pal eet * h f Sioa z i yobs ee ropes ergy oss « ks ots "Feb hbsronre mh ppbv eeeLesson Embedded 1. What is density? 2. What is pressure? 4, What is absolute zero? ‘temperature? 6. What is the Ideal gas law? 7. What is the pressure law? 8. What is Boyle's Law? Topic Bt Learning objective Before After Use the folowing units: degree Celsius (C), kelvin (K), joule (J), kilogram (kg), kilogram/metre? (kg/m), metre (m), metre? (m2), metres (m, ‘metre/second (m/s), metre/second® (nvs?), newton (N) and pascal (Pa). ‘Know and use the relationship between density, mass and volume: density = mass/volume, p = m/V Practical: investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume Know and use the relationship between pressure, force and area, pressure = force / area, p = F/A Understand how the pressure at a point in a gas or liquid at rest acts equally in all directions. Know and use the relationship for pressure difference: pressure difference = height x density x gravitational field strength, p = heg. Explain how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of a container. Understand why there is an absolute zero temperature which is -273 °C, Describe the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Understand why an increase in temperature results in an increase in the average speed of gas molecules. Know that the Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. Explain, for a find amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: pressure and volume at constant temperature, pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume. Use the relationship between the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume: pr/Ts = pa/T2 Use the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas has at constant temperature: p:Vs = paVeKnowledge organiser Quantity length, |or width, w ‘or height, h or distance, d area, A volume, V mass, m weight, W gravitational field strength (acceleration), g density, p force, F pressure, p temperature, T Unit metres, m square metres, m? cubic metres, m? kilograms, kg rewtons, N (kg m/s) NUkg, Ng" (nis) gem (g cms) kg/m? (kg v9) rnewtons, N (kg m/s") Pascals, Pa (N/mé) Kelvin or degrees Colsius How do we find it? Measured with a ruler Rectangle: Ix w Girele: 12 Cuboid: Ix w xh (ylinder: x 2x h Measured with a balance o=W/m p=m/V p=F/A Thermometer Description something from end to ‘end ‘Space within a 26 (fat/ planar) shape ‘Space within a 3d shape ‘Ameasure ofthe amount ‘of stuff an object has (a ‘measure oft inertia) ‘The gravitational pull on an objects mass shape ofan object A measure ofthe concentration of foree on an object ‘Ameasure ofthe average kinetic enesgy of ‘a system of partcies IGCSE Physics: 5. Solids, liquids and gases Density Solids and liquids are denser & ‘Soe and Suid re dener & I Objects displaces volume of water equal to volume of object Pressure isthe force per unit weep stiA Presse ae08 18198 sania spammer not tiference between we pants Sasurnttateanetnta ina liquid or gas (hd) Boyte's law: pressure is proportional to 1/volume) Boyle's Law: for a fixed mass of {928 at constant temperaturesa Section 5 — Solids, Liquids and Gases 83 Revision Questions for Section 4 Ys lt «yet tm gh iy ke te pretig ot Density is Mass per - Q Q Q oO a a o Oo front oa, pllng tho fre of S95 N- Hom much work we doo? a oO Q a 1) Write down the formule forthe enary nan objets dravtationl potenti! onerdy shore. Find the energy in the g.p2. store of « 7B kg cheep on top of « 2m ladder (use g = 10 m/e") oO oo ooo eons oe evened ve detente sh meio ahd un. Section 4 — Energy Resources and Energy Translers ss i Changes of State [ ee and Particle Theory cam a i emperor a sh in thee Kris lores sie posable o getParticle Theory and Pressure in Gases Specific Heat Capacity ad a nom of ig seein ante dn he i eel eee ‘Specific Heat Capacity Relates Temperature and Energy 50 X 800m 9X15. 40 p, = (250 » 200) = 15 = AO HPs (9 =).Revision Questions for Section 5 Section 8 — Solids, liquids and Gases ooooo 0 OQ oO ooo0 oo0 0 Section 6 — Magnetism and Electromagnetism 88 Magnets and Magnetic Fields {hk magnon con 5c ee, bat dn gat ee by te am — ‘Magnets Produce Magnetic Fields 1). At mags hw en ps — nth ae eth 2) Moat i «ac re} 3) aan inl (oof ra aed 1 oth wd aa Magnetic Feld Patterns can be Sen Using Compasses (PRET) 1), Compacces end von fre Sn hema wth matic eis 2 caer Megs Magnetism can be Induced 1) Magats affect macnetc nels ord ofr masts. Magnets are like farmers — surrounded by fiel Section § — Magnetism and ElectromagnetismQuestions Qu. The graph shows how the distance travelled by an aeroplane changes during part of its journey. 700- 600 Distance travelled 500: inkm 400. 300 30 40 50 60 Time in minutes {a) (i) State the formula linking average speed, distance moved and time taken. (ii) Calculate the average speed of the aeroplane during this part of its journey. Give a suitable unit. sees Unit average speed = (b) During the flight, the height of the aeroplane decreases. As the height of the aeroplane decreases, the temperature outside the aeroplane increases. Explain how the air pressure outside the aeroplane changes as the height of the aeroplane decreases.