Exiton zon 2 Twentieth Edition 201 FRAG RTTBHAWANL Twenty First Edition 2013 240, W. K. Road, Meerut-250 001 Tele Fax : 0121-2643636, 2640642 SMS/Phone : 0121-6544642, 6451644 wwwprogatiprakashan.in ¢-mail : pragatiprakashan @gmail.com Regd. Office : New Market, Begum Bridge, Meerut~250 001 Phone : 0121-2661657 ji ragati Prukashan, Mecrut—250001. waser 1 Published by K.K. Mittal for Pragati Pral 5 : ita.) Mecrut Phone: 2601657 and Printedat ParmeshwacDrese ccs ~Aaiput 8.5 ISBN : 978-93-5006-724-6 | Price : Rs. 320/- Type Setting by : Pragati Laser Type Setters Pvt (aie preface inthis edition, as desired by some of the readers, we have included in Appendix the subject matter on inhomogeneous wave equations: ¢léctrodyriamic potentials and gauges that forms an introductory base for the subject matter discussed in chapter 9 on Electromagnetic Field and Radiating Systems. In its earlier edition, many solved problem were included to preparé the students for various competitive examinations and major changes were done in the following chapters : e Electrostatic Field in Dielectric Media (Chapter 2) . Magnetostatics (Chapter 5) + Electromagnetic Induction (Chapter 6) «+ Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter (Chapter 8) + Plasma Physics (Chapter 12), much enlarged. We hope that this edition will be of great help to the students. —Authors Preface to the First Edition This book, entitled "Electricity and Magnetism", has been written to Students preparing for M.Sc. Physics examination of various universiti ~advanced concepts of. Electricity and Magnetism. uit the needs Of the ies. The text involve, In preparing this volume, it has been presumed that the students are well acquainted with ‘he fundamentals of vector algebra, Furthermore, attempts have been made to explain every step wherever necessary. We wish to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Dr. ML. Pandya, head of the department, for offering valuable suggestions We thank Shri K.K. Mittal, Publisher, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut for undertaking the publication of the book. —Authors CONTENTS ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS L 3441 Blectric charge 3 Charge density 3 Coulomb's law 4 Blectric-field strength 5 | Electrostatic potential 10 | Potential of a charge distribution ; Electric field and potential of a dipole 13 Electric dipole interactions 15 Electric quadrupole and multipoles 18 Multipole expansion of potential a Gauss’ Law ch Applications of Gauss's Law aT, Green’s theorem : calculation of field from the charge distribution 31 Solved Problems 33, Exercises a [a ele hncrigds sinclar a mp noe ai ont p. ELECTROSTATIC FIELD IN DIELECTRICS 42-67, _ Dielectric polarization 42 Dielectric constant or Relative Permittivity 44 External field of a dielectric medium 45 ~The electric field in a material medium 47 Relation between D, E and P 50 Point charge in dielectric fluid 53 Potential and field due to a polarised sphere 54 Molecular field in a dielectric (Clausius-Mossotti relation) _. 58 Polarization of polar molecules fe 61 Debye's modification of Clausius-Mossotti relation : (Study of molecular structure) 64 Exercises ‘ 65 FORCE AND ENERGY RELATIONS IN ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS 68-83 Electrostatic energy and energy density in free space and in dielectric 68 ‘Thermodynamic interpretation of electrostatic energy 72 ‘Concept of free energy and Thomson’s theorem 73 Volume forces in the electrostatic field 16 Maxwell stress tensor ‘es 80 Solved Problems 81 Exercises 83, Cr) 4._ POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 84-143 Uniqueness theorem 84 Green's reciprocation theorem 84 Solution by Green's function 85 The method of electrical image 86 Point charge near an infinite grounded conducting plane 87 Dielectric slab of infinite face ‘infront of a point charge 80 Spherical conductor near point charge 93 Solution of problems by fictitious charge method 104 Poisson and Laplace equations in cartesian coordinates Ree ace. ~~ 107 Solution of Laplace equation uo Solution of Laplace equation for electrostatic problems 6 Potential at any point between the plates of a parallel plate condenser us Potential between two grounded semi-infinite parallel electrodes terminated by a plane electrode at potential 9 9 Potential between two grounded parallel electrodes terminated on two opposite sides by plates at potentials $1 and ¢2 121 Potential within a conducting box 123 Spherical condenser 125 Conducting sphere in a uniform electrostatic field 126 Dielectric sphere in a uniform electrostatic field 129 Potential at a point due to a charged ring 132 Potential at a point due to a charged disc 133 Potential at a point due to cylindrical shell 135 Potential between coaxial conducting cylinders 185 Conducting cylinder in a uniform field 137 Solved Problems 137 Exercises M1 5._MAGNETOSTATICS 144-187 Current density 44 Magnetic induction 145 Force on a current element : Ampere's Force law 145 Magnetic interaction of steady line currents : Biot and Savart law : Magnetic induction 146 Solved problems 148 Divergence of magnetic induction, B s 156 ‘The magnetic vector potential, A 157 ‘The divergence of vector potential, A 158 The curl of magnetic induction, B 160 Magnetic scalar potential - «* 162 Solved Problems 163, ‘Magnetisation im Currents in a material media 173 Magnetic intensity 2 114 Magnetic susceptibility and permeability 174 Magnetic materials 115 (i) Diamagnetism 176 Paramagnetism 17 Ferromagnetism 178 Hysteresis 180 Uniformly magnetised sphere in an external magnetic field 183 Magnetic circuits 185 Exercises 186 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION a 188-203 Faraday law of induction and Lenz's law 188 Induced electric field in terms of the vector potential a89 Electromotive force in a system moving in a time varying magnetic field 189 Fixed loop in time-dependent magnetic field 191 A rotating loop in a fixed magnetic field 193 Self inductance 194 ‘Mutual inductance 196 Reciprocity theorem 196 ‘Magnetic energy stored in a series of inductances 198 Solved Problems 200 Exercises 202 7. MAXWELL'S FIELD EQUATIONS AND PROPAGATION OF PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 204-253 Equation of continuity 205 Displacement current 208 The Maxwell's equations 208 Derivation of Maxwell's equations 208 Word statement of the field equations (Maxwell’s equations in integral form) 210 Maxwell's equations in free space 212 Energy in electromagnetic field : Pointing vector (Poynting theorem). 