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prey. Kash sb
Dept of Moctematics
AIT, Tumkear.
Open Statements :-
We
Present a fers Statements tovolving variables
=, 4,2 etc.
G>) peed s wee
> qcx.y> 2 KAS RG
@ yor, u,2d ¢ ayia 2”
Stefement Of TS kthd ore called open
these open Stedements tun out to be
Steverments .
Propostttoms fos spect fic Value tthe vartables
tohich ts etther Tree CT) of False ced.
ex: for a>, GD ECD
@ par: tes PO? sa2es, Pesr* acs, p64d:.4.2 >
are all TME grakements
pred: 6 45- pemd: 7<5 are False Statements.
@) q ce? les ce Oe THE
7 ig False
| cu) oad
(ny 03 4,5) a+l6= 25 is bee
oCL2D \eu FA is Folse.
Trfsa Stojement vortch @volves Oe
Der 4on *-
ishich can be etther tue OF
or more Vartotsle
false
yz) are colled prectécales
Note :- pcx, gtx. y, 20%
Quantifiers + Oper centences tovolvdig veorcls Of the
fom “ for ou” or * Gor come" With reference to
Involved OTe coiled Quantifiers
the vartebles | __N
Universo! quantifiers! sentences Envolved }tth iomds
Of the type for atll [for eversy Symisoltcally V With
reference to the Varfables are calttecl Universas quant?
fiers
Esctstentia! quantifiers +- Sentences involved With
Wwosds of the type fer some | these axsig. 1eitth
Symbeticalty J ore Coiled Emtstenthod quantifiers .
Quontigied Statement!” Any Statement Revolve
Ltth elther of these too quantifiers TS called a
Quantified Stetenenk-
The ruth value ef a quantified Storement Genolved
with ¥/g) ts-
Ny Yor Cpeesy ts hue (1) ply her pas Is hue
Bor every belong chg to a Set S.
ts Sab
Gi) dee Chews] ts False Corky OPED peo ts Bales
for every qe belong hg too Ser S-
es +t
The Negeton OF quanktied Stosement TS
what poory = I% Toho]
wo fd Cpls = wa, Lopor] Problere
Te A= 4023,4,54% ra
7 2, 3,4, ts the Un
wversos set, cet or
the truth values of Each OF the Follorothg erases ts
nts,
@) Groce A) Cota * yas 6 #!°
gta THO
ree none oF Thee ts equal RHs.
ye observe ae
pa ts false kor
: : forth Ve et Poo ts False cr.
Thus tre
2
quy Ler pated 2 2a5
pyci>- 1 2eas Pa Cad + le 4as
1 _
Pa c2>* a ees RCcSs>* as4as
pg 6B>* a €as
A.
i hue fee every xe ;
on n foth VNe et Roo tS et
Thus, e “|
3
W) Let
byC%> . oct sx+e =O
Rye) slo s4e = ToS = ato
Bea » &-lote = lO -l0 =O
by Cd q-is+e =1s-1S =O
Bocas 2 leraote = aQ-go 40
Pecs>) » as-asté = 640
foe obsene That Pac 15 sabsped foo Some
_ These belergs fo A.
Vatnen 4 %= 2,3
at bya ts tere CT.
Trusa The tut value
lohat te the tatth volue Of Yor, boo ond dx, Peas
tshere pcx 1S the Stotement (> axteio GO) esto
and te Universes Set Consisig OF Posihve Integers
not exceedithg, A. ‘
Ler S= $0,2,2.43
ay Rex _ xPaio
picid” \<10 pears A: I FIS
pacers 4Pt° rcar: 162 lO
Here 14,9 71° ts False & 171° is hue
‘mus the fut volue Of Woo ptx> ts False CFD
ond (3x, Pes} is PRE D-
Tarte Reto Tob. 3. Let ‘S' be the set of all tntegers representehg, the
and Let pos, Gow, TCH be the OPeh
sented as follows.
qen: x2 aS , WA EZS
pbniversal set
Statements feprt
Pew. oct+a 410,
pte oun the buth votes OF the follosctg .
bb
Guy eo PCD na qc)
@ bead a pts? vista
qv peay 3 qca 0D
SON. G) posed: Fae!
prays Eel — Tee.
Guy pears +a Zt Bea: Weee
poesd: Te!10 me El v03>: 37S — Fale
23> Ks) yoo%c3)
pcs> C3)
Tv FE v uy
pes> VOD om TU!E
QS peas: HR zIO Qoo? eas
Ss 210 — me
qcar: 16 £25 nue
pi:
ope yt ofa) A044)
Ee e F
ts False
pes> aca
T T
ope “« oqc4dd
Qv) pero: Wa
T e F F Fz
pcad— 48> Away & False.
