SM lorm 4 1ermlnology and ConcepLs Chemlcal lormulae and LquaLlons arL 1

1 8elaLlve aLomlc mass Ar ls Lhe aLomlc mass of an aLom when compared Lo a sLandard aLom

2 SLandard aLom

Pydrogen scale hydrogen ls Lhe llghLesL aLom of all and Lhe mass of one hydrogen aLom was asslgned 1
unlL

Weakness of Pydrogen scale
noL Loo many elemenLs can reacL readlly wlLh hydrogen
Lhe reacLlve masses of some elemenLs were noL accuraLe
hydrogen exlsLs as a gas aL room LemperaLure and
has a number of lsoLopes wlLh dlfferenL masses
Pellum scale Lhe second llghLesL aLom of all and Lhe mass of one hellum aLom was asslgned 1 unlL

Weakness of Pellum scale
Mass of 1 hellum aLom 4 Llmes Lhe mass of a hydrogen aLom
So mass of 1 hellum aLom 4 Llmes 1/12 mass of a carbon aLom
hellum exlsLs as a gas aL room LemperaLure and
hellum ls an lnerL gas
Cxygen scale chose as Lhe sLandard aLom Lo compare Lhe masses of aLoms

Weakness of Cxygen scale
Lhe exlsLence of Lhree lsoLopes of oxygen were dlscovered
naLural oxygen (conLalnlng all Lhe Lhree lsoLopes) as Lhe sLandard (ChemlsL) and
used Lhe lsoLopes oxygen16 as Lhe sLandard (hyslclsLs)
Carbon scale sLandard aLom of comparlson lnLernaLlonally

a carbon12 aLom ls 12 Llmes heavler Lhan an aLom of hydrogen
used as Lhe reference sLandard ln mass specLromeLers
exlsLs as a solld aL room LemperaLure
mosL abundanL carbon lsoLope happenlng abouL 9889 and
carbon12 ls close Lo Lhe agreemenL based on oxygen

3 8elaLlve molecular mass Mr of a subsLances ls Lhe average mass of a molecule (Lwo or more aLoms)
of Lhe subsLances when compared 1/12 wlLh of Lhe mass of a carbon12 aLom
4 8elaLlve formula mass lr ls for lonlc compound whlch ls calculaLed by addlng up Lhe relaLlve aLomlc
masses of all Lhe aLoms
3 Lxample
8elaLlve aLomlc mass Ar of hellum 4
8elaLlve molecular mass Mr of CC2 12 + 2(16) 44
8elaLlve formula mass lr of naCl 23 + 333 383
8elaLlve formula mass na2CC310P2C 2(23) + 12 + 3(16) + 10 2(1) + 16 286
1ry Lo solve some of Lhe examples wlLhouL looklng aL Lhe answers lf you can undersLand Lhls Lhen sLay
Lune and log ln agaln for arL 2 of Lhls Loplc's noLes lf you cannoL undersLand Lhe examples Lry and Lry
and Lry and Lry and Lry agaln unLll you are good wlLh lL 1lll Lhen
SM lorm 4 1ermlnology and ConcepLs Chemlcal lormulae and LquaLlons (arL 2)

8erry 8erry SclenLlsL

lLallan physlclsL Amedeo Avogadro (name aL blrLh Lorenzo 8omano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro)

8orn 9 AugusL 1776
8lrLhplace 1urln ledmonL lLaly
uled 9 !uly 1836
8esL known As 1he guy Lhey named Avogadro's number afLer
1 Avogadro consLanL / Avogadro's number ls 602 x 1023

2 ALomlc subsLances

LlemenLs all Lhe parLlcles are aLoms
Lxample zlnc (Zn) sodlum (na) alumlnlum (Al) and all noble gases argon (Ar) hellum (Pe) and neon
(ne)
8AM (8elaLlve ALomlc Mass) of na 23
3 Molecular subsLances

CovalenL compounds Lhe parLlcles are molecules
Lxample carbon dloxlde (CC2) waLer (P2C) and nonmeLal elemenLs lodlne (l2) nlLrogen (n2) and
oxygen (C2)
8MM (8elaLlve Molecular Mass) of l2 127 + 127 234
4 lonlc subsLances

lonlc compounds Lhe parLlcles are lons
Lxample sodlum chlorlde (naCl) hydrochlorlc acld (PCl) and poLasslum lodlde (kl)
8lM (8elaLlve lormula Mass) of PCl 1 + 333 363
3 Avogadro's Law / Cas Law sLaLes LhaL equal volumes of all gases conLaln Lhe same number of
molecules under Lhe same LemperaLure and pressure

