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I. GAD AWARENESS
A. GENDER - The common qualities that serves as the foundation for status differences. This is a social construct
that outlines the roles that men and women are expected to play in society and culture.
B. SEX - A category of analysis, sex uses only biological traits to differentiate between males and females.
C. SEXUALITY - Your sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward other people are all part of your sexuality. It is
all part of your sexuality to find other people physically, sexually, or emotionally attractive. Your sexuality is
unique, individualized, and a significant aspect of who you are.
D. SEX ROLES - refer to an occupation or biological function for which a necessary qualification is to belong to one
particular sex category; e.g., breastfeeding, pregnancy, sperm donation;
E. GENDER ROLES - are learned behaviors in a given society, community, or other special group that condition us to
perceive certain activities, task and responsibilities as male and female, e.g., before nurses are only for women
and security guards are men;

THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT

A. SOCIAL LEARNING DEVELOPMENT - This theory's proponents contend that parents, who distribute
reinforcement, encourage behavior that conforms to gender norms.
B. COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL - Kohlberg's theories regarding gender development are the source of this.
Gender-appropriate behavior is something children start to acquire
C. THEORY GENDER SCHEMA THEORY - Helps a child to develop gender identity and formulate an appropriate
gender role.
 SCHEMA - Mental models that categorize incoming information according on a person's gender and
subsequently influence how that person views the world
D. GENDER STEREOTYPING - The act of giving a specific set of traits, qualities, or roles to a particular woman or
man just because they belong to the same social group as other women or men

GENDER IDEOLOGIES ATTITUDES TOWARDS MEN & WOMEN ROLE

a) TRADITIONAL GENDER IDEOLOGY - the need of separate roles for men and women is emphasized by
traditional gender philosophies, where men fulfill their family responsibilities by providing for their families
financially and women fulfill their obligations by taking care of the home and raising children. Social
conceptions that justify gender inequity are often referred to as gender ideologies
b) EGALITARIAN GENDER IDEOLOGY - equal rights, roles, and obligations for men and women are advocated by
gender egalitarianism. It refutes the notions of "men's work" and "women's work, " as well as genderspecific
responsibilities in the home and workplace
c) TRANSITIONAL - the idea that a woman can divide her power equally between work and home but should
eventually focus more on her home and a male can do the same but should focus more on his work is
supported by transitional gender theory

GENDER & EQUALITY - Individuals' rights, obligations, and opportunities are independent of their gender, ability, age,
race, or location—rural or urban, white or black, young or old, disabled or able bodied. Women have a right to a life of
respect, security, and safety.

GENDER & EDUCATION - The term "gender and education" describes how gender (the social, cultural, and behavioral
characteristics that come with being male or female) and education (the process of learning new information, abilities,
beliefs, and attitudes) overlap. It includes the investigation of how educational institutions, methods, and results both
influence and are influenced by gender roles, expectations, and stereotypes.

II. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

- is a lifelong process. It is a way for people to assess their skills and qualities, consider their aims in life and set goals
in order to realize and maximize their potential.

Physiological needs – basics for survival

Safety and security – feeling safe from potentially dangerous, physical
and psychological situations and events
Love and Belongingness – affiliation, feeling part of a group
Esteem Needs – self-esteem and self respect
Cognitive Needs – desire for knowledge and understand
Aesthetic Needs – need for beauty and order, creativity, design and art
Self-Actualization – reaching of full potential
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III. MILITARY CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

The basic Military Customs and Traditions were previously taught in Military Customs and Traditions 1. This will be
continued on this topic by
1. New Year’s Call on the Commanding Officer
It has been an invariable custom throughout the AFP that officers make a formal call upon their Commander
during New Year’s Day.
2. Call of Newly Promoted Generals/Flag Officers
Officers promoted to star ranks call on the Major Service Commander, Chief of Staff, AFP and the Secretary of
National Defense after taking their oath of office before the Commander-in-Chief.
3. Happy Hour
This is a special form of unit officer comradeship which had been developing and spreading in recent years.
When this is directed, officers gather at their local club for a beer and conversation. Usually held on Fridays, the growing
customs call for a light-hearted dieting about the events of the week, or airing a minor gripe, and blowing off a little
steam, it may also be a time to slip in a judicious request for a pass or event to inquire about taking a leave.
4. Military Weddings
These customs are generally the same for all faiths. They vary only as chaplains of the different churches
incorporate other procedures to add to their color and tone.
5. Patronage of the Officer’s Club and EP’s Club Houses
This custom enables officers and EP to spend their off-duty social and recreational life in said centers.
6. Rank Has Its Privileges
Whenever a choice is to be made, such as the selection of billets or quarters or electing means of transportation,
the option of the section follows rank, with the senior given the privilege to select first.
7. Visiting the Sick
Military personnel who is sick in the hospital is visited by available officers and enlisted personnel of the unit in
such number as may be permitted by the doctor or surgeon in charge. An officer or soldier of his unit visits him in order
that his needs are attended to.
8. Survivor Assistance to Bereaved Family
When any member of a unit dies, an officer is immediately designated by the commanding officer to render
every possible assistance to the bereaved family. A similar courtesy may be tendered, if desired, in the case of a death of
a member of any personnel’s family