" ww joatte the followers proposteron te the sqenbolle Som,
and fAd ts Heaton.
Srp all. tetangles OF rtght prongs
qs equianguiar: cguby 2095”
Sol? =
So”; Let ‘s' be the Universad Ser consisting of cl the O!
Let peer. oc fs o aseght angled
qm. * BOD equianguiar toiangle
Syrabotic Fors + [¥x poo) [vx oor]
Poa
aa) = eve
a SpA eA
aa wGrIge PA eT
~CPad =| PALMA
= f¥apooy % [ax eo)
gj anck there are Some
5. Wrtte down the Follooeng prope site in Symbolic feos
and fad US negakKso
= Foy all totegers nm, FD Ts MOE clivicible by & then
m ts odd”
so. Ler Z be he get of Tete all Integers be lhe bauversad
Set.
Ler pends ts divisible by 2
qem: 2 ts odd.
Yo, Looper 3163
Symebolte Foro *
w~tye feopemr— rend}
Negaron 2)
= dx = Lope 4075) f
poq > prod
=>
dn, wo Lop veto)
pve,
=A an pend A9acm?
Jr farm * qe}
There ext
we masts some Totegers where,
cliviscble by 2 and
mits not odd.
SP vst
je the negation of the gollwcrg grosements.
Zz is the Universes Set
() Some rectangles ase SqUSTe
qa) Aw yours se u and Some elders ite
Sook bolt:
Quy Fos OM geet! FO
9, DOS tategers johere ck-m> & Crop) ore
v : cyan 2002/10)
mts ast
ke crete
Every necrange tS 7
the ser oF Ot people:
crcker
3x,9oo)
rate lite FO
co ft voe-bord % tax gon)
son %S.
pool V [vxe 4009)
“come youngsters *
elders cm’ Uke foot ball. GN) Let pees. Qotaxt) fo, Zis the sett all Tob]eyers
Symbolic from, Gaez) (ax sxticto>
Negatton ts, o { @xcez) caxtaxti oy)
= Juez (axrraxti =od
Fos Some Tateger, AX H2xX+1=0.
WY ter Pe Peer; Ck ts odd
Q= Yo,9>+ Cmon> Ts ode
Re sCkm; Ckony ts Cven
Piso, Zits the Set of oll totegers
Sy embolic + C¥ km, nez) (CPAQ>— FI
Negoton > ow {ev emne2) CpAQi PRY
= Jk.mnez © {CPA RZ
=> Jkmece VY { ocpam@ Vv RY
a J kmwee Prey A&R
“There epdsts THEgers m,n Sach thar beth Ckem),
ar odd and Cken> ts Hot even.”
Crm-n>
4 For the bntverse of ol tategers, depie the FollePFQ
peed. HO, qQoo: wets ocr.
geck SALTS + scud: TS Aivisible by
Waite lose tne Rott:
Soom
aca: KTS O Per
B, ter: ts Arisible yt:
quankRed Stotements fo Syenoolc
@) Atleast one Toteger qs aren
are Avisdote bys
Gy Some even integess
6) Bree pseger ts either
a Bas even ond & perpecr aquere Teen
W
mot asthe by 3. .
thie by 7 Then Sis
odch Or MOF Aw
(wv) Ts 7% Ws
C Tan 20109
chivisdble BY 3- SIP: = Is the set of Pntegers Ts the Universo} Set~
Syenbotic Sooo TS
@) Jxez yoo
Gy duez C4°%? A scx}
@) geez Ca ¥ 900)
oy vaez [Lg aremirs soo)
> Y¥oxcez [hoqcad Vo bom —3sexs)
8. Negate and stemplify each Gf the folloodg
Q> Yoo. Cpa” oqo}
Qs dx. Tpoovaem — wcxd) Cyne acted
Sol.
Sel”) @y cod oc, Tp Aad 5
= Ix, me Tpaon 24rd
= dx, oPwev qo)
= dx, Tp asd ta the Fea. Negohor
wy ~ lax A Porv god 3 vexrt)
= vx ef peas VAD TOT
co aoe Lok pear VFO v xo)
var C pexd VAM 4 wscad Bo rH
~ wasate The Follondkss, propose Ch Symboue fsem
ond gad US negoton -
ce Pal tategers OF soonest} musmbers cand Some
ad mumbers OS mot antegers.” ppec 2010)
wy per PER” oc te an THCIST
Qcn> oc tS a vororsd ure ber
pro, ZS set & all Integer
Qts ger OF all vobone) murnrber . oe
sl® P= pem,n>
Symbclic foo. [¥ocez good ny {ao 6g opor)
Negohén ts, © 4 Wocez, aH] A faxes, opooly
= (Axcez ago) Vv [Woceq pear)
There @xists Some Treg
wakones numbers oF OM
qnxegers.”