Lxample equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nlLrogen would conLaln Lhe same number of
molecules under Lhe same LemperaLure and pressure
6 volume of gas (dm3) number of moles of gas x Molar volume

7 8oom LemperaLure and pressure (rLp) 24 dm3 mol1 (23C and 1 aLm)

Lxample WhaL ls Lhe volume of 30 mol hellum gas aL sLp?
volume of gas number of moles x Molar gas volume
30 mol x 24 dm3 mol1
120 dm3
8 SLandard LemperaLure and pressure (sLp) 224 dm3 mol1 (0C and 1 aLm)

Lxample WhaL ls Lhe volume of 30 mol hellum gas aL sLp?
volume of gas number of moles x Molar gas volume
30 mol x 224 dm3 mol1
112 dm3
9 Mass (g) number of moles x Molar mass

10 number of parLlcles number of moles x Avogadro consLanL

11 volume (dm3) number of moles x Molar volume

8e sure Lo copy down all Lhese formulae a few Llmes on paper so LhaL you wlll have a beLLer chance
recalllng lL ln Lhe fuLure Copylng Lhem onLo a card Lo brlng around wlll be very helpful

SPM Form 4 - Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 3)
Empirical and Molecular Formulae
1. Empirical (simplest ratio oI atoms oI each element that present in the compound) and
molecular Iormulae (actual number oI atoms oI each element that are present in one molecule oI
the compound) indicate:
the types oI the elements
the symbols oI the elements and the ratio oI atoms or
moles oI atoms oI each element in a compound.
2. Molecular Iormula (empirical Iormula)
3

3 is a positive number
Compound Molecular Iormula 3 Empirical Iormula
Carbon dioxide CO
2
1 (CO
2
) CO
2

Ethane CH
3
2 (CH
3
)
2
C
2
H
6

Propene CH
2
3 (CH
2
)
3
C
3
H
6

Glucose CH
2
O 6 (CH
2
O)
6
C
6
H
12
O
6

Quinine C
10
H
12
NO 2 C
20
H
24
N
2
O
2

3. Chemical Iormulae Ior covalent compounds.
Name Chemical
Iormula
Number oI each element
Nitrogen gas N
2
2 nitrogen atoms
Oxygen gas O
2
2 oxygen atoms
Ammonia NH
3
1 nitrogen atom and 3
hydrogen atoms
Water H
2
O 2 hydrogen atoms and 1
oxygen atom
4. Cations are positively-charged ions.
Charge Cations Formula
1 Ammonium ion NH
4

1 * Copper(I) ion Cu

1 Hydrogen ion H

1 Lithium ion Li

1 * Nickel(I) ion Ni

1 Potassium ion K

1 Silver ion Ag

1 Sodium ion Na

2 Barium ion Ba
2

2 Calcium ion Ca
2

2 * Copper(II) ion Cu
2

2 * Iron(II) ion Fe
2

2 * Lead(II) ion Pb
2

2 Magnesium ion Mg
2

2 * Manganese(II) ion Mn
2

2 Nickel(II) ion Ni
2

2 * Tin(II) ion Sn
2

2 Zinc ion Zn
2

3 Aluminium ion Al
3

3 * Chromium(III) ion Cr
3

3 * Iron(III) ion Fe
3

4 * Lead(IV) ion Pb
4

4 * Tin(IV) ion Sn
4

* reIer to the Roman numerals
5. Anions are negatively-charged ions.
Charge Anions Formula
-1 Bromide ion Br
-

-1 Chloride ion Cl
-

-1 Chlorate(V) ion ClO
3
-

-1 Ethanoate ion CH
3
COO
-

-1 Fluoride ion F
-

-1 Hydride ion H
-

-1 Hydroxide ion OH
-

-1 Iodide ion I
-

-1 Manganate(VII) ion MnO
4
-

-1 Nitrate ion NO
3
-

-1 Nitrite ion NO
2
-

-2 Oxide ion O
2-

-2 Carbonate ion CO
3
2-

-2 Chromate(VI) ion CrO
4
2-

-2 Dichromate(VI) ion Cr
2
O
7
2-

-2 Sulphide ion S
2-

-2 Sulphate ion SO
4
2-

-2 Sulphite ion SO
3
2-

-2 Thiosulphate ion S
2
O
3
2-

-3 Nitride ion N
3-

-3 Phosphate ion PO
4
3-

-3 Phosphite ion PO
3
3-

6. Chemical Iormulae Ior ionic compounds
Name Chemical Iormula Number oI
cation
Number oI
anion
Zinc chloride ZnCl
2
1 Zn
2
2 Cl
-