CODE OF ETHICS - Any system of rules and regulations defining the conduct governing a particular class of human actions
or a particular group

MILITARY TRADITIONS:
a. Traditions of Valor - The Pilipino soldier has epitomized valor during his gallant defense at Bataan and Corregidor
against the Japanese Forces. The late General Douglas Macarthur paid tribute to Pilipino Soldiery when he proclaimed.
“Give me 10,000 Filipino soldier and I’ll conquer the world”.
b. Tradition of Duty - The Pilipino soldier has exemplified himself throughout history as a dedicated public servant who
performed his tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice. H has made himself a distinct professional by
devoting 24 hours a day to his job whenever the situation demanded.
c. Tradition of Honor - The founding fathers of the AFP as well the nation has courageously demonstrated even in most
difficult times the value of honor by leading a life in peace or war with personal dignity and self-worth.
d. Tradition of Solidarity - Unity is the strongest, most enduring and powerful military tradition. It is distinction enjoyed
by every member of the AFP, who through thick and thin worked together, and in the process, nourished pride and
feeling of belonging to the organization.
e. Tradition of Loyalty - The Pilipino soldier has traditionally held the respect of the nation by shedding much blood and
offering the supreme sacrifice in defense of the country. He has consistently given his loyalty to the nation, the
Constitution, and also to his seniors, his peers and his juniors.

THE AFP CORE VALUES

1. HONOR
2. LOYALTY
3. VALOR
4. DUTY
5. SOLIDARITY
1. HONOR is the soldiers crowning value as it is more precious than life itself. It is the hallmark of our military conduct
associated with good reputation, and is the immortal, sacred part of our character.
2. LOYALTY is the strong feeling of support or allegiance. Our Oath of Office requires us to be loyal to our nation and to
obey the mandate to support and defend the Constitution.
3. VALOR is the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear to carry-out our mission and to accomplish
what is seemingly impossible. It goes beyond the physical dimension of boldness and endurance to pain and hardships.
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4. DUTY is the value of obedience and disciplined performance despite difficulty and danger. It is a personal act of
responsibility manifested by accomplishing all assigned tasks.
- Requires acceptance of responsibility
- duty is selfless service
- rendering service that requires our willingness
5. SOLIDARITY is the consolidation and integration of value to which to which it will bind us with the rest of our
comrades-in-arms. Our leaders shall foster esprit-de-corps by ensuring that we will know the importance of our mission

IV. FOLLOWERSHIP
- is the process in which subordinates recognize their responsibility to comply with orders of leaders and take
appropriate action.

THE TEN RULES OF GOOD FOLLOWERSHIP

a. DO NOT BLAME THE BOSS.
- Do not blame your boss for an unpopular decision or policy - your Job is to support, not undermine.
- It is insidiously easy to blame an unpopular policy or decision on your superior.
- This may garner some affection from your subordinate, but it is certainly showing disloyalty to your superior.
b. DO NOT FIGHT THE BOSS.
- Fight with your boss, if necessary, but do it in private. Avoid embarrassing situations and never reveal to others
what was discussed.
- Before the decision is made, however, you will generally have the opportunity to express your opinion to the
Boss. Speak honestly and frankly. Do not be a yes man. There is always a tendency to tell the Boss what you think
he or she wants to hear.
c. USE INITIATIVE.
- Use initiative, make the decision, and then run it past to the boss.
- No one likes to work for a micro-manager.
- Initiative is something to look for in subordinates, but as the next rule notes, it is often in short supply.
d. ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY.
- Accept responsibility whenever offered.
- Military organization cannot work effectively or continue to grow and evolve unless it is composed of risk-takers
willing to assume responsibility
- can be difficult because no one wishes to risk failure or embarrassment
- Be a risk taker; accept responsibility, volunteer
e. TELL THE TRUTH AND DO NOT QUIBBLE.
- Quibble is a slight objection or criticism about a trivial Matter
- Your boss will be giving advice up the chain of command based on what you say.
- Because those at all levels bent the truth or told the boss what he wanted to hear, Great harm was done to the
nation and the military's reputation.
f. DO YOUR HOMEWORK.
- Give your boss all the information needed to make a decision.
- Anticipate possible questions.
- Being a good staff officer is harder than it looks; do your homework
- When given a problem to solve by the boss, you must become an expert on the subject before you attempt to
propose a course of action.
g. SUGGEST IMPLEMENTATION.
- When making recommendations, remember you will probably have to implement them
- you must know your own strengths and limitations
- Do not propose solutions that are impracticable
h. KEEP THE BOSS INFORMED.
- Keep the Boss or the commander informed on what is going on in the unit. People will be reluctant to tell him
or her their problem and successes. You should do it for them and assume someone else will tell the Boss about
yours.
- One thing you will notice as you advance in rank and responsibility is that people will be less incline to talk to
you. As a result, what you hear about the unit may be heavily filtered.
- Stay informed on the true state of affairs is a constant but essential challenge. Subordinates who openly drop
the Boss notes or mention tidbits in passing can really help the Boss stay in touch
i. FIX PROBLEMS AS THEY OCCUR.
- If you see a problem, fix it. Do not worry about who gets the blame, or praise.
- Too often we notice a bad situation developing and shake our heads and mumble "it's not my problem." It is
our problem - We all serve for the greater good, so every time difficulties are straightened out, we, our unit and
the service are better off.
- The essence of military life is teamwork. Do your job quietly, confidently and professionally, and trust your
colleagues to do likewise
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j. PUT IN AN HONEST DAY'S WORK.
- Put in more than an honest day’s work, but never forget the needs of your family. If they are unhappy, you will
be too, and your job performance will suffer accordingly.
- We believe in hard work. It is a matter of great pride for us that we have a strong work ethic and are among the
most productive societies in the world. The military is certainly no exception.

