1

G GG Gi ii ii thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi

thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia
mn vt l, lp 12 THPT nm hc 2002 2003
Ngy thi th hai, 13 / 03 / 2003

Bng A
Bi I: C hc
Cho mt bn cu c ng cht, khi lng m, bn knh R, tm O.
1. Chng minh rng khi tm G ca bn cu cch tm O ca n mt on l
d = 3R/8.
2. t bn cu trn mt phng nm
ngang. y bn cu sao cho trc i
xng ca n nghing mt gc nh so vi
phng thng ng ri bung nh cho
dao ng (Hnh 1). Cho rng bn cu
khng trt trn mt phng ny v ma st
ln khng ng k. Hy tm chu k dao
ng ca bn cu.
3. Gi thit bn cu ang nm cn bng trn mt mt phng nm ngang
khc m cc ma st gia bn cu v mt phng u bng khng (Hnh 2). Tc
dng ln bn cu trong khong thi gian rt ngn mt xung ca lc X

no
theo phng nm ngang, hng i qua tm O ca bn cu sao cho tm O ca n
c vn tc
0
v

.
a) Tnh nng lng truyn cho bn cu.
b) M t nh tnh chuyn ng tip theo ca bn cu. Coi v
0
c gi tr nh.
Cho bit gia tc trng trng l g; m men qun tnh ca qu cu c ng
cht khi lng M, bn knh R i vi trc quay i qua
tm ca n l I =
2
MR
5
2
.
Bi II: in - T
Cho mt khung dy dn kn hnh ch nht ABCD
bng kim loi, c in tr l R, c chiu di cc cnh l
a v b. Mt dy dn thng di v hn, nm trong mt
phng ca khung dy, song song vi cnh AD v cch
n mt on d nh hnh 3. Trn dy dn thng c dng
in cng I
0
chy qua.
1. Tnh t thng qua khung dy.
2. Tnh in lng chy qua mt tit din thng ca
khung dy trong qu trnh cng dng in trong dy dn thng gim n
khng.
Hnh 2
.
O
0
v

Hnh 1
O

.
A B
D C
Hnh 3

b
a

d
2
3. Cho rng cng dng in trong dy dn thng gim tuyn tnh theo
thi gian cho n khi bng khng, v tr dy dn thng v v tr khung dy khng
thay i. Hy xc nh xung ca lc t tc dng ln khung.

Bi III: Quang hc
Cho h hai thu knh hi t mng, tiu c ln lt l f
1
v f
2
, t ng trc
cch nhau mt khong a. Hy xc nh mt im A trn trc chnh ca h sao
cho mi tia sng qua A sau khi ln lt khc x qua hai thu knh th l ra khi h
theo phng song song vi tia ti.

Bi IV: Phng n thc hnh
Cho cc dng c sau:
Mt hp in tr mu cho php tu chn in tr c tr s nguyn
t 10 n vi M.
Mt ngun in xoay chiu c tn s f bit v c hiu in th
hiu dng gia hai cc khng i.
Mt ngun in mt chiu.
Mt my o in cho php o c cng dng in v hiu
in th (mt chiu, xoay chiu).
Cc dy ni, cc ngt in c in tr khng ng k.
Mt ng h o thi gian.
Hy lp ba phng n xc nh in dung ca mt t in.
Yu cu nu: nguyn tc l thuyt ca php o, cch b tr th nghim,
cch tin hnh th nghim, cc cng thc tnh ton, nhng iu cn ch
gim sai s ca php o.

Bng B
Bi I: C hc
Cho mt bn cu c ng cht, khi lng m, bn knh R, tm O.
1. Chng minh rng khi tm G ca bn cu cch tm O ca n mt on
l d = 3R/8.
2. t bn cu trn mt phng nm ngang. y bn
cu sao cho trc i xng ca n nghing mt gc
0
nh so
vi phng thng ng ri bung nh cho dao ng (Hnh 1).
Cho rng bn cu khng trt trn mt phng v ma st ln
khng ng k. Hy tm chu k dao ng ca bn cu. Cho
bit gia tc trng trng l g; m men qun tnh ca qu cu
c ng cht, khi lng M, bn knh R i vi trc quay i
qua tm ca n l I =
2
MR
5
2
.
Bi II: in - T
Cho mt khung dy dn kn hnh ch nht ABCD
bng kim loi, c in tr l R, c chiu di cc cnh l a
v b. Mt dy dn thng di v hn, nm trong mt
phng ca khung dy, song song vi cnh AD v cch n
Hnh 1
O

.
A B
D C
Hnh 2

b
a

d
3
mt on d nh hnh 2. Trn dy dn thng c dng in cng I
0
chy qua.
1. Tnh t thng qua khung dy.
2. Tnh in lng chy qua mt tit din thng ca khung dy trong qu
trnh cng dng in trn dy dn thng gim n khng.
3. Cho rng cng dng in trong dy dn thng gim tuyn tnh theo
thi gian n khng trong thi gian t, v tr dy dn thng v v tr khung dy
khng thay i. Tm biu thc ca lc t tc dng ln khung dy theo thi gian.

Bi III: Quang hc: nh Bi III, Bng A.

Bi IV: Phng n thc hnh
Cho cc dng c sau:
Mt hp in tr mu cho php tu chn in tr c tr s nguyn
t 10 n vi M.
Mt ngun in xoay chiu c tn s f bit v c hiu in th
hiu dng gia hai cc khng i.
Mt my o in cho php o c cng dng in v hiu
in th xoay chiu.
Cc dy ni, cc ngt in c in tr khng ng k.
Hy lp hai phng n xc nh in dung ca mt t in.
Yu cu nu: nguyn tc l thuyt ca php o, cch b tr th nghim,
cch tin hnh th nghim, cc cng thc tnh ton, nhng iu cn ch
gim sai s ca php o.

ra k ny

Trung hc c s

CS1/ 2. Mt thanh di L c ta vo bc tng thng ng nh hnh v.
u di B ca thanh c mt con b hung ang u. Vo thi im u
di ca thanh bt u chuyn ng theo nn nh v bn phi vi vn tc
v khng i, con b hung cng bt u b theo thanh vi vn tc u khng
i i vi thanh. Hi trong qu trnh chuyn ng theo thanh, con b hung
ln c cao cc i bng bao nhiu so vi nn nh ? Bit rng u A
ca thanh lun ta vo tng.
4



CS2/ 2. C hai chu cha thu ngn. mi chu cm mt ng nghim v
ht ra khi ng mt phn khng kh sao cho thu ngn dng ln trong mi
ng ti cao h
1
v h
2
so vi mc thu ngn trong chu (h
1
< h
2
); mc thu
ngn hai chu ngang nhau. Hai ng nghim c ni vi nhau qua kho
K, lc u kho K ng (Hnh 2). Cho bit p sut kh quyn l p
0
, trng
lng ring ca thu ngn l d
0
.
a) Tnh p sut ca khng kh trong mi ng.
b) V th biu din s ph thuc ca p sut thu ngn theo cao ca
ct thy ngn trong mi ng. So snh p sut ca thu ngn ti im A v
B.
c) Nu m kho K hai ng thng nhau th hin tng xy ra nh th
no? Gii thch.












CS3/ 2. C ba bnh dung tch nh nhau u bng 2 lt cha y nc
nhit khc nhau l 20
0
C, 60
0
C v 100
0
C v mt bnh c dung tch 5 lt
khng cha g. Vi cc dng c cho lm th no to ra mt lng
nc c nhit 56
0
C. B qua s mt mt nhit do bnh v mi trng.
CS4/2. Cho mt bng n 6V - 3W v mt bin tr con chy c ni vi
nhau, sau ni vo ngun c hiu in th khng i U = 9V nh dy
dn c in tr R
d
= 1 (Hnh 3)
Hnh 2
A
B
K
Hnh 1
5
a) Cho in tr ca ton bin tr l 20. Tm in tr R
AC
ca phn AC ca
bin tr, bit n sng bnh thng. Tm hiu sut ca cch mc mch
thp sng n .
b) Vi ngun U, dy dn R
d
, n v bin tr nh trn, hy v nhng s
khc mc cho n sng bnh thng. Tm v tr con chy ca bin tr
ng vi mi s .
c) Mun cho hiu sut ca cch mc mch thp sng n nh hnh 3
khng nh hn 60% khi n sng bnh thng th gi tr ton phn ca in
tr bin tr nh nht l bao nhiu?













Trung hc ph thng

TH1/2. Mt lc khng i bt u tc dng ln mt vt ang chuyn ng
vi vn tc v. Sau khong thi gian t ln vn tc ca vt gim 2 ln.
Cng sau khong thi gian t tip theo, ln vn tc li gim 2 ln. Hy
xc nh ln vn tc sau khong thi gian 3t k t khi bt u tc dng
lc khng i y.

Nguyn Thanh Nhn (H Ni)

TH2/2. Mt thanh ng cht khi lng m chiu di l c gi nm ngang
bi hai ngn tay hai u ca n. Trong khi a chm hai ngn tay cng
mt lc v gp nhau khi tm, thanh trt trn ngn ny hay ngn kia.
Tm cng m ngi thc hin trong qu trnh , nu h s ma st ngh
v trt tng ng l
s
v
k
(
k

s
).

