Bettors Cart 02) Whe ts stler draught? That one tre furetionn of drauget >) Mink fe natmat draugit J chimney draught | stabie dragiey 2) Date the expression of faigae % chimney fx nrectonal Anant? Borive the tendon for enenel mere divekayy Knog ahiowny - “ Prove that nan re dfachenge Aenough dee chienty ine Basignk of the hot -enlunen. 12 equal te rhe hetgak P -the hing , 4) ov, Prave that the ton dition foe rrendrnwm dis ch a Chim oT ret neharye rouge “o tai) a 7 5) thar andieatal doaugict ? 82 Eablaiw tne posse 0) Inducedcrsugnr 56) faced dragnet 2 2) Rotlenerd draught + D erbian the folloate _ 4) Equivalent Evabwation by Focknr of EvaporattenBOILER DRAUGHT (DRAFT) The boiler draught may be defined as the small pressure difference which causes the continuous flow of gases inside the boiler. In other words, the draught is a small pressure difference between the air outside the boiler and gases within the furnace or chimney. Function of Draught The boiler draught performs the following func- tions: 1. It forces a sufficient quantity of air into the furnace for proper combustion of fuel. 2. It circulates the hot flue gases through the flue tubes, superheater, economiser, air preheater etc. 3. It discharges the hot flue gases to the atmosphere through the chimney.2 . NATURAL, OR CHIMNEY, DRAUGHT The draught obtained by use of a chimney is called natural or chimney draught. A chimney is a veritcallong cylindrical structure made of either brick masonary, reinforced concrete or steel. A chimney carries the products of combustion to such a height before discharging so that they will not be harmful to the surroundings. The draught produced by the chimney is due to the density difference between the column of hot flue gases inside the chimney and the equivalent column of cold air outside the chimney. Figure 19.1 shows a schematic arrangement of a chimney of height H metres above the grate level. zi Column of —> cold air Equivalent column of hot flue gases Fig. 19.1 Chimney draught The pressure at grate level in the combustion chamber Pi = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to column of hot flue gases in the chimney. = Pat Pe&H Similarily, pressure at grate level outside the chimney 2 = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to cold air column of height H = Pat Pag where p, and p, represent the densities of cold air and hot flue gases, respectively. Since the density of hot flue gases is less than that of cold air, thus pressure difference will act on the grate level, which will cause flow of fresh air in the combustion chamber. The net pressure difference Ap = p2- Pi = (Pa Pg) gH (19.1) The pressure difference causing the flow of gases is known as static draught and is generally very small. Thus, it is measured by water manometers.%. Height of Chimney The amount of natural draught produced by a chimney mainly depends on the height of the chimney, the temperature of hot flue gases and atmospheric air. Refer to Fig. 19.2. Let m, = Mass of air supplied in kg/kg of fuel m,+ 1 = Mass of flue gases, kg/kg of fuel Pa = atmospheric pressue, N/m? T, = Absolute temperature at N.T.P = 273 K T, = Temperature of atmospheric air, K T, = Average temperature of flue gases, K H = Height of chimney, m h = Draught required in mm of water The specific volume of air at NTP 9, — Blo — (0.287 ki/kgK) (273 K) p= Bho, _ (0087 Kikg-E)x(273.K} Po (101.325 kPa) = 0.7732 m’/kg p, Za f _ E : o 8 $ Main Chimney —> es 8 3 Economiser 2 8 ze 3 Boil ee es Air pre-heater Fig. 19.2 Height of chimney in natural draughtSince the volume of fuel is negligible as compared to the volume of air supplied per kg of fuel, therefore, the volume of flue gases can be taken equal to the volume of air. The volume of atmospheric air outside the chimney Va _ Vo _™a% LZ % % m, x 0.7732 V, = -———- xT, (19.2) or ‘a 73. <8 (19.2) and density of air p, = = 273, 1353 0.7732 T, Ty +=(19.3) Similarly, the volume of hot flue gases inside the chimney VY 0.7732 V,= 7, = T, en? ms and density of flue gas _ m,+1 Pe= & = met), 273 _ (m+), 353 49.4) 0.7732 m, ‘Ty ™, Ty The total static pressure difference Ap in N/m? can be obtained by using p, and p, in Eq. (19.1); 1 _(m,+1) 1 2 Ap = 353gH| — -| 72 |x — | (NA P en 2 ( } 1] vm a Mg & (19.5) This pressure difference can be expressed in terms of the water column (mm) as Ap = (Pgh) Where —p,, = 1000 kg/m® A A,, = h (mm of water) = 7000 (metre) Ap = (1000 kal?) Ae n) = gh (Nim’) (19.6)Equating (19.5) and (19.6), we get h= 353H z - (tt) x | (mm of water) T, m, I, ..(19.7) Equation (19.7) represents the theoretical value ofnatural draught which depends on chimney height and weather conditions. The draught is directly proportional to chimney height and it decreases with increase in temperature of atmospheric air or decrease in temperature of flue gases. The actual draught available would be less than the theoretical draught because of friction losses offered by the passages.L . Condition for Maximum Discharge through a Chimney The velocity of flue gases through the chimney without any losses V,=2gH’ when h,=0 Using H’ from Eq. (19.8), we get m T, V,= |2gH {| —*_|x—-1) _.