213 Solved Problems 216 Propagation of Plane Electromagnetic waves, 220 Electromagnetic waves in free space 221 Wave equations for free space conditions 221 Plane electromagnetic waves in free space 223 Energy flow due to a plane electromagnetic wave Poynting vector for free space 225 Plane electromagnetic waves in matter 227 Plane electromagnetic wave propagation in isotropie dielectricg (non conducting media) 231 Plane electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic dielectric 236 Propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in conducting media 239 Poynting vector in conducting media 244 Propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in ionised gases 247 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 250 Exercise 252 ures wiley &) INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH MATTER (Reflection, Refraction, Scattering and Dispersion) Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field vectors B, E, D and H at the interface between two media - Reflection and Refraction at the boundary of two non-conducting media General treatment of reflection and refraction Fresnel’s equations 25435 25 25 25 26 ‘The coefficients of reflection and transmission at the interface between two dielectrics 26 Brewster angle and degree of polarisation ‘Total internal reflection 27 27 Reflection and Refraction at the boundary of non-conducting and a conducting media 27 Group velocity 28 Propagation of electromagnetic wave between parallel conducting planes 28 Basic concepts of wave guides 28. Rectangular wave guide 28 Circular wave guide 29. Cylindrical Cavity resonators 29° Rectangular Cavity resonators 294 Basic concepts about scattering and scattering parameters 30: Scattering by a free electron (Thomson scattering) 305 Scattering by a bound electron (Rayleigh scattering) 30% State of polarisation of scattered radiation 31 Coherence and incoherence of scattered light 31% Dispersion in Gases (Normal and Anomalous) 314 Dispersion in liquids and solids 321 Exercises 323 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIATING SYSTEMS 326-379 Introduction 326 Lienard—Wiechart Potentials 328 Alternative method to derive L.W. potentials from retarded potentials 329 Electric and magnetic fields of a charge in uniform rectilinear motion 331 Electric and magnetic fields produced by arbitrarily moving charge 335 Radiation due to non-relativistic charges S41 Electronic orbits in an atom 343 Radiation due to relativistic charges 344 Comparative radiation losses in relativistic linear and circular accelerators of charged particles 347 Distribution of radiated power in case of relativistic charged particles 349 Directions of maximum.and minimum radiation in case of linear accelerator 354 Cherenov radiation =~ 356 Radiating systems 360 Radiation due to an oscillating electric dipole 360 Radiation due to a small current element 366 Linear half wave antenna 366 Antenna array 37 Solved Problems 372 Exercises amt wh i) , RELATIVISTIC (COVARIANT) ELECTRODYNAMICS 380-416 Introduction a 380 Lorentz variance and invariance of 42, ¥, Cand three and four dimensional elements 382 Four vectors 384 Four vectors of charge and potential : Covariance of continuity equation and Lorentz, condition 390 Invariance of Maxwell's field equations under relativistic transformation 395 Maxwell's electromagnetic field tensor covariance of field equations 399 Covariance of electrodynamics in terms of inhomogeneous field equations 401 Covariant from the electric and magnetic field equations : Electromagnetic field tensor 402 Covariance of Lorentz force law 406 Equation of continuity and inhomogeneous pair of Maxwell's equations 408 Solved Problems 409 Exercises 414 . RADIATION DAMPING 416-423 Radiation reaction 416 Radiative reaction force from conservation of energy; Abraham-Lorentz equations of motion \ 4u1 Abraham-Lorentz evaluation of the self force 419 Integrodifferential equation of motion including radiation damping 420 Line breadth and level shift of an oscillator 422 Scattering and absorption of radiation by an oscillator 423 Exercises 423 12, MAGNETODHYDRODYNAMICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS 424-459 Definition of Piasma 424 Domains of Magnetohydrodynamics and plasma physics 424 Electrical neutrality in a plasma, Debye screening distance, Plasma parameter 425 Particle orbits in electric and magnetic fields, and drift motion in a plasma, ‘Adiabatic invariants 427 Diffusion of ions and electrons in a magnetic field 431 ‘Moment of Boltzmann equation 434 Magnetohydrodynamic equations; Magnetic hydrostatic pressure 436 ‘The Pinch effect and instabilities 438 Plasma oscillations, Alfven waves and Magnetosonic waves 440 Ionospheric Plasma : Propagation of E.M. waves 449 Propagation of E.M. waves, Appleton-Hartree formula 452 Cut offs and Resonances . 