TTKYHA (H Ni)
TH3/2. Mt ng hnh tr thng ng c th tch V. pha di mt pittng
nh c mt lng kh hli nhit T
0
. Pittng nm v tr cn bng chia
ng thnh hai na bng nhau (xem hnh v).Ngi ta un nng kh t t



R
A C
B
U
+ -
Hnh 3
6
n khi nhit kh hli l 3T
0
. pha trn c lm hai vu pittng khng
bt ra khi ng.Hi kh hli nhn c mt nhit lng l bao nhiu ?
B qua ma st gia pittng v thnh ng.p sut kh quyn bn ngoi l
P
0
.
Nht Minh (H Ni)








TH4/2. Hai thanh ray song song vi nhau c t trong mt phng lp vi
mt phng nm ngang mt gc v c ni ngn mch hai u di.
Khong cch gia hai thanh ray l L. Mt thanh dn c in tr R v khi
lng m c th trt khng ma st trn hai ray. Thanh ny c ni vi
mt si dy mnh khng gin vt qua mt rng rc c nh v u kia ca
dy c treo mt vt c khi lng M. on dy gia thanh v rng rc nm
trong mt phng cha hai ray v song song vi chng. H trn c t
trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B hng thng ng ln trn (xem
hnh v). Ban u gi cho h ng yn, ri th nh ra. B qua in tr ca
hai thanh ray. Hy xc nh:
a) Vn tc n nh ca thanh.
b) Gia tc ca thanh thi im vn tc ca n bng mt na vn tc
n nh.

Nguyn Quang Minh (H Ni)










TH5/2. Mt qu cu trong sut, chit sut n, t trong khng kh. Trn
ng thng ng i qua tm qu cu, pha trn qu cu v cch mt
cu mt khong h, c t mt vt nh (coi nh mt ngun sng im). Lc
t = 0 th vt khng vn tc ban u cho ri t do. Hy xc nh vn tc ca

B

m
M
P
0
7
nh thi im t (trong khi ang ri). Ch xt nh to ra do mt ln khc
x.
Nguyn Xun Quang (H Ni)


Cu hi trc nghim

TN1/2 Cho s mch in nh hnh v.
Nu in th B bng 0: V
B
= 0 th in
th A v D s l:
A) V
A
= -1,5V, V
D
= +2V
B) V
A
= +1,5V, V
D
= +2V
C) V
A
= +1,5V, V
D
= +0,5V
D) V
A
= +1,5V, V
D
= -0,5V

TN2/2 Trong s mch in hnh bn in tch(tnh theo n
v C) trn mt t 2F v trn t 1F tng ng l:
A) 1 ; 2 B) 2 ; 1
C) 1 ; 1 D) 2 ; 2

TN3/2 Mt v tinh a tnh (l v tinh ng yn tng i so vi
mt t) c qu o cao 6R so vi mt t (R l bn knh tri t).
Chu k quay ca mt v tinh cao 2,5R so vi mt t l:
A) 2 6 gi B) 10 gi
C)
3
5 5
gi D) khng c gi tr no trn ng.

TN4/2 Mt ngi nng 80 kg leo ln mt cu thang. Trong 10 s ngi
leo ln cao c 6 m tnh theo phng thng ng. Cho g = 9,8m/s
2
. Cng
sut ngi thc hin c tnh theo hp (m lc, 1hp = 745,7W) l:
A) 0,63 hp B) 1,26 hp
C) 1,80 hp D) 2,10 hp

TN5/2 Trn hnh bn l th chuyn ng mt chiu ca
mt cht im c khi lng 4 kg. cc thi im t = 1 v t
= 5s ng lng ca cht im tng ng l:
A) 0 ; 0 B) 0 ; -3 kgms
-1
C) +3 kgms
-1
; 0 D) +3 kgms
-1
; -3 kgms
-1



A B C D
2V 1,5 1A 2,5
2V
2
1
2
0
3
4
t (s)
X (m)
8
nh chnh

Trong S 1 Vt L & Tui Tr, thng 9 nm 2003, do s sut ca BBT, c mt s
li sau:

1) Bi Li , to , pha ban u trong dao ng iu ho, trang 15 ct 2,
mc c) dng 3 in sai l x > 0 nay xin sa li l v> 0 v mc d) xin b i
dng = 0. Vy ptd c dng x = 4sin(10t)(cm).

2) Bi Cc phn t phi tuyn trong mch in, trang 9 ct 2, xin b i
ng ni nm ngang qua G hnh 2.

BBT thnh tht xin li cc tc gi v bn c.
Ting Anh Vt l

Problem. Figure 1 shows a pirate ship, moored 560m from a fort
defending the harbor entrance of an island, The harbor defense cannon,
located at sea level, muzzle velocity of 82m/s.
a) To what angle must the cannon be elevated to hit the pirate ship?
b) What are times of flight for the elevation angles calculated above?
c) How far should the pirate ship be from the fort if it is to be beyond range
of the cannon balls?

Solution. As known, the equation of the trajectory of the ball is:
2
2 2
0
cos 2
) (tan x
v
g
x y

= (1)
where is the elevation angle anh v
0
is the muzzle velocity. To find the
horizotal range of the ball, let us put x = R and y = 0 in Eq. (1), after a little
rearrangemant, obtaining:
2 sin
2
0
g
v
R = (2)



Solving Eq. (2) for yields
9
816 , 0
) 82 (
8 , 9 . 560
2 sin
2 2
0
= = =
v
Rg
= 27
0
v = 63
0

The commandant of the fort can elevate the guns to either of these two
angles and hit the pirate ship.
b) As known, the horizontal position of the ball is given by the equation:

t v x ) cos (
0
= (3)
Solving Eq. (3) for t gives, for = 27
0
,
s
v
R
v
x
t 7 , 7
27 cos . 82
560
cos cos
0
0 0
= = = =


Repeating the calculation for = 63
0
yields t = 15s. It is reasonable that the
time of flight for the higher elevation angle should be larger.

c) We have known that the maximum range corresponds to an elevation
angle of 45
0
. Thus, from Eq. (2)
m
g
v
R 690 ) 45 2 sin(
8 , 9
) 82 (
2 sin
0
2 2
0
= = =
As the pirate ship sails away, the two elevation angles at which the ship
can be hit draw closer together, eventually merging at = 45
0
when the
ship is 690m away. Beyond that point the ship is safe.g

T mi:
pirate: cp bin
(to) moor: neo
fort: pho i
(to) defend: phng th
cannon: pho, i bc
sea level: mc nc bin
muzzle velocity: vn tc u nng (sng)
elevated angle: gc tm
(to) hit: bn trng
(the) commandant (of the fort): ngi ch huy (pho i)
the time fight: thi gian bay
Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l

Em gi Wigner...
Dirac ly em gi nh vt l l thuyt ni ting Eugenes P. Wigner (gii
thng Nobel v vt l nm 1963). t lu sau, mt v khch cha hay bit g
v s kin ny ti thm ng. Trong lc hai ngi ang hng say tr
chuyn, th mt ph n tr bc vo phng. B i li rt t nhin, rt tr
10
mi khch, ngha l x s nh mt b ch. Lt sau, Dirac nhn thy s
lng tng ca khch mi v trn tht ln: Xin li, ti qun cha gii thiu,
y l ... em gi ca Wigner!

Tnh nhn v nhng con la...
Hun tc Kelvin (Thomson) mt ln buc phi ngh bui dy, ng vit trn
bng: Prof. Thomson will not meet his classes today (Hm nay gio s
Thomson khng gp hc tr). L sinh vin tinh nghch quyt nh a gio
s bn xo ch c trong t classes. Ngy hm sau, khi nhn thy dng
ch , Thomson khng h lng tng, ng ly d lau bng xo i mt ch
ci na trong t , ri im lng b i. (Ting Anh classes: c ngha l lp;
lasses c ngha l cc tnh nhn, cn asses c ngha l nhng con la).

Mt triu bng Anh v 20 tp bn tho...
Kavendish l nh vt l thc nghim v i nht thi i ng. ng sng
mt cuc sng rt n c v kn o. ng khng h c bn v rt s ph
n, ngay vi c phc v ca mnh ng cng khng bao gi chuyn tr, mi
cng vic giao cho c ng u ghi ra giy v trn bn.
Sau khi ng qua i ngi ta pht hin ra ng cn 1 triu bng Anh v 20
tp bn tho m t nhng nghin cu rt c o m ng tin hnh,
nhng lc sinh thi ng cho rng khng ng cng b.

Ngh vo lc no?
Mt ln, vo bui ti Rutherford gh qua phng th nghim. Mc d lc
mun, nhng ng thy mt trong s rt nhiu hc tr ca ng vn ang
cm ci bn cc dng c th nghim.
- Anh lm g m mun th? - Gio s hi
- Em lm vic .
- Th ban ngy anh lm g?
- Tha gio s, em cng lm vic .
- Th sng sm anh cng lm vic ?
- Vng, tha gio s, bui sng sm em cng lm vic Ngi hc tr
p v h hng i li khen t v gio s ni ting.
Rutherford cau mt v nghim ging hi:
- Th anh suy ngh vo lc no?

S rt bun...
Nh vt l M gc c James Frank (sinh nm 1882 v nhn c gii
thng Nobel v vt l nm 1925) mt ln k rng:
11
- My hm trc mnh va m c gp Karl Runge (nh ton hc c,
1856-1927) v hi ng ta: Bc sng th gii bn kia th no? Chc
mi nh lut vt l u bit ht ri ch? - ng ta tr li: y, ngi
ta cho la chn: c th bit tt c hoc ch bit nhng g bit trn mt
t. Mnh chn ci th hai, v nu khng s rt bun...

