aa pon ee fc ipa ORS demi et,Lesson Embedded 1. What is current? 2, What is voltage? 3. What is resistance? 4, What is an IV graph? 5. What is a series circuit? 6. What is a parallel circuit? 7. How do we use electricity safely? 8. What is electrical power? Topic Learning objective Before After 24 26 22 214 2.15 2.16 2a7 2.20 221 2.10 2.13 2a 29 2.19 27 2.18 22 28 24 25 Use the following units: ampere (A), coulomb (C), joule (), ohm (0), second (3), vott (V) and watt (W). Know the difference between mains electricity being altemating current (a.c.) and direct current (d.c:) being supplied by a cell or battery, Know that lamps and LEDs can be used to indicate the presence of a current in a circuit. Know that current is the rate of flow of charge. Know and use the relationship between charge, current and time: charge = current x time, Q = It Know that electric curt solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons. Understand why current is conserved at a junction in a circuit. Know that voltage is the energy transferred per unit charge passed, the volt is @ joule per coulomb. Know and use the relationship between energy transferred, charge and voltage: energy transterred = charge x voltage, E = QV Describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in a circuit. Know and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance: vottage = current x resistance, V = IR Describe the qualitative variation of resistance of light-dependent resistors (LDRs) with illumination and thermistors with temperature. Describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes, and how to investigate this, experimentally Understand how the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of other components. Calculate the currents, voltages and resistances of two resistive components connected in a series circuit. Explain why a series or parallel cit ‘more appropriate for particular applications, the voltage across two components connected in parallel jing domestic lighting Know t the same. Understand how the use of insulation, double insulation, earthing, fuses and circuit breakers protects the device or user in a range of domestic appliances. Understand why a current in a resistor results Used in a variety of domestic contexts. Know and use the relationship between power, current and voltage: power = current x voltage, P = IV rease in temperature, and how this can be the electrical transfer of energy and an Use the relationship between energy transferred, current, voltage and time: enorgy transferred = current x voltage x time, E = IVtKnowledge organiser IGCSE Physics: 2. Electricity ‘Symbol__| | Description [“symbot cer == A =| 1 | al |16 Section 2— Electricity Circuits — The Basics acrciy's great. But not the words dont meen anything o you. Hey, 1 know — leer them now! The Properties of a Circuit 1 zat ithe rate of fa of char round the cot. ‘Electrons usually carry the cherge — they're negatively cherged particles, Curent wl nya Hugh» component {het componect. Unt ampere (amp for 2) Vols whet drives th currant rund the exit Kind of tke “lato sau” You mayne ove coed ptenal difernce The Standard Test Circuit The i without doubt tha most fofallybog-etanderd cout the world has aver known, Go know i | The Ammeter 1) Moccures the ) Mowing through the component. OSE, but tn paral ke the voter The Voltmeter 1) Measures the voltage (nls) aro ‘Mains Supply is a.c., Battery Supply is d.c. 1) The UK maine elctsty upply i approximately 230 vols 2) Wis an 2.0. supply (alternating currant), ich me 8) By anteet, cae and batteries supply dre cures ( owing inthe same drscion. The standard test circuit — eet urent i constantly changing direction. Section 2— Electricity Resistance and V=Ix R The vltege across and current through a component ae Enked by reel Four Hideously Important Current-Voltage Graphs ‘curent-eltage(-V)arephs show how the curent varies es you change the volage Learn these four real wel: Revise this page — wit Make sure you know how ure t raw an -V graph inte exam he (2 marks} Section 2— Electricity18 18 LDRs, Thermistors and LEDs | Series and Parallel Circuits ‘There are some realy useful comport tha canbe ued norte o make all srs of apples wo Circuit Symbols You Should Know: LEDs, lke lampe,lndoate th presence of urrent in cout. Thoy ar often ued in applanoee fo chow thal they tre switched on. Some Components Can Change Resistance 1) ehcp sr (UR) pel yoo aor thata 20 Charge, Voltage and Energy Change Electrical Safety ‘Charge can be posve or nagtve — and whan charge flows is oaled eure. Now hen id you Know. lechicy te dangerous Wan Kyou. Wed vet watch ou for, thas a a iipjuunged acl be Bato oe heaahaed charge dove the chrgor teeter fo he col sogeter? Q= 1x4» 25 x (4 x 60 x 60) » 96 000 0 (6.k0)Ey a Energy and Power in Circuits Static Electricity [IIE meter slic tetra etna fo» 3V Story big ep, co page 25, Me cormsctOn nance torgp temans fe Stare Canta enpe nowbresig es ate: tee E= 1x Vx 4 = 08 x3 x (3 x 60) = 452) Section 2 — ElectricityStatic Electricity and Friction _ EZ ___ Static Electricity — Examples ve quite detied examples in exams. Make sure you laa all these deta Being Helpful: (resem aoe we eared Real "Static Electricity Being a Little Joker: Static Electricity Being a Serious Problem: 2) gnning Section 2— Electricity26 Revision Questions for Section 2 ‘you've eld through fo the end of Seton 2. Have «break then feet whe you can remember. + Try hace quaone end fk off ach ng whan you gui eh + When youve doe al the quetione for «topic end oe sompleoly happy wth, Hk ff th top. ‘Cizcuit Properties (p.16) [_) 1) Bean what curert, vlage ad reistace arn an electric exe 2) tna standard test cru where mt the rameter be placed? Where must the water be paced? 8) What the deren bewoan a.nd de? ‘Gixcuit Components (p.17-18) (] 4) Cdl te ekiae fae Bags nec BV ad cl ght 2 12) Sketch « properly wired Hhree-pin plug 18) What dose mean i an applnce ie “double ineulted"? 