V. MILITARY HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

a. Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the
history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting
changes to local and international relationships.
b. A Short History of War is a primer of military history that stresses the major developments in weaponry and
warfare within an historical framework that is compact.
EARLY ARMIES:
1. Roman Army - armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the
Roman Kingdom to the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and its medieval continuation, the Eastern
Roman Empire
2. Crusaders Army - contained heavy cavalry, infantry and ranged troops such as archers or crossbowmen. The
original leadership was generally made up of high-ranking knights from modern-day France and Belgium.
o a person who participated in any of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers in the 11th,
12th, and 13th centuries to win the Holy Land from the Muslims. This is religion as the Crusaders knew
it: a battle to the death for souls that if not saved will be forever lost.
3. Napoleonic – Grande Armèe , French Imperial Army
o Napoleon Bonaparte – Emperor of the French, one of the most successful generals of the French
revolutionary armies
 who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the
Revolutionary Wars
o Made up of three combat arms: the artillery, the infantry and the cavalry.

VI. MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

Correspondence - is a written communication which conveys information and ideas to the reader or addressee. In this
process, rapport is established between the writer and the reader.
Military Correspondence - a military communication that concerns almost every subject composed mostly of letters,
endorsements and messages.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CORRESPONDENCE:
1. Accuracy - Information cited in a letter must be factual. The sincerity of the purpose is based on the statement of true
facts.
2. Brevity - Letter must be brief, (kept short as possible but must contain important details prepared in logical order)
leaving no doubt/question for the mind to imagine.
3. Clarity - (denotes easy understanding, the words are simple and common to the reader.) Lengthy correspondence
confuses and makes the writer, as well as the reader, to lose track of the substance of the letter. At times, it is too short
or telegraphic that the idea being conveyed is not well understood.
4. Dignity - Written communications must command respect and should reflect authority. It is wise to let the reader
picture a pleasant, cheerful, helpful and courteous writer.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATIONS:
1. Personal contact or through telecommunications, electronic mail, SMS, MMS & facsimile, digital and social
communications such as: Viber, Messenger, Skype, WhatsApp, and other means of communications.
2. Official written communication is more preferable than electronic means such as STLs, SDFs, DFs, Radio Message,
Written Report formats, Military, Civilian, Endorsement Letters and Memoranda.
3. Direct Communication with Headquarters of Major Services, Major Commands or separate units are encouraged to
communicate directly with offices/units of the General Headquarters, AFP on subject matters concerning solely of
activities of the headquarters.
4. Routing Through Channels - It is the routing of communication through commands, units or offices expected to
exercise control, take action or be concerned with the subject matter.
5. Prompt Reply - A communication should be answered promptly. In the case of unusual delay, an acknowledgement
should be made to include the date when the reply was forwarded. Whenever the answer appears to be unduly delayed,
the office origin initiates a communication inquiry (TRACER). A tracer includes a duplicate of the original letter with the
word “TRACER” prominently shown as well as a brief statement of the required action and the date of transmittal.