P.V.T (Su tm v gii thiu)
G GG Gi ii ii thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi i thiu cc thi

HNG DN GII THI CHN HC SINH GII TON QUC,
MN VT L - Nm hc 2002-2003
Ngy thi th nht : 12/3/2003
(Xem Vt l & Tui tr, S 1, thng 9/2003)
Bng A

Bi I : C hc
Cc thnh phn vn tc ca A v B
dc theo thanh bng nhau nn:
v
B
= v
A
cos(60
0
- )/cos= ) tg
2
3
2
1
( v
0
+
Chn trc Oy nh hnh v, A c to :
y= Lsin y= Lcos. =
v
0
cos30
0
.
Vn tc gc ca thanh:
= =
cos L
30 cos v
0
0
=
cos L 2
3 v
0
.
Gia tc ca B: a =
dt
dv
B
= =

'
cos 2
3
v
2
0

3
2
0
cos L 4
v 3


2. Cc lc ma st ngh c ln cc i l:
F
1max
= k
1
m
1
g ; F
2max
= k
2
( m
1
+ m
2
)g
1/ F F
2max
th a
1
= a
2
= 0
2/ F > F
2max
th vn 2 chuyn ng v chu tc dng ca cc lc :
F, F
2max
v lc ma st F
1
gia hai vn. C hai kh nng :
a) F
1
F
1max
,

vn 1 gn vi vn 2. Hai vn cng chuyn ng vi gia tc:
a =
2 1
max 2
m m
F F
+

. Lc truyn gia tc a cho m

1
l F
1
: F
1
=m
1
2 1
max 2
m m
F F
+

k
1
m
1
g
F ( k
1
+k
2
)(m
1
+m
2
)g
iu kin hai tm vn cng chuyn ng vi gia tc a l:
k
2
( m
1
+ m
2
)g < F ( k
1
+k
2
)(m
1
+m
2
)g. Thay s: 4,5N < F 6N
b) F = F
1max
. Vn 1 trt trn vn 2 v vn i sang phi vi gia tc a
1
0
v

A
B
P
1



Hnh 1
P
2


y
O
12
a
1
< a
2
; F
1max
= k
1
m
1
g = m
1
a
1
; a
1
= k
1
g
Vn 2 chu F, F
1max
, F
2max
v c gia tc a
2
:
a
2
=
2
2 1 2 1 1
m
g ) m m ( k g m k F +

iu kin a
2
- a
1
=
2
m
1
{F - ( k
1
+k
2
)(m
1
+m
2
)g}> 0 l F>(k
1
+k
2
)(m
1
+m
2
)g
Thay s: F 4,6N : a
1
= a
2
= 0 ; hai vt ng yn
4,5N < F 6N : hai vt c cng gia tc: a
1
= a
2
=
5 , 1
5 , 4 F

F > 6N : Vt 1 c a
1
= 1m/s
2
; vt 2 c a
2
= ( 5 F )

Bi II : Nhit hc
1. Qu trnh 1 - 2 :
1
1
2
2
V
p
V
p
=
1
1
2
1 2
V 3
p
p
V V = = ;

1
1 1
2 2
1 2
T 9
V p
V p
T T = = = 2700
0
K
Qu trnh 2-3:
3 / 5
2
3
2
2 3
4
3
P
V
V
P P |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

0,619P
2
= 1,857 P
1

( thay V
3
= V
4
)

2
3 / 2
2
1
3
2
2 3
T 825 , 0
4
3
T
V
V
T T = |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

= 7,43T
1
=2229
0
K
Qu trnh 4 - 1 : T
4
= T
1
1
4
V
V
= 4T
1
= 1200
0
K
2. Qu trnh 1- 2 : U
1-2
=C
V
( T
2
-T
1
) = 8C
V
T
1
= 12RT
1

A
1-2
=( p
2
+ p
1
)(V
2
-V
1
)/2 = 4p
1
V
1
= 4RT
1

Q
1-2
= U
1-2
+A
1-2
=16RT
1

Qu trnh 2-3:
A
2-3
= - U
2-3
= - C
V
( T
3
-T
2
) = 2,355 RT
1
; Q
2-3
= 0.
Qu trnh 3- 4: U
3-4
= C
V
( T
4
-T
3
) = - 5,145RT
1
; A
3-4
= 0
Q
3-4
= U
3-4
+ A
3-4
= - 5,145RT
1

Qu trnh 4- 1: U
4-1
= C
V
( T
1
-T
4
) = - 4,5RT
1

A
4-1
= p
1
(V
1
-V
4
) = - 3p
1
V
1
=- 3RT
1

Q
4-1
= U
4-1
+ A
4-1
= - 7,5RT
1

A = A
1-2
+ A
2-3
+ A
3-4
+ A
4-1
= 4RT
1
+2,355 RT
1
- 3RT
1
= 3,355RT
1

Nhit lng kh nhn l: Q = Q
1-2
=16RT
1

=
2 1
Q
A

= 20,97% 21%.
3. Vi phn hai v: pV=RT (1) ; pV
-1
=hs
pdV +Vdp=RdT
- pV
-2
dV +V
-1
dp = 0 . Gii h: pdV = Vdp = 0,5RdT
13
dQ = C
V
dT + pdV= 1,5RdT+0,5RdT= 2RdT
C = dQ /dT = 2R =hs

Bi III: in hc
K hiu v quy c chiu dng ca cc
dng nh hnh v v gi q l in tch bn t ni vi
B. Lp h:
i
C
= i
1
+ i
2
(1)
L
'
1
i -2L
'
2
i = 0 (2)
L
'
1
i = q/C (3)
i = - q (4)
o hm hai v ca (1) v (3):
i
C
= i
1
+ i
2
(1)
Li
1
- 2Li
2
= 0 (2)
Li
1
= - i
C
/C (3) ; i
C
=
C
i
LC 2
3
.
Phng trnh chng t i
C
dao ng iu ho vi
LC 2
3
= :
i
C =
I
0
sin(t +) (5) T (2) (Li
1
- 2Li
2
)=hs
i
1
- 2i
2
= hs. Ti t = 0 th i
1
= I
1
, i
2
= 0 i
1
- 2i
2
= I
1
(6)
i
1
+ i
2
= i
C
= I
0C
sin(t +). Gii h: i
1
=
3
I
1
+
3
I 2
C 0
sin(t +).
i
2
=
3
I
C 0
sin(t +) -
3
I
1
; u
AB
= q/C =L
'
1
i =
3
I 2
C 0
LCcos(t +).
Ti thi im t = 0 i
1
= I
1
; i
2
= 0 ; u
AB
= 0 : Gii h: I
0C
=I
1
; = /2;

p s: i
1
=
3
I
1
+
3
I 2
1
cos
LC 2
3
t .

i
2
=
3
I
1
cos
LC 2
3
t -
3
I
1


thi im t
1
m K
2
: i
1
= 0 , t (6) i
2
= - 0,5I
1
. V V
A
<V
B
nn khng c
dng qua , ch c dao ng trong mch L
2
C vi T= LC 2 2 v nng lng
L
2
I
2
1
. Bin dao ng l I
0
: 2L
2
I
2
0
= L
2
I
2
1
I
0
=
2
I
1
. Chn mc tnh thi gian
t t
1
:
Khi t =t
1
= 0 i
1
= 0 , t (6) i
2
= - 0,5I
1
; i =
2
I
1
sin(
LC 2
t
+ )
u
AB
= -2Li= - 2L
LC 2
I
1
cos(
LC 2
t
+) < 0. Gii h: = -/4
L
2

L
1

C
D
Hnh 2
A
B
i
1
i
C

14
i =
2
I
1
sin(
LC 2
t
- /4 )
n thi im t
2
tip theo th u
AB
bng 0 v i sang du dng.
u
AB
= - 2L
LC 2
I
1
cos(
LC 2
t
2
--/4 ) = 0 t
2
=
4
LC 2
.

T thi im ny c dng qua c hai cun dy, trong mch c dao ng
in t vi T= 3 / LC 2 2 . Ta s chng minh c t thi im t
2
lun c dng
qua it. Tng t nh trn, trong h c dao ng in t vi
LC 2
3
= ; i
1
- 2i
2

= I
1
i
1
+ i
2
= i
C
= I
0C
sin{(t-t
2
) +}.
i
1
=
3
1
I
1
+
3
2
I
0C
sin{(t-t
2
) +}
i
2
=
3
1
I
0C
sin{(t-t
2
) +}
3
1
I
1
; u
AB
= q/C =L
'
1
i =
3
2
I
0C
LCcos{(t-t
2
)
+}.
Vi iu kin ban u: t = t
2
; i
1
= 0 ; u = 0 suy ra: = - /2; I
0C
= I
1
/2
i
1
=
3
I 2
1
{1- co(t-t
2
)}=
3
I 2
1
{1- cos(
LC 3
2
t-
4
3
)} 0 (pcm)
Kt lun: vi 0< t <
4
LC 2

th i
1
= 0; vi t
4
LC 2
th
i =
3
I 2
1
{1- cos(
LC 3
2
t -
4
3
)}



Bng B
Bi I: C hc
1. Xem li gii Cu 1, Bng A
2. Cc lc ma st ngh c ln cc i bng ma st trt:
F
1max
= k
1
m
1
g = 0,5N ; F
2max
= k
2
( m
1
+ m
2
)g = 3N
Nu hai tm vn chuyn ng nh mt khi th c gia tc chung l: a: a
=
2 1
max 2
m m
F F
+

=
2
s / m
3
4
Mt khc lc truyn gia tc a cho m
1
l F
1
:
ch c th gy gia tc cc i l
i
1

O
t
2

t
2
+T
3
I 2
1

t
15
a
1max
=
1
1 1
m
g m k
= k
1
g = 1
2
s
m
< a. iu chng t hai vn chuyn ng
ring r v vn 1 chuyn ng chm hn vn 2. Vn 2 chu cc lc F, F
2max
v
F
1max
. N c gia tc
a
2
=
2
2
max 2 max 1
s
m
5 , 1
1
3 5 , 0 5
m
F F F
=

=


Bi II - Nhit hc
Xem li gii Bi II, Bng A
Bi III- in hc:
Xem li gii Cu 1, Bi III, Bng A.