Copper(II) sulphate CuSO
4
2 Cu
2
2 SO
4
2-

Aluminium sulphate Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2 Al
3
3 SO
4
2-

7. Meaning oI preIixes
PreIix Meaning
Mono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10
8. Naming oI chemical (non-metal) compounds with Greek numerical preIixes.
Non-metal compound Chemical Iormula
Carbon monoxide CO
Carbon dioxide CO
2

Sulphur dioxide SO
2

Sulphur trioxide SO
3

Carbon tetrachloride
(tetrachloromethane)
CCl
4

So, do come back Ior more erry Essential Notes. II it is not simpliIied to its essense, then it is
not Irom erry erry Easy. Let us do the summarising while you understand the core beIore
you master the whole topic. Do share out this site with your Iriends.


lorm 4 1ermlnology and ConcepLs Chemlcal lormulae and LquaLlons (arL 4)

Chemlcal LquaLlon
1 lmporLance of chemlcal equaLlon
1he Lypes of reacLanLs Lhe physlcal condlLlons Lhe quanLlLy of reacLanLs and producLs and sLaLed ln
moles
nA + n8 pC + pu

2 8eacLanLs are wrlLLen ln Lhe lefL slde of Lhe reacLlon and producLs are wrlLLen ln Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe
reacLlon
Lxample 1
Word equaLlon Sodlum hydroxlde + sulphurlc acld sodlum sulphaLe + waLer
Chemlcal equaLlon naCP + P2SC4 na2SC4 + P2C
8alanclng equaLlon 2naCP + P2SC4 na2SC4 + 2P2C
CompleLe chemlcal equaLlon 2naCP + P2SC4 na2SC4 + 2P2C
Lxample 2
Word equaLlon Alumlnlum + copper(ll) oxlde alumlnlum(lll) oxlde + copper
Chemlcal equaLlon Al + CuC Al2C3 + Cu
8alanclng equaLlon 2Al + 3CuC Al2C3 + 3Cu
CompleLe chemlcal equaLlon 2Al + 3CuC Al2C3 + 3Cu
Lxample 3
Word equaLlon nlLrogen + hydrogen ammonla
Chemlcal equaLlon n2 + P2 nP3
8alanclng equaLlon n2 + 3P2 2nP3
CompleLe chemlcal equaLlon n2 + 3P2 2nP3



3 lnformaLlon obLalnable from chemlcal equaLlons
l) mass of reacLanLs
ll) volume of reacLlng gas
lll) mass of producLs formed
lv) volume of gas produced
Lxample
2 cm3 of lead (ll) nlLraLe soluLlon ls added Lo excess of poLasslum lodlde soluLlon
Pow many molecules of poLasslum nlLraLe wlll be formed?
8elaLlve aLomlc mass n 14 C 16 k 39 l 127 b 207 Avogadros consLanL 602 x 1023 mol1

SLep 1 WrlLe a compleLe chemlcal equaLlon
b(nC3)2(aq) + 2kl(aq) bl2(s) + 2knC3(aq)
lrom Lhe equaLlon 1 mole of b(nC3)2 reacLs wlLh 2 moles of kl formed 1 mole bl2 of and 2 moles of
knC3
SLep 2 ConverL Lo moles
no of moles of b(nC3)2
Mass of b(nC3)2 / 8elaLlve molecular mass
2 / 207 + 2(14 + 3 x 16)
604 x 103 mol
SLep 3 8aLlo of moles
number of moles of knC3/ number of moles of b(nC3)2
2/1
number of moles of knC3
(2 x 604 x 103) / 1
1208 x 103 mol

SLep 4 ConverL Lo Lhe number of molecules of poLasslum nlLraLe
number of molecules of knC3
1208 x 103 x 602 x 1023
727 x 1021
Cnce you have compleLed all parLs ln Lhls serles you would have masLered Lhe mosL baslc of knowledge
ln SM ChemlsLry So make sure all 8erry 8eaders undersLand Lhe baslcs before movlng on Lo more
advance Loplcs