TYPES OF CORRESPONDENCE:
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1. Formal Correspondence
a. Military Letter (Subject-To-Letter)
b. Non-Military (Civilian Letter)
c. Endorsement Letter
d. Memoranda
e. Written Reports:
1) After Conference Report
2) After Activity Report
3) After Travel Report
4) After Training Report
5) After Battle/Casualty Report
6) Investigation/Spot Report
7) Tour of Duty Report
2. Informal Correspondence
a. Disposition Forms
1) Informative DF
2) Summary DF
b. Routing Slip
c. AFP Message/Fax message
d. Minutes of Conference
e. Board Resolutions
f. Dot Point Brief
3. Miscellaneous Forms
a. Personnel Action Form (AGO Form Nr 110)
b. Morning Report Form (AGO Form Nr 1)
c. Personnel History Statement
d. Personal Data Sheet
e. Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net worth
f. Military Summary of Information (SOI)
g. Clearance Form

Two (2) MILITARY Correspondence

1. MILITARY LETTER (SUBJECT-TO-LETTER) - he accepted format in corresponding with other commands both on and
off the post, addressed to the Commander of higher headquarters or to the subordinate units. As much as
practicable, the body should be short enough to fit the two (2) pages.
USAGE - It is used for the correspondence with the Major Services as well as the AFPWSSUs/UCs.
STYLE - It is dignified, direct and accurate; the tone is formal and courteous; nicknames are avoided.
SIZE OF THE PAPER - A4 (8.27”x11.69”)
FONT & FONT SIZE - Arial, 12
MARGIN - Top – 0.75 inch from the top edge of the paper.
Top (second page) 1.25 inch from the top edge of the paper.
Left – 1.25 inch
Right – 0.75 inch
Bottom – 1.25 inch
PLACEMENT 1) Heading and address – upper third of the sheet of paper
2) Body of the Letter – lower two-thirds of the sheet
3) Complimentary Ending – it follows the body of the letter

THREE MAIN ELEMENTS OF A LETTER

1) HEADING – All of the materials/information above the first line of the body comprise the heading.
a) Letterhead/Office of Origin - Normally consists of three (3) lines: GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, ARMED
FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES is written in capital letters; name of the initiating Command, Office, installation or unit; and
address of the initiating organization.
b) File Reference - Placed on the left margin, two (2) spaces below the letterhead in line with the date. It
consists of the originating office (Example: OTAG/AFPRD)
c) Date - The date should follow the day, month and year format. Abbreviation is not authorized. When
stamps are used, the date is not entered until the letter is signed.
d) Subject - It should be written in a few words, and as much as possible, not to exceed ten (10) words,
written in bold text, and typed two (2) spaces below the file reference. When the subject extends to two (2) lines, the
second line is blocked under the first letter of the first word.
e) Channels - THRU and TO begin on the fourth line below the preceding item. It is used when the
correspondence is routed through an intermediate command, unit or office.
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f) Address of the recipient - Placed at left margin on the fourth line below the last word of the subject. It
is addressed to the Commanding General/Commander/Commanding Officer or Head/Chief of Office.
g) Attention address - To speed routing, correspondence may be addressed to the individual either by
reference to his/her name or by the use of an office designation. It is written in bold text.
Examples: TO: Commanding General, PA
Fort Andres Bonifacio Metro Manila
Attn: Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel, G1

TO: Commanding General, PA

Fort Andres Bonifacio
Metro Manila
Attn: MAJ SHIRLEY N BAUTISTA PA

2) BODY – The message itself, the substance of the letter. Written in single-spacing, except when less than nine (9)
lines where double-spacing is used. The first line of the body of the letter begins on the fifth line below the address.
a) References - It must be specific and fully identified. It should be arranged based on the order of
hierarchy of importance, if the references are the same, it will be based from the most recent published policies.
Example 1: (according to importance)
a. 1987 Constitution.
b. Republic Act 9225 dtd 28 July 2003.
c. Presidential Decree 1638 dtd 10 September 1979
d. Executive Order 264 dtd 25 July 1987.
e. AFP Regulations 200-054 dtd 22 September 2014.
f. Circular Nr 3 dtd 11 September 2014.
g. SOP Nr 1 dtd 13 January 2014.
h. Letter Directive Nr 21 dtd 01 September 2014.
i. AFP Regulations Manual series 2014.
Example 2: (same category)
a. Cir Nr 2 dtd 2 October 2017.
b. Cir Nr 1 dtd 27 July 2015.
c. Cir Nr 3 dtd 15 January 2011.

b) Date/Time - Prepared communications to be sent within the Philippines, need NOT indicate the letter
“H” in writing a specified time. “H” does not represent “Hours”, but the Time Zone Designation (GMT+8) of
thePhilippines. However, when sending communications outside the Philippines, “H”should be indicated.
Ex: 100900 January 2017 (within the Philippines) 100900H January 2017 (outside the Philippines)
c) Paragraphing/Numbering - For purposes of uniformity, the manuscript or texts should adopt the
following numbering style as universally accepted format.When there are two or more paragraphs, they will be
numbered consecutively and its sub-paragraphs will be lettered. When a letter consists of only one paragraph it will not
be numbered, however, if there will be sub-paragraphs,the sub-paragraphs will be lettered.