Hng dn gii
thi tuyn khi chuyn l
HKHTN - HQG H Ni - 2003
( Xem Vt l & Tui tr, s 1 - thng 9 nm 2003)

Cu 1
Khi ngi th 3 xut pht th ngi th nht cch A 5km, ngi th 2 cch
A l 6km. Gi t
1
v t
2
l thi gian t khi ngi th 3 xut pht cho n khi
gp ngi th nht v th hai ta c:

)
`

+ =
+ =
2 2 3
1 1 3
12 6
10 5
t t v
t t v
12
6
12
5
3
2
3
1

=
v
t
v
t

Theo bi: t = t
2
- t
1
= 1 nn
1
10
5
12
6
3 3
=

v v

0 120 23
3
2
3
= + v v

=
+
=
h km
h km
v
/ 8
/ 15
2
7 23
2
480 23 23
2
3

nghim cn phi tm ln hn v
1
, v
2
nn ta c:
v
3
= 15km/h

Cu 2
16
Phng trnh cn bng nhit th nht din t qu trnh cc nc tan mt
phn ba l:
10 ) (
3
1
c c m
M
+ = (1)
Mc d nc mi tan c mt phn ba nhng thy ngay l d nc c
tan ht th mc nc trong cc cng nh vy.
Do lng nc nng thm vo mc nc trong trng thi cui
cng tng ln gp i phi l m + M. Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit
th hai l:
c M m c c m Mc M ) ( 30 ) ( 10 10
3
2
1
+ = + + +
hay
10 ) 2 ( 20
3
2
1
c c m M c = |

\
|
(2)
Chia phng trnh (1) v (2) loi M v m ta c:
1
1
2 60 2 c c
c c
c
+
=

1
2
) 60 3 ( 60 c c c =
c
c
c
20
20
2
1

=


= kg J c / 1400
10 2 , 4 20 10 36 , 3
10 2 , 4 20
3 5
6 2
1

Cu 3
1) in tr vn k rt ln nn
0
0
0
U
R R
R U
IR U
V
V
V V

+
= =
U
0
= 30V
Nu thay vn k bng ampek
I
A
= 5A. Vy: = = 6
0
0
A
I
U
R












-



V
M
R
U
I

M

+

-



A
M
R
U
N

+

17

2) Xt mch in theo hnh 1.
t R
MC
= x
R
MN
= R - x (0 < x < R)
x R
x R
x R
R
MN
+
+

=
1
1

Tng tr ca mch in:
x R
x R
x R
R R R R
MN t
+
+
+ = + =
1
1
0 0

















Cng dng in trong mch chnh
t
R
U
I
0
=


x R R
x R
x R
U
I
+ +
+
=
0
1
1
0
(1)
x R
IR
I
I I I
x
R
I
I
I
A
A
A
+
=

= +
=
1
1
1
1
(2)
t (1) vo (2):

) ( ) )( (
1 0
1 0 1
1 0
x y
R U
x R x R R x R
R U
I
A
=
+ + +
= (3)

-



A
M
R
U
N

+

V
Hnh 1
I
I
A
I
1
R
1
x

R -
C

18
Do tch U
0
R
1
khng i nn dng I
A
cc tiu khi mu s t gi tr cc i
mt gi tr xc nh ca x.
Biu thc mu s c dng:
1 0 0
2
) ( ) ( ) ( R R R x R R x x y + + + + =
Thm v bt i
2
0
2
|

\
| + R R
ta c th vit:
2
0
1 0
2
0
2
) (
2
) (
(

+
+ + |

\
| +
=
R R
x R R R
R R
x y
Hm y(x) c gi tr cc i khi x = x
0

2
0
0
R R
x
+
= (4)
v |

\
| +
+ + =
4
) (
0
1 0 max
R R
R R R y (5)
Theo u bi: V U I x
V
12
min 0
= =
= = = 12
1
12
min
0
I
U
x
V
(6)
(Ch : gi tr c th tnh ngay t u)
S dng (4) ta c:
= = = 18 6 12 2 2
0 0
R x R
R = 18 (7)
S dng (3) ta c:
|

\
| +
+ +
=
4
) (
0
1 0
1 0
min
R R
R R R
R U
I (8)
t:U
0
= 30V, R
0
= 6, R = 18 ta c:
|

\
| +

=
4
24 4
24
30
1
1
R
R
I
R
1
= 24

Cu 4








A

B
1

F
1

I
1

O

A

O

B
2

I
2

F
2

A
B
x
a
1
f
2
f
19



1) Da vo cc cp tam gic ng dng:
O
1
AB ~ O
1
A
1
B
1
F
1
I
1
O
1
~ F
1
A
1
B
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
F O
F O A O
F O A O
F O
A O
A O
B A
AB
F A
F O
B A
AB
A O
A O

=
=

cm
f x
x f
F O A O
A O F O
A O 60
20 30
30 20
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
=

=
Tng t:
O
2
AB ~ O
2
A
2
B
2

F
1
O
2
I
2
~ F
2
A
2
B
2

A O F O
F O A O
A O
F O
A O F O
F A
F O
A O
A O
B A
AB
F A
F O
B A
AB
A O
A O
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2

= =

=
=

cm A O 24
15 40
40 15
2 2
=

=
nh A
2
B
2
l nh o.
2) Hai nh cng chiu l nh o khi: a < f
1
+ f
2

Do
A O O F
A O A F
O F
A F
A O
A O
AB
B A
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2

= = =
x x A O O F
F O
AB
B A
+
=

=

=
5
40
) 45 ( 40
40
2 2 2
2 2 2 2

Mt khc:
x A O O F
O F
O F
A F
A O
A O
AB
B A

= = =
20
20
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1

V: A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1

x x
=
20
20
5
40

x = 15cm

Cu 5:
1) Khi vn k V mc vo P v Q
)
`

= + =
= + =
60
60
5 4 45
3 2 23
R R R
R R R

20
in tr tng ng ca on mch MN l = = 30
2
23
R
R
MN

in tr ton mch l: R
1
+ R
MN
= 40
cng dng in trong mch chnh:
A
R R
U
I
MN
5 , 1
40
60
1
= = =
Do dng in qua R
2
v R
4
l: I
2
= I
4
= I/2 = 0,75A
V I R I R U
PQ
15 20 75 , 0
2 2 4 4
= = =
2) Khi thay V bi n, do: R
2
= R
5
; R
3
= R
4

Nn: I
2
= I
5
; I
4
= I
3
Vy I = I
2
+ I
3
v I

= I
2
- I
3
= 0,4A (1)
Li c:
U = U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
= (I
2
+ I
3
)R
1
+ R
2
I
2
+ R
3
I
3

60 = 10(I
2
+ I
3
) + 20I
2
+ 40I
3

6 = 3I
2
+ 5I
3
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:

+ =
=
3 2
3 2
5 3 6
2 , 1 3 3
I I
A I I

Do :

= =
= =
5 2
4 3
1
6 , 0
I A I
I A I

Mt khc,
d d d MN
R I I R R I U
5 3 3
+ = =
0,6. 40 = R

. 0,4 + 1.20
hay: R

= 10
* Ch thch:
C th chng minh nh sau:
U
MN
= I
2
R
2
+ I
3
R
3
= I
2
R
2
+ I

+ I
5
R
5
= I
5
R
5
T :

+ =
+ =
2 2 4 4
5 5 3 3
R I R I R I
R I R I R I
d d
d d

V: R
3
= R
4
; R
2
= R
5
T hai phng trnh trn
(I
3
- I
4
)R
3
= (I
5
- I
2
)R
2

(I
3
- I
4
)40 = (I
5
- I
2
)20
2(I
3
- I
4
) = I
5
- I
2
(1)
Li c: I
2
+ I
4
= I
3
+ I
5

Hay: I
3
- I
4
= I
2
- I
5
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) ta thy ngay: I
3
= I
4
v do : I
2
= I
5
.

21
GIP BN N THI I HC

MT S BI TON M RNG
T MT BI TON QUANG HNH C BN

Nguyn Ngc Lc
S GD & T H Tnh
I. t vn
M rng mt bi ton c bn c th gii c mt bi ton tng qut hn l
mt vn ta thng gp trong nhiu phn kin thc khc nhau. i vi ngi
hc, vn quan trng l phi nhn bit c bi ton tng qut c m
rng t bi ton c bn no? T bit s dng kin thc ca bi ton c bn
lm cng c gii bi ton tng qut. Sau y, ti xin phn tch mt vi bi ton
m rng nh th phn Quang hnh hc - Vt l lp 12, hy vng bn c s c
cch nhn nhn loi bi ton ny d dng hn.
II. Bi ton c bn (Bi tp 7, SGK Vt l 12 trang 141)
t mt vt sng AB song song vi mn nh v cch n mt on L = 90cm.
Sau t mt thu knh hi t xen gia vt v mn nh sao cho trc chnh ca
n qua A v vung gc vi AB. X dch thu knh dc theo phng trc chnh,
ngi ta thy c hai v tr ca thu knh, ti c nh r nt ca AB hin trn
mn nh. Hai v tr ny cch nhau mt khong l = 30cm. Tnh tiu c f ca thu
knh.
Gii: Chng ti s trnh by cch gii tng qut lm c s cho vic m rng
di y. Theo ra, ta c:
d + d

= L d

= L d (1).
Thay vo cng thc thu knh (TK): 1/f = 1/d + 1/d

ta c:
d
2
Ld + Lf = 0 (2)
Vic c tm c v tr TK ph hp vi iu kin ca bi hay khng tng
ng vi phng trnh (2) c nghim hay khng, tc ph thuc vo du ca
Lf L 4
2
= .
+ Khi Lf L 4
2
= < 0 (tc L < 4f) Phng trnh (2) v nghim, tc l khng
tm c v tr no ca TK.
+ Khi Lf L 4
2
= = 0 (tc L = 4f) Phng trnh (2) c mt nghim, tc tm
c mt v tr duy nht ca TK. V tr ny trung im M ca khong cch gia
vt v mn.
+ Khi Lf L 4
2
= > 0 (tc L > 4f) Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim, tc l tm
c hai v tr phn bit ca TK. Hai v tr ny i xng nhau qua im M.

p dng cho bi ton trn (c hai v tr TK cho nh r nt) th hai nghim ca (2)
l:
22
2 / ) 4 (
2
1
Lf L L d + = v ; 2 / ) 4 (
2
2
Lf L L d =
L l L f Lf L d d l 4 / ) ( 4
2 2 2
2 1
= = =
Thay s ta c: f = 20 (cm).
III. Mt s bi ton m rng
1) Bi ton m rng th nht
a- Cho h hai thu knh L
1
v L
2
cng trc chnh, c tiu c ln lt l: f
1
= 10cm;
f
2
= - 20cm, cch nhau mt khong a = 10cm (H.1). t vt sng AB trc TK L
1

mt khong 20cm (A nm trn trc chnh). Xc nh v tr, tnh cht v phng
i nh cho bi h.
b- Gi c nh AB v thu knh L
2
. Dch chuyn thu knh L
1
trong khong t AB
n thu knh L
2
. Hi c v tr no na ca L
1
nh qua h vn v tr nh cu a
khng?