14) Explain how o Fuse and earth wre work fogathr In plug. 15) Esplin how s Resi Current iruit Breaker (ROCB) works 16) Give two advantages of using an RCC instead of «fuse end an earthing wire. 3) wh dosent caret ano 23) Dive hwo examples of how static eoctaty can be dangerous Section 2— Electricity ooo 0000 0 0 o0000000 O08 000 Section 3 — Waves a Waves — The Basics | Wio'reconctntly bombarded by waves (il ound, bea]..and they've got shit in common All Waves Have Wavelength, Frequency, Amplitude and Speed 8) Waves offen ave hich equenian which ene given in oukward unite Bee kiz or Ma {ks (kloborts} ~ 1000 He, and | Mie (magehort) = 1000 COO He, For example, 800 MHz = 900-000 000 Hs. Waves Can Be Transverse or Longitudinal Mot waves we TRANSVERSE 1) gh andl ter EM waves (on p28). 2) Anis ns dad up and down, 8} Wows an tinge 4) peo on water. AllWaves Transfer Energy and Information Without Transferring Matter 1) Awe cay and rf say inh don fn eg. Eni 9Questions Ql. A 12 V battery is connected to a component, X, and a fixed resistor, R, as shown Rv {a) (i) State the name of component x (ii) Draw a voltmeter on the circuit diagram connected to show the voltage of component X. (b) The voltage across component X is 12 V. The resistor R has a value of 840 Q. Show that the current in ammeter A; is approximately 0.01 A. Use the equation voltage = current x resistance (c) When the circuit is placed in daylight, the current in Az is 0.011 A. (i) Calculate the value of the current through As.current = (ii) Explain what happens to the current through A3 when the circuit is placed in a darkened room. (Total for question = 8 marks) Q2 The circuit shows a car battery charging from an alternating current (a.c.) supply. ac supply ~ (a) Sketch a graph to show what is meant by a.c. (b) State the reason why the circuit contains a diode. (c) The 12 V car battery is connected to two identical filament lamps so that the voltage across each lamp is 6.0 V.(i) Draw the circuit diagram, (ii) State the equation relating power, current and voltage (iii) The power of each lamp is 330 mW. Calculate the current in a lamp. current = .. (Total for questio: = 8 marks) Q3. A student investigates how the resistance of a lamp varies as the current is changed. She sets up the circuit shown. (a) Give a reason why component R is included in the circuit. (b) The student draws a graph of his results.0.16 aK 0.14 0.12 0.10 current / A 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 oO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 voltage /V (i) Describe how the current in the lamp changes as the voltage changes Use data from the graph to support your answer, (ii) State the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. (iii) Calculate the resistance of the lamp when the voltage is 2.5 V. resistance = (c) State what happens to the resistance of a lamp when the current increases.(Total for question = 9 marks) Q4. The circuit diagram shows a 9.0 V battery connected in series with a 250 Q resistor and another resistor, X. 9.0V -{-— 2502 x (a) Draw a voltmeter on the circuit diagram to measure the voltage of resistor X. (b) The current in the circuit is 0.012 A. Calculate the resistance of resistor X. resistance = ....... (Total for question = 6 marks) Q5. This question is about electric circuits.(a) Which quantity is defined as the rate of flow of charge? goood ° current power resistance voltage (b) Which quantity is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge passed? OB oc Op current power resistance voltage (c) Diagram 1 shows an electric circuit with two resistors, R and S. Some of the values of the current are also shown. iA 060A (a) 040A — (a,) y) s Diagram 1 (i) On Diagram 1, draw a voltmeter to measure the voltage of resistor S. (ii) Deduce the readings on the ammeters.current measured by A, = current measured by Az (iii) Resistor R has a resistance of 11 O. Calculate the voltage across resistor R. voltage = (iv) Explain how the voltage across resistor R compares with the voltage across the battery. (d) Diagram 2 shows a different circuit containing a battery, an ammeter and a thermistor. ————=- |}. | K Diagram2 Explain how the thermistor can be used to vary the current in this circuit.(Total for question = 14 marks) 6. (a) (i) A student investigates how current varies with voltage for a metal filament lamp. Draw a diagram of the circuit that a student could use for this investigation. (ii) Describe a method the student could use for their investigation. (b) The student extends the investigation by recording additional data for the lamp. This is her method. For each voltage + switch the current on for 45 seconds * record the current and colour of the lamp * calculate the power and the energy transferred by the lampThe table shows the student's results. Voltage in Current PowerinW — EnergyinJ Colour of lamp 00 0.00 0.0 0.0 off 20 0.40 08 36 ted 40 0.90 36 orange 60 1.60 96 430 yellow 80 2.80 224 1000 white (i) State the unit for current. (ii) Calculate the missing value of energy for the voltage of 4.0 V, Give your answer to 2 significant figures. energy (iii) The colour of a star is related to its surface temperature. The Sun is yellow. Use the student's results to identify a colour for a star that is cooler than the Sun. (Total for question = 12 marks) Q7. This question is about voltage and current. (a) The diagram shows two resistors connected to a battery.92v 12mA 2409 Calculate the voltage across resistor R. voltage (b) The diagram shows the parts of an ammeter. The pointer is connected to the coil so they can move together. Jy scale “pointer return spring permanent magnet (ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the force acting on side CD of the coil when there is a current in the coil.(iii), Explain how the ammeter could be changed so that it could measure smaller currents. (Total for question = 11 marks)