Paragraphs with subdivisions are illustrated in this manner:

1. ……
2. ……..
a. ………
b. ……..
1) ……..
2) ….
a) …………..
b) ….
(1) …………..
(2) ………..
(a) …………….
(b) ………….

d) Abbreviations - a military letter allows abbreviations which are generally accepted in the AFP. They
are generally written without spacing or periods. If the full name is used, the abbreviated rank is permissible (COL
FRANCISCO A GARCIA); if family name only, the rank is spelled out (COLONEL GARCIA). The rank of a COMMODORE or
that of a full-pledged GENERAL is not abbreviated.
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3) COMPLIMENTARY ENDING – This refers to the Information located below the last paragraph of the body.
a) Command or Authority Line - It is typed in capital and bold letters, which begins at the second line below the
first letter of the first word of the last line or sentence. Abbreviations are not used. An authority line will be shown when
the correspondence is signed for the Commander or Head of a Command or Office by an individual authorized to do so.
This reflects the fact that the communication is an expression of the will of the Commander or Head of Office. This line is
omitted when the correspondence has the personal signature of the Head of the Command or Office.
Types of Authority Line:
(1) General Officer with command function (authority to command troops) and addressed to a member of their
command:
(a) BY COMMAND OF GENERAL BARTILET:
(b) BY COMMAND OF MAJOR GENERAL BASA:
(2) If not addressed to a member of their command:
(a) FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:
(b) FOR THE COMMANDER:
(3) General Officer issuing Memoranda addressed to their personnel:
(a) BY DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
(b) BY DIRECTION OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL:
(4) For an Officer below the grade of Brigadier General addressed to a member of their Command:
BY ORDER OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL SANCHEZ:
(5) If not addressed to a member of an Officer’s Command:
FOR THE COMMANDING OFFICER:
(6) For a Branch/Section/Division Chief, in behalf of a Staff who is addressing an individual in another part of the Armed
Forces.
FOR THE STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE:

NOTE: For the communications approved by the Chief of Staff, AFP and addressed to their Command (AFP-Wide),
the command line will be, “BY COMMAND OF GENERAL BARTILET:”, while for the communications addressed outside the
AFP, the command line will be, “FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP:”

A Staff Officer may sign under the command line, “BY ORDER OF COLONEL PACURSA:” or “BY COMMAND OF BRIGADIER
GENERAL CUMLAT:” only when authorized by their Commander.
 Signature
(1) Contents
(a) Signature contains the first name, middle initial and the family name.
(b) The name is typed, stamped or printed in capital letters, and in bold text.
(c) The officer’s grade, branch of service and title.
(d) Double signature is avoided; instead, designated individuals may affix their signature below the Command Line of the
body. The front letter begins one (1) space from the center to the right.

(2) Placement - The typewritten portion of the signature is in block style and placed five (5) lines below the
command line or the body. The front letter begins one (1) space from the center to the right.

(3) Form - Block style and open punctuation are used. This means placing the first letter of the grade and title
directly under the type written signature. Abbreviation of grade, arm of service and the title may be used, except those
with the rank of Colonel and above. If the rank is abbreviated, the letters are capitalized. (Example: MAJ or Major).
Example of Signature Block:
(a) PA Level:
1. GSC eligible and designated to a Command position:

2. GSC eligible and designated to a Staff position:

3. GSC and MNSA eligible:

4. Non-GSC eligible

c) List of enclosures – These are supplementary documents sent with communications to provide additional information.
When a letter has one (1) or more enclosures, it is typed at the left side page in the following manner:
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Enclosures:
2 – DF with 3 comments
1 – Draft of amendment to AFPR G 131-052
3 – AFPR G 630-152

d) Copies furnished to other offices – A notation concerning copies furnished typed immediately under and separated by
at least one line from the listing of enclosures, if any. When no enclosures, notation of copies furnished shall be typed
beginning at the left margin on the same line as that of the typed signature.

Copies Furnished:
The Surgeon General, AFP
The Adjutant General, AFP

i. ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES:
1) Use of one (1) side of the paper - except when using prescribed forms or reproduced materials.
2) One (1) original and one (1) duplicate are prepared. The duplicate serves as the receiving and file copy of the
originating office.
3) Prescribed Ink Color – a standard black ink (settings) of the printer shall be used in official communications.
4) As a matter of preference, all correspondence (civilian or military letters) with the CSAFP, VCSAFP & TDCSAFP as
signatories shall be in “inverted pyramid” or “bottom line upfront”. The concern, recommendation or action shall be
stated first before giving any background on the matter.