Gii:
a- Ta c s to nh:




Trong d
1
= 20cm d

1
= 20cm d
2
= a d

1
= -10cm d

2
= 20cm. (nh
A
2
B
2
tht, nm sau thu knh L
2
mt khong 20cm).
phng i nh qua h: k = ) / )( / (
2
'
2 1
'
1
d d d d = -2, tc l nh A
2
B
2
ngc
chiu AB v cao hn AB 2 ln.

b) Khi gi c nh AB v thu knh L
2
dch chuyn L
1
, mun cho nh qua quang
h vn v tr nh cu a, th nh A
1
B
1
ca AB qua L
1
cng phi ng v tr nh
cu a. n y ta thy vic tm v tr ca L
1
c th dng bi ton c bn trn.
C th: L = AA
1
= 40cm = 4f
1
vy ch c v tr duy nht ( l v tr cu a).
2. Bi ton m rng th hai
Mt im sng S t trn trc chnh ca thu knh hi t L c tiu c f = 30cm,
cch thu knh 40cm.
Hnh 1
A
2
B
2
AB A
1
B
1
L
1
L
2
d
1
d

1
d

2
d
2
B

O
2

A

O
1
A
2
B
2
AB A
1
B
1
L
1
L
2
d
1
d

1
d

2
d
2
23
a) Xc nh v tr nh S
1
ca S.
b) t ti v tr nh S
1
ca S ( xc nh cu a) mt gng cu lm c tiu
c f
g
= 52cm cng trc chnh vi thu knh L, mt phn x quay v pha S.
Thay thu knh L bng thu knh hi t L
1
t cng trc chnh vi gng .
Xc nh tiu c ca thu knh L
1
khi dch chuyn L
1
trong khong gia
S v gng sao cho trc chnh L
1
v gng lun trng nhau th thy:
1- C bn v tr ca L
1
m chm sng t S sau khi qua thu knh, gng v
thu knh ln th hai li tr v S.
2- C ba v tr ca L
1
m chm sng t S sau khi qua thu knh, gng v
thu knh ln th hai li tr v S.
3- C hai v tr ca L
1
m chm sng t S sau khi qua thu knh, gng v
thu knh ln th hai li tr v S.
4- C mt v tr ca L
1
m chm sng t S sau khi qua thu knh, gng v
thu knh ln th hai li tr v S.
5- Khng c v tr no ca L
1
m chm sng t S sau khi qua thu knh,
gng v thu knh ln th hai li tr v S.

Gii:
a) V tr nh S
1
c xc nh bi ) ( 120
30 43
30 40
'
cm
f d
df
d =

=
Ta c s to nh:




S
3
trng vi S th S
2
phi trng vi S
1
. iu ny xy ra trong hai trng hp
sau:
+ Khi S
1
trng vi tm gng C (H.2).
+ Khi S
2
trng vi nh gng G (H.3).








Nhn xt: Ta thy SC = 56cm < SG = 160cm, theo bi ton c bn trn:
1. Nu SC = 56 cm > 4f
1
th khi dch chuyn thu knh L
1
trong khong t S n
tm gng C s c hai v tr ca thu knh L
1
m S
1
trng vi C v khi nu dch
chuyn thu knh L
1
trong khong t S n nh gng G cng c hai v tr ca
H.2

G C
S
1
S
2
O

S

S
3
C

G
S
1
S
2

S
S
3
H.3

S
2 S S
1
L

d
1
d

1
G

d

2
d
2
L

d

3
d
3
S
3
24
thu knh L
1
cho S
1
trng vi G. Nh vy khi f
1
< 14cm th c bn v tr ca thu
knh L
1
cho S
3
trng vi S. Cc v tr ph thuc vo gi tr ca f
1
.
2. Mun cho c ba v tr ca thu knh L
1
cho S
3
trng vi S th f
1
= 14cm. Khi
cc v tr ca L
1
c xc nh bi d
1
ln lt l:
+ d
1
= 2f
1
= 2.14 = 28(cm).
+ d
1
l nghim ca phng trnh: d
2
160d + 160 . 14 = 0
d
1
144,5 (cm); d
1
15,5 (cm)
3. Mun cho c hai v tr ca thu knh L
1
cho S
3
trng vi S th 14cm < f
1
< 40cm.
Khi hai v tr ca L
1
ph thuc vo gi tr ca f
1
.
4. Mun cho c mt v tr ca thu knh L
1
cho S
3
trng vi S th f
1
= 40cm. Khi
v tr L
1
c xc nh bi d
1
= 2.f
1
= 2.40 = 80 (cm).
5. Khi f
1
> 40cm th khng c v tr no ca thu knh L
1
cho S
3
trng S.

Ch : Bi ton m rng ny mun lm r cc tnh hung c th gp, thc t
trong thi thng ch cp n mt vi tnh hung no v vy s lm hc
sinh kh nhn bit bi ton hn.
3. Bi ton m rng th ba
1.Cho mt h gm hai thu knh L
1
v L
2
cng trc chnh, cch nhau mt on a
= 12cm, c tiu c ln lt: f
1
= -10cm v f
2
= 15cm. t vt sng AB vung gc
vi trc chnh ca thu knh (A nm trn trc chnh), trc L
1
mt on 40cm. Tm
v tr mn M nh qua h hin r nt trn mn.
2.Gi nguyn vt AB, thu knh L
1
v mn M. Thay thu knh L
2
bng thu knh L
3

c tiu c f
3
bng bao nhiu khi dch chuyn L
3
trong khong L
1
n mn M
(lun cng trc vi L
1
) ta thu c hai v tr ca L
3
cho nh r nt trn mn v hai
nh ny ln hn nhau bn ln?

Gii:
1- Ta c s to nh:






Trong d
1
= 40cm ) ( 8 ) 10 40 /( ) 10 ( 40 ) /(
1 1 1
'
1
cm f d f d d = + = =
) ( 20 ) 8 ( 12
'
1 2
cm d a d = = =
) ( 60 ) 15 20 /( 15 20 ) /(
2 2 2 2
'
2
cm f d f d d = = =
2.Khi gi nguyn AB v thu knh L
1
th A
1
B
1
cng c nh, khong cch L = A
1
A
2

= d

2
+ d
2
= 80cm. p dng bi ton c bn trn, iu kin c v tr ca L
3
cho
A
2
B
2
AB A
1
B
1
L
1
L
2
d
1
d

1
d

2
d
2
25
nh r nt trn mn l: f
3
< L/4 = 20cm. Hai v tr ca L
3
c xc nh bi d
2
l
nghim ca phng trnh: d
2
Ld + Lf = 0
2 / ) 4 (
2
1 2
Lf L L d + =

v
1 2
2
2 2
2 / ) 4 (

= d Lf L L d .
nh ny ln gp bn ln nh kia th: k
2-2
/ k
2-1
= 4, vi k
2-1
= - d
2-2
/ d
2-1
v k
2-2
= -
d
2-1
/d
2-2
d
2-1
= 2d
2-2
mt khc d
2-1
+ d
2-2
= L = 80cm d
1-2
= 160/3(cm); d
2-2
=
80/3(cm). Hai v tr ca L
3
cch nhau mt khong l = d
2-1
d
2-2
= 80/3 (cm), vy
tiu c ca thu knh L
3
l:
f
3
= (L
2
l
2
)/4L = 160/9 (cm) 17,8 (cm).
Ch : bi ton c nghim th: f
3
< 20cm v d
2-1
, d
2-2
> 8cm. bi ton ny,
hai iu kin trn u tho mn.
Chuyn /trao i

Mch dao ng Mch dao ng Mch dao ng Mch dao ng

Trong bi bo ny chng ti cp ti mt s bi ton kh th v trong phn t c
bn l mt mch dao ng (MD) nhm o su v nng cao kin thc c cung
cp trong sch gio khoa vt l lp 12. Nh bit mch dao ng thng gm mt
cun cm, mt t in v i khi c c in tr thun mc ni tip vi nhau. Bi ton c
bn i vi MD l xc nh s ph thuc thi gian ca dng in trong mch hoc hiu
in th trn cc phn t ca n vi cc iu kin ban u cho trc.

Cc qu trnh din ra trong MD, nh bit, c m t bi mt phng trnh vi phn
tuyn tnh cp hai (ging nh phng trnh vi phn m t dao ng iu ho) vi nghim
tng qut cha hai hng s cha bit. Hai hng s ny s c xc nh t cc iu kin
ban u. iu ny gii thch ti sao tm nghim ta cn phi bit cng dng in
ban u v hiu in th ban u, v d nh trn hai bn t in, chng hn.

Tuy nhin, trong cc bi ton v MD ngi ta thng khng yu cu tm nghim tng
qut, m yu cu tm mt tham s c th no , chng hn nh gi tr cc i ca
cng dng in hay hiu in th cc i hai u t in. gii nhng bi tp loi
ny, ngi ta thng dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v nhng suy lun vt l
chung. Chng hn, khi dng in trong MD cc i, sut in ng (s..) cm ng
trong cun dy bng khng v nu in tr thun ca mch bng khng th h..t. trn t
in cng bng khng. Hoc nu h..t. trn t t cc i th dng in trong mch bng
khng.