456 Polarisation 457 Exercises 459 APPENDIX Records from alleast 600 B.C. show evidence of the knowledge of static electricity. it dates from the time of ancient Greece - the discovery of Clectrtication of a piece of amber on rubbing by Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C.). The Greeks responsible for the term electricity, had their interest lay in Philosophy and logic, not in experimental science. True experimental work had & beginning in the observations of William Gilbert (1544-1603), a physician to Queen Elizabeth | in 1600. He investigated a varialy of substances that exhibit the same electrification properties a amber, In early 18th century Stephen Gray discovered that the state of electrification can be transferred from one object to another. The discovery that two types of electrification are possible was made by Charles Francois du Fay (1698-1739). Benjamin Franklin (1706-1780), an American scientist, in 1748, published his valuable findings on electricity. Charging by induction was discovered in 1753 by an English Physicist, John Canton (1718-1772). In 1785, the French physicist, Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1808) made the first ditect measurement of the force between charged objects to which he stated as being a central, conservative and inverse square. The nineteenth century saw a rapid growth in the understanding of electricity and magnetism — the great experiments of Michael Faraday (1791-1867) ete. Since then developments in this classical field have gone a long way. The accumulated wealth of information about electric and magnetic effects was finally summarised in the definitive theory of electromagnetism formulated during 1860s by the great Scottish mathematical physicist Jame Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) a theory that presents a unified picture of electric and magnetic phenomena. We shall not chronicle the further developments except to add that Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) coupled quantum mechanics to electromagnetism, who, alongwith Sin-itio Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger, got Nobel Prize in 1965 for the fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with the deep ploughing consequences for the Physics of elementary paricles. In recent years exciting discoveries have brought a revolution in the way we view the forces that determine the behaviour of the matter. All known forces. in physics arise from four fundamental interaction forces : the strong nuclear force, the electromagnetic force, the weak interaction force and the gravitational force. The nuclear and the weak interaction forces are of importance only within the atomic nucleus, in certain collisions between nuclei and in the decays of unstable elementary particles. With the exception of the force of gravity, all the forces of ordinary experience aro ultimately electromagnetic in nature. In a quest to unify all forces, attempts are directed to find an ultimate force law which could explain all ofthe many interactions we observe in nature. A recent advance towards unification was accomplished independently by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam, who revealed the underlying link between the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction force. This unification gave rise to the so called electroweak force. The Ultimate unification of all these forces — electroweak force with strong nuclear force and finaly with gravity force, is what the physicists aspire for, as that may “lay bare the intricacies of nature. Till then we cannot perhaps overlook what Leo Tolstoy, the great Russian moral philosopher, wrote : ‘However accessible may be the chain of causation of any action, we shall never know the whole chain since it is endless'.¢ +War and Peace’ @ 1+1. THE ELECTRIC CHARGE ‘The electric and magnetic forces that act among the particles comparising all material substances are known to govern their physical and chemical properties. The fundamental electric particles of matter are electric charges. Electric charge is tha essence of electrical phenomena. It is the primordial stuff of electricity. It has been observed that when a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the two become charged. A small amount of charge is transferred from one to another, upsetting the electric neutrality of each-the glass becomes positive while the silk negative. When a hard rubber rod is rubbed with fur, the kind of charge that appears on rubber rod is negative. Thus charge is of two kinds-positive and negative. Like charges repel each other while the opposite charges attract each other. From Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis and Millikan’s oil drop experiment, it has been inferred that the smallest charge that exists in nature is the charge of an electron and the charge on any electrified body is always an integral multiple of electronic charge. This shows that charge is quantised. It is now regarded that the charge is a fundamental property of elementary particles which make up the matter. From the phenomenon of pair production or pair annihilation in which equal quantities of both positive and negative charges appear or disappear, it follows that the charge is conserved. Thus charge is scalar quantity; charge is quantised; charge is conserved in an isolated system; charge is of two kinds positive and negative. 1+2, CHARGE DENSITY From macroscopic point of view, electric charge can be treated as continuously distributed in space. There are three kinds of charge density @ Volume density of charge p : If &q is the net charge enclosed by the volume 8V = x Sy 8 then p= Lim wee = Lim & 0% WR” By 4g fy 30 & 30 where 8V shrinks to the point at which p is to be evaluated as 6V— 0. In this way the charge density at a point means the average charge per unit volume in the neighbourhood of that point. (ii) Surface density of charge o : If &q is the net charge on an element of surface 88 with negligible thickness and 8S shrinks to the point at which c is to be evaluated then bg ev? (iii) Linear density of charge > ; If &q is the net charge in length 4/ of a filament of negligible area of cross-section and 8/ shrinks to the point where } is to be evaluated then a 4 — ELECTRODYNaNiog £ tim & te | ‘The total charge in a finite region of space is found by integration of charge densities over the | region, i.e., | a=[ pave) cas. wat 1-3, COULOMB'S LAW | It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two electric point charges is directly | proportional to the product of two point charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of the force is always along the line joining the point charges For the charges of opposite sign, force is attractive while for charges of like sign, force is repulsive If qj and qq are the magnitudes of two charges, Fig the force on gp due to gj, rscalar distance between charges then the magnitude of force between them is given by 4 1 Y% if Raney" Ee qeo—*—+e4,| The ‘éctor equation for the force is Fecal 1 9k | Faepe 2) J arg" ong : where ry, is the vector distance directed from q, to qq and aa is a constant of proportionality whose value depends upon the units employed. eo is the permittivity of free space equal to 8.854 x 10-1 Coulomb”/newton-metre”, If we consider all charges in the universe (n) which are at rest relative to ga, the tote! electrostatic force on q, will be the vector sum of forces due to all these charges, i.e., | ~(2)) where prime on summation indicates that the term j= is to be excluded from it. Equation (2) is called Coulomb's law and holds only for charged objects whose sizes are much smaller than the distance between them. We often say that it holds only for point charges. This law, when incorporated into the structure of quantum physics, correctly describes : | (a) the electric forces that bind the electrons of an atom to its nucleus, (b), the forces that bind atoms together to form molecules, and (c) the forces that bind atoms and molecules together to form solids or liquids. Itcan easily be shown that nuclear binding forces are much stronger than atomic binding forces) which, in turn, are much stronger than gravitational forces for the same particles separated by the same distance. For continuous charge distribution : Eq, (1) represents interaction of a point charge with another point charge. Now we discuss tht interaction of a point charge with continuous distribution of charge. ‘The force acting on charge gp, due to a continuous charge distribution is obtained by rela summation by integration in eq. (2), ie., = ft (ae wl Rega oh where dq is the charge on small element of the charge distribution at a distance r from point charé? 4. The integral is performed over all volume and surface charge distribution. ) ELECTROSTATICS 5 Let us now express the force Fy acting on a charge q, located at the origin due tola charge distribution through a volume V with a density p, and on the surface S which bounds the volume with a density 0. This is given by Gk : Gk r Fy=wt[ Zppjaveth[ & + Fans Jy BOM AV TEE | Gow ds, wn (4) where dq has been replaced by p(r) dV inside the volume and o(r) dS at the surface in eq. (3). When the point charge q, is at a distance r instead of origin, then equation (4) can be expressed as eat) evaves =r) 00") gg : ts eller roe a aif [r-r/ oe é fi where the variable r’ is used to locate a point within the charge distribution. The quantity Fi ie. force per unit charge defines another vector field and is known as the electric field. 14, ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH The region, surrounding any charge or a group of charges, in which the effect of the presence of these charges may be experienced is known as electric field. When an additional infinitesimal test charge q; is brought into the electric field at a point, it experiences a force F,. The electric field strength E at a point, in the electric field, is defined as the force experienced bys a unit positive charge placed at that point. Hence Fy E=-4, Ck ‘The direction of the field strength E is the direction of the force experienced by positive test charge. Here we have neglected the field produced by the test charge qp itself. The importance of this provision may be represented by rewriting equation-(1) in the form Lim Fy Bro 0 a w= (2) Now we shall express the electric field strength in different situations. (i) The electric field strength at a point r due to a point charge qj is given by 2 4 940 Gy” Amey 73 a because the force F;, on infinitesimal test charge g, placed at position r relative to point charge jis given by A Ts = (4) (ii) The electric field strength at a point r on test charge gg due to n point charges 1s 92, 9g +». Gn located at points ry, 12, F3 ... tr, is given by ~ Lim Feo. 2 glen) U0 gy” Ane i=1 | rx; |3? because in this case F, is given by ++ 5) Te Ger) 1 [r-r; [> ELE 6 CTRODYNAticg Gii) The electric field strength at a point x due to a charge distribution with volume cha, density p(x’) in volume V and surface charge density a(1’) on the surface S is given by Be _f 0-1) “lf = Pigevase tre Sy Tene BPO * ae Jy Pear (6 9h f (or) tof seer as Fy=—t aver o(r’) dS’ ** aneg see Bee tea IESE [De oa) Ex. 1. For a charge q at an arbitrary point A (x’,y’,2’) obtain the x, y and 2 components electric field intensity at an arbitrary point B shown in the fig. 2. Electric field at a point is x Buy.) where ris the vector distance from point charge g to the point at which F is evaluated. In our problem distance between charge q and the point B at which field is to be evaluated is (r — r’) so that Als yee) 1 E=-—4_¢-r’ a eee ee ° 4 i@-x)+jy-y)+ke-z) tne [x — x’ + yy P+ @- 2’? x | The x,y and z components of E are therefore given by Fig. 2. Electric field of a point charge E.-Bi--¢,—___@=*) = neg" ae —x'P + 9 +e - 2? =Rj-_ 4.2 OY) Fy Bi trey" [ga +0 y+ 2 E,-Ek=~L. a . eo BRS Grey ee a P49) + 2 Ex. 2. Obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at distances very large from the origin compared to the length of dipole, |. Dipole is shown in fig. 3. The electric field intensity Eat Pis = the superposiion of the electric field intensity due two charges. Thus ot fet 2h “de ($h-54) e where &, and f,, are unit vectors in the direetion of vector r, and "2 o ‘The resultant intensity E has radial and angular components ie., -/2 E=E,+Eo=1,E,+hy Eq. LAM cos Radial component is given by, u E,=E.3, Fig. 3. wl ae qa se ne (apa eh) g 7 q =—L cos oy - cos Greg FP “aegrZ * “2 From triangles OAP and OBP we have the cosine law, ELECTROSTATICS e ? id 2 Tees each heat “eye CTE bE Dab Guc rP+r?