2. AFP MESSAGES (INFORMAL CORRESPONDENCE)

A message is a thought or idea, expressed in brief, in plain or secret language and prepared in a form suitable for
transmission by any means of communications.
STYLE: In GHQ and Major Services, the plain text is used while in the field, the abbreviations are used. It is written in
capital letters or in normal text form.
TYPES OF MESSAGES:
1) By Address:
Single Address Message - Message that contains only one addressee.
Multiple Address Message - Message that contains two or more addressee and that all addressee needs to know
the identity of other addresses.
2) By Purpose/Function:
Official Messages - Messages that specifically pertains to the official or related functions of the military
establishments.
Unofficial Messages - Personal messages.
Press Messages - messages originated by duly accredited news gathering individuals.

PARTS OF THE MESSAGE:

1) Heading
a) Precedence message category
b) Date - Time - Group (DTG)
c) Originator
d) Addressee
2) Body - this contains the thought or idea which the originator wishes to express. It is considered as the major
portion of the message.
3) Ending
a) Drafter - the person who compose a message.
b) Releaser or Releasing Officer - the person who authorized transmission of the message. Theoretically, the
Commander is the releaser. However, in actual practice, Commander authorizes the Adjutant as the release of the
message.
d. CONSIDERATIONS IN DRAFTING A MESSAGE:
1) Clear - A message should be clear and free of misunderstanding. Limit your language to words that can be
understood by all readers.
2) Concise - Make your message as short as possible and consistent with clarity.
3) Complete - The message should have a complete thought.
e. FILLING OUT MESSAGE FORM:
The following instructions are to be observed by all Originating/Drafting and/or Releasing Officers for AFP Messages:

1) FOR COMCENTER/SIGNAL USE, ROUTING INDICATOR, FOR OPERATOR USE - The message form has spaces provided
for use by Communication Center/Signal personnel. No entries are to be made in these spaces at the time the message is
prepared by the drafter/originator. When blank sheets are used, adequate space must be left for this purpose.
2) PRECEDENCE - ACTION – The precedence assigned to all action addresses will be entered in this block.
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3) PRECEDENCE - INFO - The precedence assigned to all information addresses will be entered in this block.
MESSAGE PRECEDENCE CATEGORY:
a) Flash (Z) - reserved for initial enemy contact report,operational or combat messages. (10 minutes)
b) Immediate (O) - reserved for messages relating to situation which gravely affect the security of
national forces/populace and which require immediate delivery to the addressee. (30 mins to 1 hour)
c) Priority (P) - reserved for messages requiring expeditious action by the addressee and or furnishes
essential information for the conduct of operations in progress when lower precedence will not suffice. (1 to 6 hours)
d) Routine (R) - reserved for all types of messages that justify transmission by rapid means unless
sufficient urgency to require a higher precedence.
4) DATE-TIME GROUP – The date-time group is placed in the date- time-group block and consists of six digits.
5) MESSAGE INSTRUCTIONS – Normally reserved for use by the communication center to convey instructions, but may
also be used by the originator to indicate the desired method of delivery of message like radio, landline, visual, mail or by
hand.
6) FROM – It is the designation of the originator.
7) TO - It is the designation of the addressees.
8) SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
a) Responsibility – It is the responsibility of the originator to ensure that the proper security classification is
indicated on the message before it is forwarded for transmission.
b) Security Classification - Messages are to be classified TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED
whenever their content falls within the definition set forth in appropriate regulations. Those bearing no security
classification should be marked UNCLASSIFIED or the abbreviation UNCLAS.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION:
(1) Unclassified – routine messages that do not contain information which when disclosed to unauthorized
personnel will not be detrimental to the interest and security of the nation.
(2) Classified – are categorized into four (4) depending on the importance of the information in its text.

