VECTORS

Formula: a² + b² = c², where c is the

“One must have direction before hypotenuse, and a and b are the other
moving his distance; a million steps sides' lengths.
can result in no change if half of it
Example: In a right triangle with legs of 3
were taken backwards. “ and 4 units, the hypotenuse is 5 units
long.
You can find the angle of two sides by
Trigonometry: using inverse trig functions: arcsin,
arccos, arctan
Trigonometric
Functions:
Definition:
Trigonometric
functions relate
angles in a right
triangle to the ratios
of the lengths of its
sides.

Sin(θ) = Opposite (a) / Hypotenuse (h),

Cos(θ) = Adjacent (b) / Hypotenuse (h), Example:
Tan(θ) = Opposite (a) / Adjacent (b)

Hypotenuse (h) - longest, opposite (a)-

side opposite to angle, adjacent (b)- side
touching the angle

X and Y components can be found using

trig functions Cos = adj/hyp -> arccos (8/13) = 52 deg
adj=8, hyp=13
x=cos(θ)*h, y= sin(θ)*h

Example: Sin(30°) = 1/2, Cos(60°) = 1/2,

Tan(45°) = 1.

h= 20, θ=60°
X= cos(60°) * 20 = 10
Y= sin(60°) * 20 = 17.32

Pythagorean Theorem:
Special Right Triangles:
Certain right triangles have specific angle
and side ratios (e.g., 30-60-90, 45-45-90).
Quadrant
IV Negative Positive Negative
(270-360)

Coterminal Angles and Reference

Angles:

Coterminal Angles:

angles that have the same initial and

terminal sides but differ by a multiple of
360° (or 2π radians). They represent the
Sign of trig functions and their
same direction.
components
Example: 30° and 390° are coterminal
Cosine angles.
Quadrant Sine (y) (x) Tangent
Reference Angles:

Definition: The reference angle is the acute

angle formed between the terminal side of
Quadrant an angle and the x-axis.
Positive Positive Positive
I (0-90)
Example: The reference angle for 150° is
30°.

Quadrant Reference Angle

Positive Negative Negative
II (90-180) Quadrant Formula

Same as the original

Quadrant I
angle

Quadrant Quadrant II 180°−Original Angle

III Negative Negative Positive
(180-270)
Quadrant III Original Angle−180°

Quadrant IV 360°−Original Angle

 Cardinal Directions and Their Angles:

Coterminal angles

Start at first direction (North) then count

Reference Angles:
30 degrees towards second direction
(east)
acute angle (less than 90) formed between
= north 30 degrees east
the terminal side of an angle and the x-axis.
= 30 degrees east of north

Example: The reference angle for 150° is

Cardinal Directions:
30°
North (N): 0°
East (E): 90°
Types of angles
South (S): 180°
West (W): 270°

Supplementary = sum is equal to 180

Oblique Triangle Trigonometry VECTORS

Laws of vector addition

1. Commutative Law
- The order in which vectors are
added does not affect the result.
= A + B = B +A

2. Associative Law
- Grouping of vectors when adding
them does not affect the result

3. Negative of a vector
- The negative of a vector has the
same magnitude but opposite
direction

A + (-A) = 0
 4. Vector subtraction Laws in graphing and solving vectors
- Subtracting a vector is equal to
adding the negative of that vector

A-B = A + (-B)

Triangle Law- two vectors represented as

Resultant Vector: two sides of a triangle can be added by
single vector that represents the total effect getting the third side of the resulting triangle
of adding two or more vectors together. - Used when vectors are sequential/
successive
Unit Vector: - Place first vector’s tail at origin point,
vector with a magnitude of 1 and is often then second vector’s tail at head of
used to indicate direction. first vector

x, y, and z directions in Cartesian

coordinates are represented as i, j, and k,
respectively.

X and Y Components:
projections of that vector onto the x-axis and
y-axis, respectively.