- (ape rar Putting these values in the expression for E, we get oe rp+r?— (2)? te +22 4neq ( arer argr ) 1 = = i ae WnPr3 + Pri — r3 1/2)? = rfrP + r?r8 73 1/294) ae ae mpl hd te-r+e8-[4-(5)}] "ie f ohE Ga-ry WnPrp + (73 +rory + rp) an / C08 Oy = Neglecting 1/2 in comparison to r, we can write aot, ro ey 2 “Gey Brie (ro—ry) (PrP + r®rary +r?rP) Taking r, = r2=r for product terms, FF py ee AG tt Treg Bieter ert erly =P Fae 27D) Putting in it ry=r-4 cos L ry=r+p cose we get E,=—15 1080 (Q) 2negr The angular component, Ey, is given by Ey= Ey on — sy £8 ‘neqr, 2 a) | aoe q =—L 5 sino + sin Og are aaah Greg 2? | “pe zein (a8 0 = Og when ry =7)=7) 4 W2sing Qneg?* ry =—45.Isine 4negy’ Therefore, total field intensity at point P due to electrie dipole will be E= fae fotsing = iat tem oshesing 3) aneye ae 4 ; 8 ELECTRODy, ey The electric intensity of a dipole thus falls off as the cube of the di ~ dipole moment and is denoted by p. ube ofthe distance, The erm alsa Ex. 3. Calculate the electric field due to a short. di i culate ipole of dipole-moment 60x 19-18 coulomb at a point distant 1 cm. from it (i) on its axis, and (ii) on its perpendicular bisecton Refer to eq. (8) of Ex. 2. The magnitude of electric field is given by E= es V4 cos” 6 + sin? 6) 0 P Geos" 6+) greg where p =q] is the dipole moment. @ On its axis, (@ = 0) 2p “ neg? Gi) On perpendicular bisector (6 = 90°) p_ By neg 2 Given : P.=5:0 x 107° stat. coulomb =5:0x 10-16 x} 3x1 Eo= Egy = 5 x 10? coul. met: 0 = 8x10" coul. met. and r= 1 cm = 10 met. Putting these values we get oak, 2p | Fo" ey" 3 (5/3) x 10°77 x 2 0-4? | =3.0 x 107! volt/met. ‘Therefore, field along perpendicular bisector will be Ei Egy =o = 15x 107 volt/met. =(9x 10%) 2 Ex. 4. Find the electric field at a distance z above the centre of a flat circular disc of radius R 00 ? Also which carries a uniform surface charge Q. What does your formula give in the limit R Pp check the case z >> R. We divide the disc into concentric rings. One such ring is of radius r and width dr. Charge on it is = Q q= (anv dr) “Fe | where a is charge per unit area. Electric field at point P due to this ring is” 1 dgz_ +1 z Q.2rdr i VQ rdr Gney G24 229% ney (2 +22)979° RF meg TR? (2/872 Fig. 4 be ELECTROSTATICS Therefore, electric field at P due to whole disc is =1 2a i sind, Pe aneg RE Jo (2422) 2 so that 2r dr = 2ada and when r=0,a=2,r=R, a=VR2+2" Rat Thus, Epes 8 odo ney" R? a = &Qyi1__ ~ dng’ R2 L: Wear Put r? +2? = (1) directed along OP. This field is symmetrical on the two sides of the disc and is always directed aloiig the outward normal to the plane. Ifo is surface density of charge, equal to ar then above relation can be written as JS (lao. 2 = B- 3 [3 ws | 2) In the limit R = Ep=22[1_ ze tele 9} 2c It behaves as an infinite sheet of charge. The field is essentially uniform in a region near the centre of the disc. On the other hand if z >> R then from eq. (1), 1 werr 1, 1 By PP trey RR [e-s(ea y 1 @ © Amey’ 2? It then behaves as a point charge. Ex. 5, Two electric dipoles are oriented as shown. Find the force exerted on the left dipole. (1) Force of attraction : 2 between A and C=——2—_, 4neg (x - 2a) between B and D = ——2__, Aneg (x + 2a)” (2) Force of repulsion : @ between A and D = —1_, neg x 2 between B and C = — neg x? Net force of attraction on the left dipole aah? 2 [ i? + 40”) 1) et 10 ELECTRODYNAMICS 1+5. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL The electric field around a charged body can be described not only by a (vector) electrie field strength E but also by a scalar quantity, the electric potential V. This is due to the fact that when the cur] of a vector field vanishes, the vector can be expressed as a gradient of a scalar. The electric field E satisfies this criterion. Electric field at a point (x, y,z) can be expressed as 1 2g, E@y2=-7- 24s .. (1) yz) eg iP ng “ik where Ty WGe— 2? +O -y)? + @- 2)? p =|r-1'| 1 25 eurl E=curl} —— ' 5 iy [Ses Jal op cn] aol $F Zi. (2) “ag 8, (7) The value of curl (3 jean be obtained as follows : x If s is a scalar function and A a vector, then we have the vector identity curl ($A) = Vxs'A) =8(Vx A)+ (grad s)x A. ik) 1 ae Now oo) Prive Ce jae The first term on right hand side is zero because Paraa(IZ tig reg )xli eat oy) tke -2)) -i[Ze-s-20-y]+i[2e- Xda) (ide hay thd lea +0 eee 9 Px rex) (&- a)? + -y)? + (@-2) HF 20-9) lea)? +0 -9)2 e297 52 52 “3 HEX T 2-3) [ex + yy)? + @ -2)) ge tiO-y)+ke-zy) (a 4)? + y+ 2-2)? f =-g9— PE (5) ELECTROSTATICS " Futting eqs. (4) and (5) in eq. a we coe curl. Calg Ote =0-0 \ . (6) pecause the vector product of two aon sro is aca So curl B= 5 Tk as 0 jF1 ou) =0, ) which implies that the field is irrotational and can be expressed as a gradient of some scalar function £e:, E(r) =~ grad ¢(7). (8) where 6(r) is called electrostatic potential. We can write the expression r j Er) dr’ = -f grad 4dr’, (9) ref ref. sl (i ims Bn58), (ide +idy vide) (ies 8 ay 2 ae" =f" a ee tye ty iz) ees =-60 e+ (10) establishing the existence of electrostatic potential 6. Limit ref, stands for reference point at which is zero. From equations (9) and (10), we have wo=-[ Ber). de’ ee Hence the electrostatic potential at a point may be defined as the work done by external source against the direction of the field in carrying a unit positive charge from some, reference point to the point under consideration. / 11) From eq. (8), we write | grad 6() ¥ m"F +deem(r) “(at so that = aay ow (12) “It can be shown that 3 grad (1/r)=-r/r? as follows : v7). (1eesjeme ie aps y-yP teat 7 ix pete x) lex ap + 9 HE -¥ ina) Nenyeio— ters) oo IP ar? 42 ELECTRODYNAMICS ‘The general expression for the electrostatic Potential can be expressed as Leg 1 ote) (r) mer rt —t, 1 1 9 " 00) Frey 2 Tem * dneg vier tae e 2 The electrostatic field isa conservative field. Tis is shown The curl E = 0 everywhere, therefore Stoke's theoren sey J curl E.dS =$ Edt Ss as follows : lectric field E is This show fea-o (4) Hence no work is done on a test charge if it is moved around a closed path in the field. Another useful aspect of electrostatic potential is its close relationship with potential energy associated with conservative electrostatic force. The potential energy associated with an arbitrary conservative force is Vir)=-} Fr). dr, ++ (15) where Vir) is the potential energy at r relative to the reference point (where potential energy is assumed to be zero). Now veo=-f" qeerae c F=9R) ref es on) = ue, 2 = Ee) de’ Thus the electrostatic potential is just the potential energy per unit charge 1-6. POTENTIAL OF A CHARGE DISTRIBUTION In case of a single charge g, we observe from eq, (10) of art. 1-5 that R o@)=-|° Ear ref R =-| =D .