FOUR (4) CATEGORIES OF CLASSIFIED MESSAGES

(a) TOP SECRET – The unauthorized disclosure of which, would cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation,
politically, economically or from security aspect.
Classifying Authority:
1 Secretary of National Defense
2 Under Secretary of National Defense
3 Chief of Staff, AFP
4 Vice Chief of Staff, AFP
5 General Staff, AFP
6 Major Service Commanders
7 Chief of ISAFP
(b) SECRET – The unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause serious injury to the
interest and prestige of the nation and would be of great advantage to a foreign nation.
Classifying Authority:
Separate Brigades
1 Those who can classify TOP SECRET
2 Commanders Infantry Divisions and
3 Special and Personal Staff, GHQ
4 General & Special Staff of MajorServices, Infantry Divisions & Separate Brigades
5 PMA Superintendent 6 Commanders of Post, Base, Station, Depot or Separate Unit
7 Chief of Military Mission or Group 8 Military Attaché 9 Service Commandant
(c) CONFIDENTIAL - The unauthorized disclosure of which, will not endanger national security but will cause
administrative embarrassment, unwanted injury to individual and be of advantage to foreign nation.
Classifying Authority:
1 Those who can classify TOP SECRET
2 Those who can classify SECRET
3 Any other Commander
(d) RESTRICTED - Military information not given higher security classification but not intended for general
dissemination to the public.
Classifying Authority:
1 Those who can classify TOP SECRET
2 Those who can classify SECRET
3 Any other Commander
9) CITE/DIG/ORIG NR – This is to be filled by the originator with the office, unit or originator’s cite number of the
message.
10) TEXT – It should be brief and clear.
 ROTC REVIEWER - MIDTERMS
11) REFERENCE MESSAGE – If the message refers to another message, appropriate identifying data of the reference
message will be inserted in the block.
12) CLASSIFIED, YER or NO – If the reference message is classified, the YES block will be marked and, if unclassified, the
NO block will be marked.
13) PAGE NR and NR of PAGES – This block will be filled according to the number of messages from the pages used to
complete the message.
14) DRAFTER’S NAME, TITLE and PHONE NUMBER – Data identifying the drafter is entered in this block.
15) RELEASING OFFICER’s NAME, TITLE and SIGNATURE – data identifying the individual authorized to release the
message is to be entered in this block.

f. GUIDE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE MESSAGES (AFPR G 101-541DATED 09 SEPTEMBER 1987):

1) Abbreviations - use only authorized abbreviations.
2) Punctuation - Use punctuation only when needed.
3) Brevity - Text should be clear, accurate and brief. Conjunction, preposition and articles should be eliminated
unless essential to the meaning.
4) Paragraphing - Paragraphs will be indented and numbered as in regular correspondence.
5) Numbers and fractions - numbers and fractions will be written as digits.
6) Time: In the Heading of message - DTG represented by six (6) digits.
In the Text - local time
Time written – when the writing is of extreme critical significance to the addressee.
g. ORIGINATOR’S OR DRAFTER’S RESPONSIBILITIES:
1) Determine the necessity of the message.
2) Determine the addressee and type of the message.
3) Use the prescribed message form.
4) Draft message text in accordance with regulations.
5) Determine the security classification.
6) Determine precedence category.
7) Ensure authentication.
8) Forward the message to appropriate transmitting agency.
h. Radio Message by Courier Dispatch – to be used when communicating with units where the matter requires
immediate action or dissemination.
FAX MESSAGE –message that was sent or received over a fax machine.
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) – It is a method of exchanging digital documents, messages and data from the sender
to one or more recipients. It can be used for formal or informal communication but should be used with absolute
discretion to give emphasis on the security of information.
SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) or Text Message – It is a form of conversation with the absence of a voice. Texts
are usually just advance copies of formal reports. In the absence of formal reports especially those that do not need one
like simple instruction, text are treated official.

VII. PHILIPPINE ARMY ROLES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster - a Disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such
severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures.
TYPES OF HAZARDS AND EFFECTS
1. NATURAL - natural phenomena
A. TYPHOON - severe tropical hurricane which usually occurs in western Pacific or the China Sea
B. STORM SURGE - atmospheric disturbance manifested in strong winds accompanied by rain and often by
thunder and lightning
C. FLOOD - overflowing by excessive water onto an area which is normally dry
D. VOLCANIC ERUPTION - process wherein molten rock materials (magma) are emitted or ejected in
E. the form of flowing masses and stream from a crater vent fissure
F. EARTHQUAKE - ground vibrations caused by volcanic activity
G. TSUNAMI – tidal waves
H. LANDSLIDE - dislodging and falling of a mass of land and rocks
I. DROUGHT - long period without rainfall.
J. TORNADO - localized windstorm characterized by a visible funnel-shaped, rapidly whirling cloud extending
downward from the base of a dark cumulonimbus cloud
2. MAN-MADE – human caused
A. FIRE - rapid and persistent chemical reaction involving the combination of combustible material and
oxygen that releases heat and light.
B. CONFLAGRATION - large disastrous fire involving numerous buildings/houses or structures/area.
C. MARITIME DISASTER - ill-fated events that occur at high seas causing excessive damages, injuries
and loss of lives.
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D. LAND AND AIR DISASTER - unplanned or unforeseen events or circumstances that may occur either
on air or on land resulting mostly from ignorance or carelessness
E. OIL SPILL - fallout of oil or similar substance from a container resulting to environmental hazards
F. CIVIL STRIFE - social unrest with violent activities, destruction of properties, and chaos resulting to
injuries.
G. POLLUTION - contamination of water, soil, or atmosphere by the discharge of noxious substances
especially gaseous, chemical or organic wastes
H. RED TIDE - presence of toxic chemicals or pollutants in coastal waters that extremely affects natural
resources resulting to food poisoning and deaths
I. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT - accidents that occur in industrial facilities caused by unsafe practices or
malfunction of equipment and machineries. It could be very minimal or extensive in magnitude.
J. EPIDEMIC - an outbreak of a disease or illness that spreads rapidly among individuals in an area or
population at the same time.
3. COMPLEX DISASTER – is a compound event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, of which one or two
or multiple hazards occurs separately or at the same time to a certain place and as a result creating another
hazards and effects which impacts with such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking
exceptional measures.