(19.14 . & { m,+ ) T, ( ) The density of flue gases is given by __P Ps RT, Therefore, the rate of mass of flue gases dis- charged m, — AV, p, T. = Al |2gH4| “2 |x “8 1) |x 2 m,+1) T, RT,m, 1 1 nz =C 2 -—= (19.15) or mz (t)* EI, 7 ( ) where constant C = * 2gH For maximum discharge rate, differentiating Eq. (19.15) with respect to T, and equating it to zero, ‘i dttg od (2;)* 1 itty a, aT, |\\\m,+1) Taly Ty aes & Mm, 1 2 or x> => m,+1) T, Tz T, or a= 2( #1 qT, m, (19.16) Thus, for maximum discharge through the chim- ney, the absolute temperature of flue gases should be greater than twice the absolute atmospheric tem- perature. T, Using the value of r in Eq. (19.8), we get @ tow H{(85)-2(%4)-1 =H .. (19.17) For maximum discharge, the height of the hot- gas column should be equal to the height of the% . ARTIFICIAL DRAUGHT Usually, the static draught produced by the chimney is not sufficient to meet the requirement of draught of a boiler that varies from 30 to 350 mm of water column. When artificial draught is used on the boiler then the waste heat carried by the flue gases can be better utilized in an economiser, air preheater, etc. An artificial draught produced by a fan or a blower is known as mechanical draught and that produced by steam jet is known as steam jet draught.Draught produced by a fan or blower may be of three types: (a) induced, (b) forced, and (c) balanced draught. (a) Induced Draught The fan is placed near the base of the chimney as shown in Fig. 19.6. The fan draws the flue gases from the furnace. So the pressure above the fuel bed is reduced below the atmospheric pressure. The fresh air rushes to the furnace and after combustion, the flue gases get discharged through the chimney in the atmosphere. Ait?” ee ” ? from Induced drought Air- atmosphere preheater Fig. 19.6 Induced draught (b) Forced Draught The fan or blower is located near or at the base of the boiler grate to force atmospheric air on to the furnace under pressure. This pressure helps in circulation of flue gasesthrough components of the boiler and then through chimney to atmosphere. It is shown in Fig. 19.7. Chimney FD iser t # al | Air- preheater Fig. 19.7 Forced draught (c) Balanced Draught A combination of induced and forced draught in a boiler is known as a balanced draught. A forced draught fan located near the grate supplies air under the pressure through the furnace and an induced draught fan located near the chimney base, draws in flue gases through the economiser, air preheater, etc., and discharges them into the atmosphere through a chimney. Figure 19.8 illustrates the balanced draught system. preheater Fig. 19.8 Balanced draught: Equivalent Evaporation The quantity of steam generated by a boiler depends on the following four important parameters: (i) feed-water temperature, (ii) working pressure, (iii) fuel used, and (iv) quality of steam generated. In practical situations, the different boilers use feed water at different temperatures, operate at different pressures and generate different qualities of steam. Therefore, such boilers cannot be compared unless some standard parameters are adopted. Hence feed water is taken at 100°C and working pressure is at 1.01325 bar. At this state, water evaporates at 100°C and requires 2257 kJ/kg of latent heat to convert it into steam at 100°C. Equivalent evaporation is defined as the amount of dry and saturated steam generated from feed water at 100°C at normal atmospheric pressure. In short, it is defined as the amount of steam generated from and at 100°C. Let m, = Mass of steam generated at pressure p and temperature T per hour in the boiler h= Enthalpy of steam = hy+ xhyy for wet steam = h, for dry and saturated steam= hy + G(Ts steam hy, = Enthalpy of water at feed temperature m, = Mass of fuel burned per hour m, = Equivalent mass of dry and saturated steam generated from and at 100°C The evaporation per kg of fuel _ Mass of steam generated per hour 7 _ Mass of fuel burned per hour up — Tsat) for superheated = (19.30) mf The total heat supplied to water in the boiler = ma(h—hy) and the equivalent evaporation _ Malh—hy) _ malh—hy) hye @100°C 2257 (kg of steam/kg of fuel) ...(19.31) le Factor of Evaporation It is defined as the ratio of heat received by | kg of feed water for evaporation under actual working conditions to that received by 1 kg of water evaporated from and at 100°C. It is denoted by Fe and expressed as (h-hy) _ h—-hy Fe= = (19.32) hy @100°C =—-2257 It can also be expressed as Fe= me m a _ Equivalent evaporation from and at 100°C Evaporation per kg of fuel .-(19.33)