X component = Rcos theta - Use pythagorean theorem/ Law of

Y component= Rsin theta sines/ Law of cosines to solve
resultant side/angle that is needed
R= magnitude of resultant vector
theta= angle Parallelogram Law- the resultant vector of
3D Vectors: two vectors is the diagonal of two adjacent
three-dimensional space that has three sides of a parallelogram that is represented
components, typically along x, y, and z by the two vectors
axes.
 Practice problems (goodluck c: )

Vector Addition Using Triangle and

Parallelogram Methods:

● Vector A has a magnitude of 5 units

at an angle of 30 degrees above the
positive x-axis. Vector B has a
magnitude of 3 units at an angle of
60 degrees below the positive
x-axis. Find the resultant vector
using the parallelogram method.

● Given vectors P = 4i + 2j and Q = -2i

+ 3j, find the resultant vector R = P +
Q using the triangle method.
- Used when vectors do not act along
same line, e.g force on an object ● You have two forces acting on an
- Place both tail of vectors at origin object: F1 = 10 N to the east and F2
point then complete parallelogram, = 8 N to the north. Find the resultant
the resulting diagonal is the resultant force using the parallelogram
vector method.
- Use cosine law/sine law to measure
side/angle/ resultant vector ● Vector C has a magnitude of 6 units,
and Vector D has a magnitude of 8
Polygon method- used when there is more units. If the angle between them is
than two vectors being added 45 degrees, find the resultant vector
- Same concept with triangle and using the triangle method.
parallelogram
- Resultant vector is the closing line Vector Addition Using Polygon Method:
between origin and final vector’s
head ● You have three velocity vectors: V1
= 5 m/s at 30 degrees north of east,
V2 = 4 m/s at 60 degrees west of
north, and V3 = 6 m/s at 45 degrees
east of south. Find the resultant
velocity using the polygon method.

● Given vectors A = 3i - 2j, B = i + 4j,

and C = -2i + 2j, find the resultant
vector R = A + B + C using the
polygon method.
Vector Components and Angles:
● A force of 20 N acts at an angle of
● A force of 12 N acts at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal.
60 degrees with the horizontal Calculate the force's horizontal and
direction. Find the horizontal and vertical components.
vertical components of the force.
● A cyclist rides at a velocity of 12 m/s
● A velocity vector V has components north, and the wind blows at a
Vx = 4 m/s and Vy = -3 m/s. Find the velocity of 4 m/s from the west. Find
magnitude and direction of the the resultant velocity of the cyclist.
velocity vector V.
● A displacement vector D1 has
● A displacement vector D has components Dx1 = 5 m and Dy1 = -3
components Dx = 8 m and Dy = -6 m, while another displacement
m. Find the magnitude and direction vector D2 has components Dx2 = -2
of the displacement vector. m and Dy2 = 4 m. Find the resultant
displacement vector D = D1 + D2.
● A force of 15 N is applied at an
angle of 45 degrees to the ● Given vectors P = 3i - j and Q = 2i +
horizontal. Find the component of 4j, find the angle between vectors P
the force along the horizontal and Q.
direction.
● A boat travels 5 km downstream in a
● A boat travels at a velocity of 10 m/s river with a velocity of 4 m/s. If it
north, and the river flows at a then returns to its starting point by
velocity of 5 m/s east. Find the traveling 5 km upstream, find the
boat's resultant velocity. boat's average velocity.

Mixed Problems: ● A car moves 30 km north, then 40

km east, and finally 50 km at an
● A car travels 100 km north, then 60 angle of 45 degrees north of east.
km east, and finally 80 km south. Find the total distance traveled by
Find the car's total displacement the car.
using vector addition.

● Two displacement vectors A and B

have magnitudes of 8 m and 15 m,
respectively. If the angle between
them is 120 degrees, find the
resultant displacement.

● A hiker walks 4 km north, then 3 km

east, and finally 2 km south. What is
the total displacement of the hiker?