(Total for question = 8 marks) Qa. A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe foe (a) The plunger is pushed so that the gas is compressed and its volume reduces at constant temperature, Explain why decreasing the volume changes the pressure of the gas in the syringe. You should use ideas about particles in your answer(b) The plunger of the syringe is released and the gas returns to its original pressure of 100 kPa. The plunger is then held in position so that the volume of the gas cannot change. The gas is now heated and its temperature increases. Describe how the average kinetic energy of the gas particles changes when the temperature of the gas increases. (Total for question 6 marks) Q3. A sstudent uses a syringe containing trapped air to investigate pressure. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus he uses.Pressure gauge syringe trapped air piston “ Diagram1 (a) Diagram 2 shows the pressure gauge when the piston is at its i al position. © Lubos Chiubny/Shutterstock Diagram 2 Determine the reading on the pressure gauge. pressure = .. KPa (b) The piston is pushed in so that the volume of trapped air in the syringe is halved, The temperature of the trapped air remains constant. Explain how the reading on the pressure gauge will change when the piston is pushed in.(c) The position of the piston is then fixed so that the volume of trapped air in the syringe is now constant. The air in the syringe is then cooled. (i) State how the motion of air particles inside the syringe changes when the air is cooled. (ii) Explain how the pressure of the trapped air inside the syringe changes when the air is cooled. Refer to particles in your answer. (Total for question = 8 marks) Q4, ‘A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe. plunger } Hug bouddd eo(a) The plunger is pushed so that the gas is compressed and its volume reduces at constant temperature. (i) Before compression, the gas pressure is 100 kPa and the volume of the gas is 7.5 cm’. After compression, the volume of the gas is 5.0 cm’. Calculate the pressure of the gas after compression. pressure = .. .. KPa (ii) Explain why decreasing the volume changes the pressure of the gas in the syringe. You should use ideas about particles in your answer. (b) The plunger of the syringe is released and the gas returns to its original pressure of 100 kPa. The plunger is then held in position so that the volume of the gas cannot change. The gas is now heated and its temperature increases. (i) Describe how the average kinetic energy of the gas particles changes when the temperature of the gas increases.(ii) The temperature of the gas increases from 20 °C to 65 °C. Calculate the pressure of the gas after it is heated pressure = kPa (Total for question = 13 marks) Q5. A ship floats on the sea. upthrust (a) The ship floats because of the forces acting on it. (i) The upward force acting on the ship is called upthrust. This force is shown on the diagram. Draw another labelled arrow on the diagram to show the other vertical force acting on the ship. 2) (ii) Forces are vector quantities. State what is meant by the term vector quantity.(iii) Give another example of a vector quantity. (b) The upthrust force acting on the ship is proportional to the pressure difference between the bottom of the ship and the surface of the sea. The pressure acting on the ship at the surface of the sea is 100 kPa. (i) State the formula linking pressure difference, height, density and gravitational field strength (9). (ii) The bottom of the ship is 15.8 m below the surface of the sea. Show that the pressure acting on the bottom of the ship is approximately 260 kPa. [density of seawater = 1030 kg/m*] (iii) Explain why the bottom of the ship is deeper below the surface of the sea when the ship is. fully loaded with cargo. (Total for question = 11 marks) Q6. The diagram shows a manometer, a device used for measuring differences in pressuretrapped | gas j [ difference in the levels of the liquid liquid T | LZ) Se (a) One side of the manometer has some trapped gas. The other side is left open to the atmosphere, The difference in pressure can be calculated using this formula. [difference in pressure = height x density x 10] The density of the liquid is 1.3 x 10* kg/m 3. The difference in the levels of the liquid is 3.8 cm. Calculate the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the trapped gas. difference in pressure = . Pa (b) The temperature and pressure of the trapped gas increase when it is warmed. (i) Explain, in terms of particles, why the pressure of the trapped gas increases. (ii) The pressure of the trapped gas in the manometer is 9.95 x 10° Pa and the temperature is 16 °C. Calculate the new pressure of the trapped gas if the temperature increases to 32 °C. [assume volume of the trapped gas remains constant]new pressure = .. .. Pa (Total for question = 10 marks)