By gi chng ta s xt tng bi ton c th. vic trnh by c h thng chng ta
s bt u t mt bi ton n gin c xt trong sch gio khoa.

V d 1. Trong mch dao ng LC (H.1), thi im ban u kho K m v t C c
np in n h..t U
0
. Tm s ph thuc ca h..t trn t v cng dng in trong
mch vo thi gian sau khi ng kho K.
26



Ngay sau khi ng kho K, h..t trn t u(0) = U
0
, cn cng dng in trong mch
i(0) = 0. Gi s ti mt thi im ty sau khi K ng, dng in chy trong mch i ra
t bn tch in dng ca t in. Theo nh lut Ohm (m) ta c :
u Li = '
V ' Cu i = , ta c:
0
1
' ' = + u
LC
u

y chnh l phng trnh vi phn quen thuc m t dao ng iu ho m chng ta
bit. Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny c dng:

t B t A t u
0 0
sin cos ) ( + =
trong LC / 1
0
= - tn s dao ng ring ca MD, A v B la hai hng s c tm
t iu kin ban u. t iu kin ban u th nht u(0) = U
0
vo nghim trn, ta tm
c A = U
0
. Cn t iu kin th hai i(0) = - Cu' = 0, ta c B = 0. Kt qu ta c:

t U t u
0 0
cos ) ( = v ) 2 / cos( sin ) (
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ = = t C U t C U t i
So snh hai biu thc trn ta thy h..t trn t v cng dng in trong mch u
dao ng iu ho vi cng tn s gc, nhng dao ng ca dng in sm pha /2 so
vi h..t.
V d 2. Ti thi im t = 0 ngi ta mc mt ngun in mt chiu c s... E in tr
trong nh khng ng k vo mch LC (H.2). Xc nh s ph thuc ca h..t. u
C
trn
t vo thi gian.



Xt ti mt thi im tu sau khi ng kho. Gi s dng in chy trong mch i ra
t cc dng ca ngun. Theo nh lut Ohm:
Hnh 2
Hnh 1
27
C
u Li = ' E
Mt khc, i = q' =
'
C
Cu . Ly o hm hai v ta c: i' =
' '
C
Cu . Thay biu thc ca i' vo
phng trnh nh lut m ta c:
E
2
0
2
0
' '
= +
C C
u u
trong LC / 1
0
= - tn s dao ng ring ca mch. Phng trnh vi phn ny khc
vi phng trnh v d trc l c v phi l hng s khc khng. gii phng trnh
ny ch cn i bin : X = u
C
- E , Thay vo phng trnh vi phn trn ta c:

0 ' '
2
0
= + X X
Nghim ca phng trnh ny nh bit:

t B t A t X
0 0
sin cos ) ( + =
xc nh A v B ta dng iu kin ban u: ti t = 0 u
C
= 0 hay X = -E, v i =
'
C
Cu = 0,
thay vo nghim va tm c trn, ta c: A = - E v B = 0. Kt qu ta c:
X(t) = -E cos
0
t hay u
C
(t) = E (1- cos
0
t)
S bin thin theo thi gian ca h..t. trn t vn theo quy lut iu ho nhng khc vi
V d 1 ch khng phi i vi mc 0 m i vi mc u
C
= E (xem H.3).


V d 3. Trong mch dao ng LC trn hnh 4, khi kho K ngt, in tch trn t th
nht c in dung C
1
bng q
0
, cn t th hai c in dung C
2
khng tch in. Hi bao
lu sau khi kho K ng in tch trn t C
2
t gi tr cc i? B qua in tr thun ca
mch.


Hnh 3
Hnh 4
Hnh 5
28
Ta xt ti mt thi im ty sau khi kho K ng. Gi s ti thi im , in tch trn
t th nht l q
1
, cn trn t th hai l q
2
v trong mch c dng in i (H. 5). V ta ch
quan tm ti gi tr q
2max
, nn ta s tm biu thc q
2
(t). Theo nh lut Ohm ta c:
1
1
2
2
'
C
q
C
q
Li =
V
'
2
q i = v q
1
+ q
2
= q
0
, nn phng trnh trn ta c th a v phng trnh ca q
2
:
1
0
2
2 1
2 1 ' '
2
LC
q
q
C LC
C C
q =
+
+
Ging nh v d 2, ta a vo bin mi:

2 1
2 0
2
C C
C q
q X
+
=
ta li nhn c phng trnh m t dao ng iu ho:
0 ' '
2
0
= + X X
trong
2 1
2 1
0
C LC
C C +
= - l tn s dao ng ring ca mch. Nghim ca phng trnh
trn l:
t B t A t X
0 0
sin cos ) ( + =
Dng iu kin ban u: ti t = 0 q
2
= 0 hay X(0) =
2 1
2 0
C C
C q
+
v i = 0 hay X' = 0, ta tm
c: A =
2 1
2 0
C C
C q
+
v B = 0. Cui cng, tr li bin q
2
ta c:
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
2 1
2 0
2
t
C C
C q
t q
+
=
T biu thc trn ta thy ngay q
2
ln u tin t gi tr cc i sau thi gian t
1
= /
0
, sau
gi tr cc i ny s c lp li vi chu k T = 2/
0
. Trong trng hp tng qut,
thi im q
2
t gi tr cc i c th vit di dng:
) 2 1 (
0
n t
n
+ =

vi n = 0, 1 , 2 , 3, ...
Gi tr cc i bng q
2max =
2 1
2 0
C C
C q
+
.
V d 4. Trong mch in trn hnh 6, ti thi im ban u kho K ngt v t C khng
np in. Sau cho kho K ng mt thi gian ri li ngt. Hy xc nh dng in qua
cun cm ti thi im ngt kho K, nu sau khi ngt h..t. trn t t cc i bng 2E
vi E l s... ca ngun mt chiu. B qua in tr thun ca cun dy. in tr trong
ca ngun nh ti mc thi gian np in cho t nh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian ng
ca kho K.
29


Ngay khi ng kho K t np in rt nhanh ti h..t. bng s.. ca ngun v trong
cun cm cng dng in tng chm t gi tr 0. Ti thi im ngt kho K, h..t.
trn t bng E v qua cun cm c dng in m ta s k hiu l I
0
. chnh l cc iu
kin ban u i vi mch LC ca chng ta.
Xt mt thi im tu sau khi ngt kho K, gi s khi cng dng in trong
mch l i, c chiu i ra t bn tch in dng ca t in v h..t. trn t l u
C
. Theo
nh lut Ohm ta c:
C
u Li = '
Nhng v i =
'
C
Cu , ta c:
0
2
0
' '
= +
C C
u u
vi LC / 1
0
= . Nghim ca phng trnh trn c dng: ) cos( ) (
0
+ = t A t u
C
. Dng
ny ca nghim cng tng ng vi dng m ta chn trn, ch c iu trn hai
hng s l A v B cn y l A v . Dng cc iu kin ban u u
C
(0) = E v i = I
0
,
ta c: E = Acos v I
0
= AC
0
sin. T y suy ra:
A=
2
0
0
|
|

\
|
+
C
I
2
E ,
0
0

C
I
tg
E
=
V A l bin dao ng ca h..t.trn t nn n cng chnh l gi tr cc i h..t. ny.
Do ,
2
0
0
|
|

\
|
+
C
I
2
E = 2E , t ta tnh c:

L
C
C I 3 3
0 0
E E = =
Cng nh trong ba v d trc, khi gii bi ton ny chng ta s dng nghim tng
qut v n cho chng ta y thng tin v mch. By gi chng ta a ra mt cch
gii n gin hn xut pht t nhng suy lun vt l chung v nh lut bo ton nng
lng. Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng th nng lng ca mch ti t = 0 v ti thi
im h..t. trn t t cc i v dng trong mch bng 0 phi bng nhau:
Hnh 6
30
2
4
2 2
2 2 2
0
E E C C LI
= +
T suy ra:
L
C
I 3
0
E = .
V d 4. Trong mch in trn hnh 7, t c in dung C c np in ti mt h..t.
no , cn kho K th ngt. Sau khi ng kho K, trong mch din ra cc dao ng t
do, trong bin dng in trong cun cm L
2
bng I
0
. Khi dng in trong cun cm
L
1
t gi tr cc i th ngi ta rt nhanh li st ra (trong thi gian rt ngn so vi chu
k dao ng) khin cho t cm ca n gim k ln. Tm h..t. cc i trn t in sau
khi li st c rt ra.


Ta xt mt thi im ty sau khi ng kho K nhng trc khi rt li st ra. K hiu
h..t. ban u trn t l U
0
cn h..t. mt thi im ty l u. Gi s dng in qua
cun L
1
l i
1
v qua cun L
2
l i
2
(xem H. 8). Theo nh lut Ohm cho mch vng cha t
in v cun cm L
1
:
u i L =
'
2 2
(1)
v cho mch vng cha hai cun cm:
'
1 1
'
2 2
i L i L = hay 0 ) (
'
2 2 1 1
= i L i L
T suy ra: const i L i L =
2 2 1 1
. Nhng v cc dng in ban u qua hai cun cm
u bng 0, nn const trong biu thc trn bng 0, tc
2 2 1 1
i L i L = . Theo nh lut Ohm
cho mch r:
2
1
2 1
2 1
i
L
L L
i i i
+
= + = (2)
Ly o hm hai v ca (1) ta c: '
' '
2 2
u i L = v lu rng i = -Cu', ta c:
0
1
' '
2 2
= + i
C
i L
Thay biu thc (2) ca i vo ta c:
0
2
2 1
2 1 ' '
2
=
+
+ i
L CL
L L
i
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny c dng:
Hnh 7
Hnh 8
31
t B t A t i
0 0
2
sin cos ) ( + =
trong
2 1
2 1
0
L CL
L L +
= . V i
2
(0) = 0 suy ra A = 0. tm B lu rng bin dng
in trong cun L
2
bng I
0
nn B = I
0
. Kt qu ta c:
t I t i
0 0 2
sin ) ( = v t I
L
L
t i
0 0
1
2
1
sin ) ( =
Trong thi gian rt li st ra khi cun cm th nht, t thng qua hai cun cm coi nh
khng i. iu ny dn ti ch dng in trong cun th hai vn gi nguyn, tc l
0
*
2
I i = , cn cng dng in trong cun th nht c xc nh t iu kin
*
1
1
0 2
i
k
L
I L = :
0
1
2 *
1
I
L
kL
i =
xc nh h..t. cc i trn t ta s s dng nh lut bo ton nng lng. Nng
lng t c lu tr trong hai cun dy ngay sau khi rt li st ra l:

2
) (
2
) (
2 *
2 2
2 *
1 1
i L i L
W
t
+ =
2
) (
2
2
0 2 2
0
1
2 1
I L
I
L
kL
k
L
+ = ) 1 (
2
1
2
2
0 2
L
kL I L
+ =
Khi h..t. trn t t cc i, dng mch chnh bng 0, tc dng in qua hai cun lin
h vi nhau bi h thc:
0
* *
2
* *
1
= + i i .
Dng h thc lin h cc dng m ta nhn c trn ( const i L i L =
2 2 1 1
) cho
* *
1
i
v
* *
2
i , ta c:
0
* *
2 2
* *
1
1
= i L i
k
L

T hai phng trnh trn suy ra dng qua hai cun cm u bng 0, do vy ton b nng
lng u c tp trung trong t in v bng:
2
2
m
C
CU
W =
trong U
m
l h..t. cc i trn t. Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, W
L
= W
C
, hay
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
0 2
L
kL I L
+
2
2
m
CU
=
T y ta tm c:
1
2 1 2
0
) (
CL
kL L L
I U
m
+
=
32
BI TP
1. Trong mch LC trn hnh 9, khi kho K ngt in tch trn t C
1
bng q
v t C
2
(vi C
2
= 4C
1
) cha c np in. Hy xc nh cng dng in cc i
trong mch sau khi K ng. B qua in tr thun trong mch.


2. Trong s trn hnh 10, thi im ban u kho K ngt, t in C khng tch in.
ng kho K mt thi gian, ri sau li ngt. Hy xc nh cng dng in i
0
qua
cun cm L thi im ngt kho K, nu sau khi ngt K cng dng in cc i
trong mch LC bng 2i
0
. Coi in tr thun trong mch nh khng ng k, s... ca
ngun l E.

3. MD gm mt cun cm L v hai t in mc song song c in dung l C
1
v C
2

(H.11). Trong mch din ra cc dao ng t do, trong bin dao ng ca in tch
trn t l q
0
. Bn trong t vi in dung C
2
c mt tm in mi vi hng s in mi
chim ton b khng gian ca t. Khi in tch trn t t cc i ngi ta rt nhanh tm
in mi ra khi t (trong thi gian rt nh so vi chu k dao ng). Tnh bin dao
ng mi ca dng in trong mch.

Nhng vn nng cao
Qu cu dn trong in trng u
Phm t
Hnh 9
Hnh 10
33
Bi ton vt dn t trong in trng l mt bi ton th v trong tnh in
hc. Tuy nhin, y l mt bi ton kh bi v, nh ta bit, khi c t trong
in trng, trn b mt vt dn s xut hin nhng in tch cm ng v in
trng ti mi im trong khng gian by gi l tng hp ca trng ngoi v
trng do cc in tch cm ng gy ra. Do vy, mun gii c bi ton ny ta
phi tnh c phn b in tch trn b mt vt dn v sau xc nh s phn
b ca cng in trng trong khng gian bao quanh. Kh khn ca bi ton
l ch do cha bit trc phn b in tch nn khng th dng nguyn l
chng chp tnh cng in trng c.

V vy gii trn vn hay ch mt phn nhng bi ton nh th i khi
ngi ta s dng tnh i xng, nhng trong phn ln trng hp ngi ta dng
phng php "on nhn kt qu". C s ca tt c cc 'cch on nhn' ny l
nh l v tnh duy nht trong tnh in, m ngha ca n l: li gii c on
nhn tha mn mt s iu kin ca nh l s l li gii duy nht ng. Tu tng
bi ton, c khi ta da vo kt qu on nhn s phn b in tch trn vt dn
ri t tnh c in trng, nhng c khi th ngc li, tc l u tin on
nhn in trng, ri da vo tm phn b in tch. Phng php nh in
quen thuc l phng php on nhn hay nht. Nh phng php nh in, ta
c th gii c cc bi ton quan trng nh tm dn phng hay qu cu dn t
trong in trng ca in tch im.

Trong bi bo ny chng ta s ch yu xt bi ton v qu cu lm bng
cht dn in (di y gi tt l qu cu dn) t trong in trng u. Bi
ton ny ng quan tm ch n cho php minh ho c mt s phng php
gii, trong c phng php dng cc tnh cht i xng v phng php nh
in. Tuy nhin, trc ht chng ta hy pht biu chnh xc bi ton v a ra
p s chnh xc m ngi ta nhn c bng cc phng php khc.
1. Pht biu bi ton
Mt qu cu dn bn knh R c t trong mt in trng u, cng
0
E

.
a) Hy tm phn b in tch cm ng trn b mt qu
cu.
R rng mt in tch mt phi ph thuc vo gc
to bi bn knh v vc t
0
E

(xem hnh), tc l cu
tr li phi c biu th qua hm ().
b) Hy xc nh in trng gy bi cc in tch cm
ng trong khng gian ngoi qu cu.
Cu tr li hoc c biu th qua hm ) , ( r E
cu

, y r l khong cch t im
cho n tm qu cu (r > R) hoc l c biu th qua hm in th ) , ( r
cu
,
hoc l ch ra c mt thut ton tnh chng. Cng in trng tng hp
s bng
0 cu
E E E

+ = . Ch rng v cng in trng tng hp trong qu

R
E
0
34
cu bng khng, nn in tch cm ng phi to ra in trng c cng bng
-
0
E

bn trong qu cu (tc khi r < R).

Bng cc phng php cao cp hn, ngi ta tnh c mt in tch mt
l:
=
0
cos , (1)
trong mt cc i
0
c biu th qua cng in trng E
0
:

0
= 3
0
E
0
(2)
(
0
l hng s in) v in trng bn ngoi qu cu trng vi in trng ca
lng cc im, t tm qu cu v c m men lng cc:

0 0
E V 3 p

= (3)
y V l th tch ca qu cu.
Cng cn ch rng mt lng cc in c m men lng cc l q p

=
c gi l lng cc im khi n l mt lng cc v cng b nhn c bng
cch cho tin n gii hn l 0 , q nhng gi tr m men p = ql vn khng
i.
2. nh l v tnh duy nht
Trc ht, lu rng, cc bi ton v vt dn trong in trng c th pht biu
theo nhiu cch khc nhau, tc l i vi mi vt dn c th cho hoc l in
tch, hoc l in th ca n. Nhng trong c hai trng hp u ch c mt p
s duy nht ca bi ton. nh l tnh duy nht trong tnh in c hai cch pht
biu.
a) Cch pht biu th nht: Tn ti mt s phn b duy nht in tch trn mt
vt dn sao cho in trng trong lng vt dn bng khng, cn in tch (hay
in th) ca vt dn bng cc gi tr cho trc.
b) Cch pht biu th hai: Tn ti mt s phn b duy nht cng in trng
trong khng gian bn ngoi vt dn sao cho b mt vt dn l mt mt ng th,
cn in tch (hay in th) ca vt dn bng cc gi tr cho trc.
Chnh cch pht biu ny l c s ca phng php nh tnh in.
Di y chng ti s minh ho cch s dng tnh i xng v phng
php nh in gii cc bi ton tnh in da vo nh l v tnh duy nht.

3. S dng tnh i xng
Xut pht t s i xng v tnh duy nht c th chng minh c cng
thc (1) mt cch rt n gin v kh d dng. Chng ta hy trnh by chng
minh ny di dng mt chui cc khng nh lin tip
di y.
Khng nh 1: Ti tt c cc im trn ng trn ln ca
mt cu, vung gc vi
0
E

(tc l ti cc im c = 90
0
)
mt in tch mt bng khng. iu ny suy ra t s
i xng ca cc in tch cm ng dng v m.
Khng nh 2: Nu khi t qu cu vo in trng cng
=0

0
E
0
-
0
35

1
E

, mt in tch mt ti mt im no l
1
, cn khi t vo in
trng cng
2
E

, mt in tch mt ti im l
2
th khi t vo in
trng
1
E

+
2
E

mt in tch mt ti im s l
1
+
2
. iu ny suy ra t
nh l v tnh duy nht: mi mt in tch mt lm trit tiu cng in
trng tng ng ( trong qu cu), nn chnh cng tng hp cng s bng
0 v ch tn ti duy nht mt s phn b in tch tho mn iu kin ny.
Khng nh 3: Nu cng in trng tng ln ln ( E E

=
'
) th mt
in tch mt mi im cng s tng ln ln (' = ). y l h qu ca iu
khng nh 2 trn.
Lp lun c bn: Chng ta hy xt mt qu cu
c t trong in trng
0
E