=.a rep Meo * rs + 5h =-[ i.“ because nde =r dr ref MEQ” p? Ifthe reference point is taken at infinity where the potential is assumed to be zero then 2 dr a= ff moe P YA =a 1 f ‘ *4neg Suppose the electrostatic field is due to a set of point charges qj, then the field will be the vector sum of the fields of the separate a charges 4 Fig. 6. Continuous charge neo? distribution. E=5 i ELECTROSTATICS. 43 and the potential at a point, by the principle of superposition, will be =p Hi 1) =] Gres R)' pt where Ris the distance of the point from the chargé qj. If there is a continuous distribution of finite quantity of charge in a finite volume (fig. 6), then "Lt pr) dV. ; zal R eG) 1-7. ELECTRIC FIELD AND POTENTIAL OF A DIPOLE ‘Two charges equal in magnitude and opposite in sign separated by a small distance constitute an electric dipole. Consider that charge -g and +q are located at-point rand x’ +1 with respect to O, see fig. (7). Then the electric field at P whose position vector is r, is given by _@ {_@-r-) e-r) EW)- ae { a } neg (r= r’-D) | |e-r)|$ Since the dipole separation J is small compared with (r-r), we ean expand above equation keeping only the first non-vanishing term. For simplicity we first expand denominator of first term [orn =D [=U] #9 7% =[] @—r) [2-20-14 8? AEG) x Qor-r)l i =|e-r). (4/1 leo [Teo Fee ‘Taking the first two terms, =|(@-r) a[n-2ecen assuming << | r-r' | rar Tr ee candy Steee lat . heey [1a i @ _ gq Se a oe 3qr-r)l cc (r-r’) So Em = Le r-)|e-“1 {reer | Te! -o {Seow =z =e . 8) 4neq! | rr) |? ‘The dipole moment is defined as Lim ql=p a) ee 130 Therefore, 1 [3@-r)p. Pp E)=——_ (r—4’)- .. (5) geal tea Teal (a) Potential ; The potential due to this dipole can be written as adap L, _yenbsl th a. 6) on) jelieeeh ea ‘io If we expand the first term, then potential produced by an electric dipole is bn) {e—8)..1 aD *4ney "| (r=) | 14 ELECTRODYNAMICS = 6¢r) = 2 ear) 8) Ifr >> r, then Mo Ole , (r) or. 600 : .. 8) We have already shown that 41 ) Therefore expression of potential on o@)=- ae 1p. WF ) (10) (b) Electric field : The electric fiel eo due to a dipole is given by E(r)=-V or) --0(—L Bt ( aaeg ia ) 1 anal 7 Vip) {D0} Le ) But Von = Vp, (px + Py + Pez) =ipy+jpy+kp.=p and Ha) BS te -vP o-oo gy ie-2) __-3r SE ae ‘Therefore putting above results in te expression for E(r), we get a[eeee Me 3) ~ aml 3 pa) Hal” a -] QD Radial and transverse components : The radial (E,) and transverse (Eq) components of electric field at point P(r, 0) may be obtained as follows : From equation (9), we have lL pr__1_ peos® 0) = Gay GT dey” -- (12) Again using E = - grad 6, we have g.-% 29/1 pose) _1_ 2p.c0s0 r= (Geta eae (13) d cn 2/_1 (peos@)__1 psing aR r'08 736 (trey re lace ry (14) so that the resultant field is ; E=?E,+6Ey =—? 5 [2p cos 0/'+ sin 06) neg Al ELECTROSTATICS: 45 ‘This equation commits us to a particular coordi is sketched in fig. (8). dinate system whereas eq, (11) does not. The field ‘The magnitude of the resultant field is given by E=\E7F+E— “he .p\G+3 e026) If a is the angle which the resultant field makes with radius vector, r, then =tani (2 a os tan ( ptane ) “ From eq. (12), we infer that potential due to a short dipole on its axis (6 = 0) is Fig. 8. Field of a dipole. soho Bi = Fa, where as at any point on the perpendicular bisector (@ = 90°) will be cos 90°) =0 1 that is, if a unit positive charge is moved along the bisector in the electric field of the dipole then no work will be done. For cartesian components refer to Solved Problem 5. Ex. 1. Find the potential energy of an electric dipole in an external electric field. ap sa Let E,,,(r) be the external field in which a dipole is placed. Refer to fig. 9. Let -q and +q charges be placed at r and (r+) respectively in the external field. If the potential function, describing the external field is ¢,,,(r) then potential energy of the dipole will be ~ | \ U=~ 4 ext) +9 Sorstt + D. ta) ‘ If Lis small compared with r then 0 (r+) may be expanded in a power series in U, ie., Gent +) = Ge lt) +E grad Oot) + a retaining only the linear terms. Putting in eq. (1), we get Ul) =~ 4 Gectlt) +9 (Pere(t) +2. rad Gece(t)) = al. grad dexs(r) P. Brad Geri) =-Pp-EBext(r), wo because, Enxe (7) =~ grad dexi(7). Equation (2) gives the potential energy of dipole of electric dipole moment p in an external field E,,.(r) where E,,r) is evaluated at the location of the point dipole. 1-8, ELECTRIC DIPOLE INTERACTION The electric field produced by a dipole is given by eq, (11) of article 1-7. Let us consider two dipoles of moments p; and po. Say p, produces a field By at the place of pa, then the potential energy of po in field Ep of p, is given by definition : 16 ELECTRODYNAMICS Uy2=-P-E,=-p.E, \ . () where, in general, we may consider dipole moment p si . pol Similar interaction shall be for p, situated in the field Erased ioe tia plate 3B ret ee of py in By is given by : Up =-Py- Ey. ve 2) But this interaction energy of dipoles should be equal as no work is doné in movement, i. Uy2= Up). ‘..@) ‘This fact is further shown analytically. Two interacting dipoles are shown in fig, 10. The field due to a dipole is given by eq. (11) of article 1-7. 