Hazard map - is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular hazard

THE ARMY'S ROLE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

1. Development - Army units participate in capability building and organizational development activities. Army
units in the field of engineering, medical services, communication and information technology may be tapped to
provide inputs in policy making and longterm development planning.
2. Prevention - the Philippine Army supports the efforts of the government for disaster prevention. Army units may
participate in identifying and implementing engineering interventions. Engineering units may be tapped to
conduct mapping and related studies as well as the construction of protective facilities depending on the
capacity of the concerned government entity.
3. Mitigation - The Army engineers in support role may be tapped by disaster coordinating councils to assist in the
structural disaster mitigation activities such as de-silting of river systems or repair of public structures that pose
hazards to citizens
4. Preparedness - Army units participate in joint disaster preparedness planning together with the member
agencies and the disaster coordinating council to come up with a sound plan to cope with effects of disasters.
The three (3) components of Zero Casualty Formula:
1. Warning. The issuance of early warning and advisory to the population at risk. The warning and advisory
must follow the basic elements of communication
2. Communication. This is the relay of advisory to the population at risk. In communicating warnings and
advisories
3. Evacuation. It is moving the population at risk to safe emergency shelters prior to disaster impact
Warning + Communication +Evacuation = Zero Casualty Formula
5. Disaster Impact. At the impact of disaster, and when situation permits, Army units shall initiate immediate
response during the critical moments to those affected primarily to save lives
6. Response - the primary role of the Army is to ensure security and stability in order to facilitate appropriate
response from other agencies and organizations especially during the most critical periods within the emergency
situation.
7. Recovery - Army’s role is to support the government’s efforts to restore public utilities, rehabilitate affected
communities and reconstruct vital infrastructures

THE ARMY'S FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT IN DISASTER OPERATIONS

Command and Control Group
1. Commander. The officer assigned for overall responsibility for disaster operations.
2. Command Staff Officers. Provide specific support to the Commander with functions that are not directly involved in
service delivery.
a. Public Information Officer. The single media point of contact.
b. Safety Officer. Responsible for identifying safety issues and fixing them.
c. Liaison Officer. Point of contact for agency-to-agency issues.
3. General Staff. Provides the management of the delivery of emergency response services.
a. Administration. Accounts for and manages the costs generated by ongoing operations
b. Operations. Plans and executes Incident Action Plan.
c. Logistics. Provides the support necessary to carry out the plan.
d. Communications: a medium by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another
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PA DRRM Group Components and their Capabilities: Knowing Our Own Capabilities

1. Fire Services. The Philippine Army has a very limited firefighting capability especially on its lower unit levels. Only HPA
and (some) Inf Div through their Post Engineer Detachment (PED) have fire trucks.
2. Engineering. The PA Engineer units can construct and rehabilitate roads and bridges, buildings and related facilities.
They could also be utilized to assist in the response, rescue, relief and rehabilitation operations during calamities.
3. Waterborne Rescue. These are units of the Army which have limited water rescue capability. Mentioned below are
some of the units which have the watercraft and underwater equipment:
5. Canine (K-9). On a limited scale, the Army is capable of tracking victims of disaster with the use of the Army Canine
Coy. (unit)
6. Medical Services. The Army has medical units spread throughout the archipelago. However, most of these are in the
Infantry Divisions and other major units only. A typical responding ambulance has complete medical supplies and
medical staff who are capable of administering medical services to victims.
7. Communications. The Philippine Army communications capabilities can establish communication linkages and make
these available for disaster operations. The communication component can provide and maintain continuous and reliable
communications and adequate warning system throughout the impending and existing disaster and calamities.
8. Transport. The Philippine Army provides transport services utilizing organic vehicles of its units. Vehicles of other units
may be pooled into one to expand capabilities and maximize results. This can be obtained from any of the following
units:
9. Public Information. Philippine Army, Public Information component is to provide information updates on the whole
spectrum of DRRU specifically on disaster situation and actions being undertaken with the coordination of the command
agencies and stakeholders.
10. Security. The Philippine Army in all its unit levels has the capability to provide for its own security. Security assistance
may be provided to the local police unit as necessary. Reservists may be utilized to provide additional security in any
occasion that there would be lack of disaster management groups. The size of the security element shall be dependent
on the threat situation.
11. Others/Human resource. The PA personnel that come from the Regular and Reserve components also to include
CAA’s is one of its important resources, which can be tapped and mobilized in times of emergencies