.
Gi s mt in tch cm ng cc i (khi =
0) bng
0
. tm () ta phn tch
0
E

thnh hai
thnh phn vung gc nhau:
2 1 0
E E E

+ = , trong

1
E

lp vi
0
E

mt gc . V E
1
= E
0
cos nn khi t qu cu vo in trng
1
E

mt in tch cc i ti A s bng
0
cos (theo iu khng nh 3). Cn
nu t qu cu vo in trng
2
E

th mt in tch mt ti A s bng 0
(iu khng nh 1). Nh vy, theo iu khng nh 2 th trong in trng
0
E

mt in tch mt ti A s bng
0
cos.
Tt nhin, lp lun nh th cha cho php xc nh c ngay
0
bng
bao nhiu. Nhng bi ton ny n gin hn nhiu so vi bi ton xc nh phn
b cha bit ca in tch. Dng biu thc trn v nguyn l chng chp xc
nh cng in trng gy bi phn b in tch ny ti tm qu cu ri cho
bng E
0
, ta s xc nh c
0
qua E
0
tc l cng thc (2). Do khun kh bi
bo, chng ti khng trnh by nhng tnh ton ny y, xin dnh li cho cc
bn bit tnh tch phn nh mt bi tp.
Tuy nhin, bi ton v cng in trng bn ngoi qu cu gy ra bi
cc in tch cm ng th trong khun kh ca phng php s dng tnh i
xng khng gii quyt c. Di y chng ti s trnh by hai phng php
cho php nhn c li gii ca bi ton .
4. Phng php nh tnh in
Phng php nh tnh in khng cho php on nhn c phn b in
tch cm ng trn mt vt dn, nhng li cho php xc nh c in trng gy
ra bi cc in tch ny sau khi thay th n bng in trng ca mt in tch
tng tng (in tch nh). Cc in tch nh c chn sao cho in trng
ton phn gy ra bi chng v bi cc in tch bn ngoi c cc tnh cht 'ng'
trn mt gii hn ca ca vt dn. V d, nu vt dn c ni t th in trng
ny phi c in th ti mi im trn bin vt dn bng khng. Cn nu cho vt
dn tch in th, th nht, b mt ca vt phi l ng th v th hai, tng cc
in tch nh phi bng in tch cho ca vt dn. V tn ti mt in trng

R
E
2
A

0

E
1
E
0
36
duy nht tho mn cc iu kin nh th (thng c gi l cc iu kin bin)
cho nn in trng ca cc in tch nh phi trng vi in trng ca cc in
tch cm ng ca vt dn. Di y l mt vi v d.
V d 1. in tch im v tm phng dn in.
V d ny nhiu hc sinh bit. Nu t mt in tch im q cch mt
mt phng dn rng v hn mt on bng a th in trng xut hin khi
trng vi in trng ca hai in tch im: in tch q v in tch nh ca n
bng -q, c t i xng vi q qua mt phng dn.

Thc vy, mt ng th vi = 0 ca in trng do hai in tch trn to
ra trng vi b mt vt dn. Ni cch khc, in trng trong chn khng to bi
cc in tch cm ng trng vi in trng ca in tch im -q.
V d 2. in tch im v qu cu dn ni t.
Nu t mt in tch im q cch tm ca qu cu dn bn knh R (
c ni t) mt on L (L > R) th in trng tng hp sinh ra s trng vi
in trng ca hai in tch im: in tch q v in tch nh q' = -qR/L nm
trn ng bn knh c phng i qua q v cch tm qu cu mt on bng l =
R
2
/L .

S trng nhau ca hai in trng ny suy ra t iu khng nh mt ng
th vi = 0 i vi in trng ca cc in tch
q v q' trng vi b mt qu cu. Chng ta hy
chng minh iu ny. Ly mt im A tu trn
mt qu cu v k hiu r
1
l khong cch t n
n q

(im B) v r
2
l khong cch t A n q'
(im C). V AO/OC = R/l = L/R =BO/OA, suy ra
AOC ng dng vi BOA. Ngha l i vi
=0
-q q
a a
q' q
l
O q'
R
R
1
R
2
l
q
C
B
A
37
im A bt k t s r
1
/r
2
bng L/R v in th (A) = kq/r
1
+ kq'/r
2
= 0 (nh l q' =
-qR/L).
Ni cch khc in trng bn ngoi qu cu to bi cc in tch cm
ng trng vi in trng ch ca q' gy ra.
V d 3. in tch im v qu cu dn tch in
Nu trong v d trc thay qu cu ni t bng qu cu dn tch in Q,
th ngoi in tch nh q' cn b sung in tch nh th hai q'' = Q - q' t ti tm
qu cu, m bo cho in tch trn mt cu lun bng Q. C th dng
phng php nh tnh in nh th no trong bi ton ny? V kt qu phi
khng ph thuc vo h in tch no l ngun gc ca in trng
0
E

nn
chng ta xem n c to bi hai in tch q v -q t i xng i vi tm qu
cu v cch tm ny mt khong L ln (L >> R). Cn chn gi tr ca cc in
tch ny sao cho cng in trng c to ra bi chng ti tm qu cu
bng E
0
:

0
2
0
E
L 4
q 2
=

in trng ca cc in tch cm ng gy ra trong khng gian ngoi qu
cu s trng vi in trng ca hai in tch im q' v -q', vi q' = -qR/L, c
t cch tm qu cu on l = R
2
/L. Hai in tch nh to thnh mt lng cc
in c mmen bng
p = q'.2l =2qR
3
/L
2
= 3V
0
E
0

y chnh l cng thc (3) a ra trn. Nu xt chuyn gii hn trong
cc in tch c a ra xa v hn nhng ng thi gi tr ca chng phi thay
i nh th no cng in trng vn bng E
0
, th in trng s tr
thnh in trng u, cn lng cc chuyn thnh lng cc im.
Vn cn li l phi tr li cu hi: trong khun kh ca phng php
nh in lm th no tm c khng ch in trng ca cc in tch cm ng
m cn c phn b trn b mt ca chng? C th thc hin c iu nh
h thc lin h cng in trng gn b mt vt dn v mt in tch:
E = /
0
(4)


Th d trong trng hp in tch dim v
mt phng dn d dng tnh c cng in
trng ca cc in tch q v -q cch trung im
ca chng on bng x v tm c mt in
mt:
( )
2 3
2 2
0
a x 2
qa
E
/
+
= = .
q' - q'
- q q
x
E
a a
q
-q
38
Trong trng hp qu cu nm trong in trng u th cn tnh in
trng ton phn gn mt hnh cu, bng tng in trng u v in trng
ca lng cc im . Bn hy th t lm iu ny.

5. Phng php chp cc qu cu
Cch cui cng gii bi ton qu cu dn trong in trng u s cho li
gii y nht, ng thi li kh n gin. Cng nh trc y, chng ta trnh
by phng php ny thnh mt mt vi bc, mi bc l mt bi ton hay.
a) Qu cu tch in u
Xt mt qu cu bn knh R, tch in u vi mt in khi . Cng
in trng ngoi qu cu, khi r > R trng vi in trng ca in tch im q
= V:
2
0
r
V
4
1
E

= (5)
Trong qu cu, khi r < R, cng in trng ch do cc in tch nm
trong hnh cu bn knh r to ra (cn cng do lp cu bn ngoi to ra bng
khng):

0
2
r
0
3
r
r
q
4
1
E

=
) (
,
trong q
(r)
= (4/3)r
3
. n gin v sau chng ta vit biu thc cui di
dng vc t:
0
3
r
E

(6)
b) Chp hai qu cu
By gi ta hy xt hai qu cu tch in u
trong c th tch ca chng: mt qu c mt

v
qu cn li c mt -

. Gi s cc qu cu c
t sao cho khong cch l gia hai tm nh hn tng
cc bn knh ca chng, tc l tn ti mt min
chng giao nhau. Mt in tch khi trong min
ny bng khng, cn in trng bng in trng
tng hp ca c hai qu cu.
Chng ta hy xt mt im tu trong min ny v k hiu
1
r

v
2
r

tng
ng l cc vc t bn knh k t tm ca cc qu cu tch in dng v m ti
im . Theo cng thc (6) ta c:
0 0
2
0
1
2 1
3
l
3
r
3
r
E E E

= + =

(7)
y
1 2
r r l

= l vc t hng t tm ca qu cu tch in m n tm qu
cu tch in dng . Nh vy chng ta chng minh c in trng trong
phn giao ca cc qu cu tch in bng nhau v tri du l u. C th s
dng iu ny to ra mt phn b in tch trn mt mt qu cu sao cho lm
trit tiu in trng ngoi. Chng ta ch ra cch lm iu nh sau.
39

c) Qu cu t trong in trng u
Chng ta hy xt hai qu cu cng bn knh R, tch
in u bng nhau v tri du, tm ca chng t cch
nhau khong rt nh l
0
(l
0
<< R). in tch ca h to thnh
hu nh bng khng mi ch tr hai chm cu mnh,
ra. Hai mnh chm cu ny tch in u, tri du: mt
mnh c mt in tch bng , ca mnh kia bng -.
dy ca cc mnh ny ch ln nht bng l
0
v gim
theo gc theo quy lut l = l
0
cos. R rng chuyn
sang trng hp tch in trn b mt (tng ng vi qu cu dn tch in do
cm ng) th cn thc hin vic chuyn gii hn l
0
0, ng thi mt in tch
khi phi thay i nh th no in tch tnh trn mt n v din tch b mt
cc i, bng l
0
, phi tin n gii hn xc nh bng
0
. V in trng ca hai
in tch ny trong phn giao ca hai qu cu phi lm trit tiu in trng
ngoi
0
E

nn theo (7) chng ta c:

0
0
0
E
3
l

(vc t
0
l

c dng t tm ca qu cu tch in m n tm qu cu tch in

dng). Nh vy gi tr gii hn ca mt in tch mt cc i c biu th
qua gi tr in trng ngoi bng cng thc:

0
= l
0
3
0
E
0

y chnh l cng thc (2). Ta cng nhn c biu thc ng ca s ph thuc
ca mt in tch mt vo gc :
= l = l
0
cos =
0
cos.
Ngoi ra, trong gii hn l
0
0, in trng bn ngoi h hai qu cu trng
vi in trng ca hai in tch im q = V (xem cng thc (5)) s chuyn
thnh in trng ca lng cc im vi mmen lng cc:
0 0 0 0
3 E V p l V l q p

= = = .
Nh vy l ta nhn c y li gii ca bi ton qu cu dn t
trong in trng u bng cc cch khc nhau.


-q
-
l
0

l
0
l


q
-E
0