1 ee In this case, the field at the place of pp due top) is Ep, then we get :[ « _1ys BL alt Ext) [ sePDE J wi (4) Hence energy of pp in the field Ey (r) is given by Fig. 10 » P21 3 (apy r-Pt 3 42 (P1-")] .. (5) Similarly it can be shown that 1 [Ee 3 6) Un =Un- Gel 3s Prt) (pai) |. ‘The relation shows that the polar type of the molecules and atoms possess electrostatic potential energy as they have free electric dipoles, while non-polar type have its zero value. Secondly, the relation for energy has two terms. In first term we have (py.P2) and second term has (p17) (p2.r). This shows that the energy depends upon the relative orientation of dipoles on one hand and their orientation with respect to r on the other. ‘The torque acting on a dipole in a field is given by T=pxE wD In this way torque Tp) on py due to field Ey of p, is given by Ty, = Pox Ey. - 8) Also torque Tz on py in EB; of pp is given by Tyo= Pix Ey. (9) ‘The relation shows that the tendency of torque on dipoles is to align them along the line of interaction, r. Interaction of the nearest neighbours is prominent. Of course, the limitation on this self alignment due to interaction is imposed by thermal agitation. Thermal agitation is responsible for the disorder of the dipoles. Interaction is prominent in solids of crystalline order. The crystalline arrangement in liquids may be broiight about by controlling dipole interaction. In this way liquid crystals may be studied in terms of dipole interaction. ‘The relation for the field of a dipole shows that field rapidly varies with r. Thus we can consider the dipole as situated in the inhomogeneous field of the other and can talk of the force on dipole in the field of neighbours. If a dipole is symmetrically surrounded by similar dipoles having balanced field gradient, the resultant force on it shall be zero. Specifically let us consider two dipole interactions. The force is related to the change of energy by relation ELECTROSTATICS _ 47 -V-pE) -V-pE)=(p.HE vu (10) since p does not depend upon coordinates, If Fy, is the force acting on dipole 2 in the field Ey of dipole 1, then ad as U=PE, 80 ® Fy=(P2.¥) tae a {e = 1 Pr»)|] r PLP: = Fy eB P-S win @0 | GQ) Similarly the force acting on dipole 1 in the field of Ey of dipole 2, is given by PiP2 3 Faia qe 1h PEG (Pa) Pe] (2) When pj = py and r=r’, we have Fip=-Fpy. oo (13) This shows that interacting forces of dipole are equal but opposite: Ex. Write down the interaction potential energy of two short electric dipoles separated by a distance. If one of the dipoles is inclined at an angle 0, to the radius vector joining them, show that in the state of equilibrium, the other dipole would make an angle, 02 which is given by 1 pian tan 0) = Refer to Fig. 11. Dipole-1 is inclined at an angle, 8; to r. Let the other dipole-2 be inclined at an angle, 02 to the radius vector r. The angle between the axis of the two dipoles is (6; ~ 6) From eq, (10), we know that the interaction energy of two sho dipoles is given by o= [Poe] For our case, taking into account, the angles, we get i pis, [PRA GL=WD: Sere) OF cone) i Ane9 3 Pe (01 ~ 03) ~ 8 cos 0; cos 89) Dipole-2 will set itself in a state of extremum potential enarey. in order to remain in equilibrium with dipole-1, Therefore, we put au aay” av 21 Pua a = ée BL 2 in (0s ~04) + 8c snl = As 1/r3 #0, we write sin (8) ~ 0») +3 cos 0; sin 02 = 0 or sin 8; cos 0) —cos 6 sin @) +8 cos 8; sin 0) = or gin 8; cos ® + 2.cos 0; sin 82 or sin 0, cos 0) = ~ 2.cos 6; sin 6 SF 18 or or 19-1. ELECTRIC QUADRUPOLE AND MULTIPOLES charges, each of magnitude negative sign. They aro arranged as shown in the figure. small compared to the distance, coordinates of this point have be: Position of negative charges. by or | or tan 0; =~ 2tan 6 tan 6) =—3 tan 6, An electric quadrupole is shown in fig. 12. It is a system of four | @ | with two of positive sign and two of ‘The separation, 1, between the charges is assumed to be very -4 7, of a point P(r,6,6). The en specified with respect to. the y The electric potential at point P due to this quadrupole is given + Let us find separately the terms 7 and = in terms of r,/ and @. We write 1 nya [rel | alee Dt) = 2+ 24 2? or[us(b fey? E-[a+{(t fe? Assuming r >> 1, we expand it binomially, meee (Cpe ane ee 1 2 @ yf [Pal Putting rl = rl cos 8, we get Some) ae 2 cos 0455.3. (eos? 0-1) 7 ry =(r-D=[e- 2). e— DP? = t2+P ete =u Sebel ey 1{2 Boose) 3 Boos r reteosor 3 (8 cos? 0-1) Fig. 12 P(r.84) (D . (2) (3) 4) ELECTROSTATICS 19 Putting eqs. (3) and (4) into eq. (1), we get ah 27 fy Pu 1 pa e689" FT [[2-feoso+t.5 @eato-n}-+(1+4 ena 5.5 ene?) )-2] 1a hay pop eer O- 1) ew ae = Fay (Fees?) 6) ‘Thus the electric potential due to a linear quadrupole varies inversely as the cube of the distance. From E =~ grad @, electric field will be found to vary inversely as fourth power of the distance. This concept of quadrupole can be extended to an arbitrary charge distribution, having a large number of positive and negative charges located at very small distances from each other. Such charge arrangements are termed as multipoles. If a monopole (a single point charge) is displaced through a very small distance and the original monopole is replaced by an equal and opposite charge then a dipole is produced. Similarly, if a dipole is displaced through a small distance and the original dipole is then replaced by one of the same magnitude but of opposite sign, a quadrupole is formed, and so on. 1-9-2. MULTIPOLE EXPANSION OF POTENTIAL Let us consider a volume V" occupied by the charge distribution. If x” denotes the radial distance of elemental volume dV’ from an arbitrary point Owithin charge distribution and p(r’) charge density on dV’, then the potential at the field point P distant r from O is given by 9) =F os : dV", @) a neg Jy | r-r') | If source dimension given by r’ is small compared to the distance of field point rie.,r’ << r, then we cari expand | (r-r’) |“! in ascending powers of | r/ryiky Fig. 13. 2 one + V3 Bs ay ane yet 2 Ara aa a2 ia cos +22 2 with == ‘As we know that (1-22 cos 0 +2”)7 !/? is the generating function of Legendre polynomial so that (1-22 cos 0 +227 /? = EP, (cos 8) 2” Therefore lo-r) (tetzp, (cos @) 2" 2] po (cos 0)+ Py (cont)( J+ Patcosn( 2+ ea 20 ELECTRODYNAMICS ont Po (cos 6) = Py (cos 6) Po (cos 6) =2 (3 cos? 9-1), | we get l@- rorte2fae(Z )e08 0+5 (@ cos? a— ibe =e i apt e004 1 nto Ytw P utting this value of | fe r’) [in eustion (D), we get 90) = 7 wa Ie eed" tal, pire soee wf 1 ptr’) el (8 cos? 9-1) fi : tees le a dV +... oQ) Since variable of integration involves r’, we can take r outside the integral, that is 1/4 bib 5 0 ale , is potential due to monopole moment of charge distribution. The second component $2 is the potential due to dipole moment of charge distribution. The third component 93 is said to be potential due to quadrupole moment of the charge distribution. Similarly other components of Potential are due to higher moments of charge distribution and are known as multiple potentials. ii) ‘The relation shows that the potential due to a distribution of charge may be thought to be the sum of the potentials due to monopole moment, dipole moment and other higher moments of charges. If the total charge of a system is zero, say the case of an atom, then potential due to monopole moment of an atom is zero. If the atom is non-polar type the potential due to dipole moment shall also be zero but still the potential is contributed by the higher moments of charge distribution. Of course the potential contributed by higher moments decreases rapidly and not appreciably effective in discussion. If the atom is polar type, the potential shall be contributed by the dipole moment of y the charge distribu- A tion. Gili) The eq. (2) shows that $(r, 0) is effectively function of 4a rand @. The first term of ay +4 is of the expansion is (@) Linear quadripole, (b) Two dimensional quadrupole. free of ®. The multiple az potential is 0 ea dependent. Maximum aa @=0; hence axially 4 “a falls rapidly due to. fe | higher orders of r and 6. This gives axial distribution of y multiple potential. “a a thee i abews (c) Linear octopole (@) Three dimensional cctopote, Fig. 14, Showing linoar and two dimensional quadrupole, linear and three slmeneionall (quadre: dimonstonal octupolo. ELECTROSTATICS 23 pole, linear and three dimensional octupole. In all cases total charge is zero. Therefore potential due to monopole moment vanishes. Dipole moments also balance out. Ex. 1. Explain what is meant by a dipole, a quadrupole and an octupole. Prove that the potential due to an arbitrary charge distribution can always be expressed as a sum of multipole ‘potentials with coefficients which represent various other moments of the charge distribution. Show ‘how can you degenerate multipole potentials from that of a single charge. Single point charge is called a monopole. An arrangement of two equal and opposite charges, separated by a very small distance is called a dipole. An arrangement of four charges shown in figs. j4(a) and 14(b), with separation of charges being small, is termed as quadrupole. Similarly in figs. 4(c) and 14(d), linear and three dimensional octopoles are shown. The second part of this question pas been discussed in above article 1-9-2. Multipole expansion due to point charge is gaara Vane TF- 1 7 neq" (7 277’ cos 0+)? ogigfa Monee]? Sian wey (J Pateos q qr'cos@ 2qr% oo ES 4megr” dnegr? ” Anegr® Ex. 2. A charge of, q, coulomb is placed at every corner of a regular hexagon of side, a metre. ‘Acharge (-6q) is placed at the centre. Calculate the monopole, dipole and quadrupole moments. Also calculate the potential and field at a large axial distance from the charge distribution. Case I : Monopole : i ‘The monopole moment of charge distribution a? +q+qtq+q-6q Case II : Dipole : —6q charge at O forms 6 dipoles with dipole moments (each ga) directed along OA and OD (equal and opposite) OB and OE (equal and opposite) Fig. 15, Regular hexagon with OC and OF (equal and opposite) charge. Therefore net dipole moment is zero. Case III : Quadrupole : It forms three quadrupoles of charge +g," -2q, 49 at C,0, F;at D, 0, A and aE, O, B, Charges are at a separation of a. Moment of each quadrupole is 2qa”. Refer to Fig. 16, Q1=Qp=Q5=2g0° X-component of quadrupole moment Qc = Q1+ Q cos 60° - Q cos 60" =Q = 2ga” 1 3 cos? 0- 5 (80s? 0-1). Y-axis 2 ELECTRODYNAMICS Y-component of quadrupole moment = Qp cos 80° + Qs cos 30° wo a 2290? ¥8. 4 o9q2 18 = 2ga* “5+ 2qa". 2 =218 ga? So that total quadrupole moment, Qj, is a= VQF+ OF | = qa Electric Field : bibs bug od With Q, as quadrupole moment, the electric potential 4(r, 6) from the charge distribution is 1 | 4 8) = Fre *ay8 © e087 8-0) ek Mga? 09 sao 1 _ Anta * oe > tt gs ‘The electric field component at far point, E(r; 6), from the charge distribution is = 94 Of 1 Aga? 6g 0529 14 | E,=-5 t= alee: os (ens yr 3 Qa 2 4 2a Coe 6-lr 2 A 21 meg 2 apd deo eg orga G B= ~ 75307 F301, dre gs 8008? 8-1) 1&4 arene a-Si 2cos'8. sin 618 trey 24! : pee anon | en Tih Bef so that net field is B= (7H, + 6g) whose magnitude is |B | =\BP+BE ob Ri gree or1 2 | =i ME 1 cos! 6-2 c0s? 041)? ep Ex. 3. Four charges are arranged as shown in fig. 17. Cateulate the monopole moment, dipole moment and quadrupole moment of the system. Hence calculate the field at a point, P which is located at a distance, x from the centre of the R configuration, . ; Case I : Monopole : Monopole moment = { av" »pol pO ‘ 4, sa ms | ay t =-9-q+q+q=0 = 400 | Case II : Dipole : X-component (p,) of dipole moment oy : Fig. 17, | ELECTROSTATICS =f, p@aev ~qa [due to-q at (a, 0)) + 9a [dueto - 9 at (~ a, 0))+0 [due to4q at (0, a)) +0 [due to +g at (0,--2)) =0 Y-component (p,) of dipole moment =0+ga-qa+0=0 ' Net dipole moment of charge distribution =\pe+ Py =0 Case IIT: Quadrupole : Quadrupole moment is given by 2 “45 = (B cos? 0-1) pir’) dv" where 7’ is the distance of charge p(r’) dV’ from the origin and 0 is the angle between rand r’. ‘Therefore in our case ; Quadrupole moment = ee 2 (8 cos? 6 - 1] due to charge -q at (a, 0) + es (4) [8 cos* (180 - 6) - 1) due to charge —q at (~

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