Fos the Followdre, statement, grate the
Tavesse and Contra posisre + ThE Draverse CHOIA SS
of all tntcgers-
«< Tp om diides » and
fren mm clivicles P”
pm atvtdes pe
Crune 20)
1 m diddes D
manmdes P
qr ac?
R= romp = om divictes P
syerbotic Soom * cpaar—®
CRO4 is qm PP
G@ cgavess
@nar® TS Ro CPAS
“rp mares P mde n ond
tA OPO ©
= qc —6
Orn Cpcarv acer] A ope? =
Moe, legcr? Y ww) =
@.@ 4
= qear AL A> —srcax}
coycad VeCay — @
car A feoqcas V ¥ca>] =
sr —© Further, Yeo, TS 0)
= scar eBCad —®
Paq zs wqoeh %& ©
Scars wovcay Ss © COCA) — SCA
= rads oscay —@
combi ©.@
scard A Txcax—3 OS@)] = OS Cad
= doc, OSCxd
Hena the Gusumens & Vaid. Deginitions
Definitions and preags of Theorems
Definition can be Understocd os a Steteneen> ot
the meanthg & a word.
je present all the three methods of proof In
logtcat language usthg the wes ot tnference and
Jaws af lbogtc-
Direct proof :- We assurne PTS tose CT
Hor 7 TSTMS cr:
poo is pre CT).
Tactireck prest » we assume
4s equivatent to. .
we estonltsh cop ts he:
— oP ccentva post eae? beg toe -
wpkr PETS yer
poq is ue CT.
prof by Combsadtckio® t
qs Fake CH worach ts eet
4 as False cr). tere
ard estabush that P
pre ASSUME per
-voiens co Pts tue CT) and
we Store wih qis false CF)
is Solse CH. Since p fs already tue CT) WS
arrive OF OD CHD «
e@ ther poq ts bee CD.
Therepore we Conc
Disproot CFS quieo propesttian
ap there exrst atleast OPe element Koes
euch that bcoce> FS false then the touth vale
Tats ts equivalent
to provediing > counter Example disprwuing fhe gwen \
\
Further if Tne set “cS quncicts of Pero muMber Of
elements, touthruness OF 2S the propos!
[veces poe) can be justified veug yers
ts tue for eresy 9¢ belenghg tp the gwen S-
a ts callest mMethed of Exhaustion .
tHe
that Poo
Tats metho
4. Gwe GM A
Gy Aq prost
«Ig nts ono even Integer
tnieger.”
Sol. Lee P*
direct proof GW An tndirect Proot
chon fps The Folloovrg, Stoterenr
dol
by confradt
tren MS is an OF
s even ftmplies Ihak NHI, FEZ
G) Direct prot: ni
= 2043 = ae+ot)
N43
= 2004041
= 2he+) ager , which TS oad
Thus Wis even thee M43 Ts odd.
(u) Todirect proof. we assume thes coq fs Pte
or pis Te Kg qis false.
i pd tis an even integer
a: pra is oP even integer
nepear & eres = ater
EOCe-2+1
= amt, ME
That ts to Say thet misanodd tateger Lohieh
ts equivaten’ xo cop being Prue.
fe true. Bak oq OPES PHT
OL — oP
JHen ce poe is hue, Prvoy by conteattctten :
ASsum
bq ts false pis bve £4 1s foie
Zp: nisean ever integer
Gs O43 jon ever foteger
merseae n= ar-3
eace-2> +! = awl mez
ag to sey THO mts on oda tateger vonich,
Koo P thor 7 Ton even
co teats the popes
por ts ee.
3 ts odd .
n tadirect proof
freck PIDoe ay 4
the Follow AY
wer Gie a GQ AM
Gn) A proof by contradtcko® Ses
statement -
«rep ts
integer”
is an oxi tnteger
yp, bet bs O
q: neq is oO oven tateger.
NaIet | FEZ
e
(
@) Direct proof :
O44 carer = Qotlo
= = am (Say), stsE2
CE Thus , oF
eo Tok oq ts ht
Assan
false .
Gy Tadtrect proog +
pis rue UTS Thak is n=am 3 Wt
Ts even, Scop in hue
cop ep fs re .
we houre
shu op OP = P34 p bene POL phe,
is mis edd then O+4 oon
(
Guy prog by conbadtelten :
Agsure P7G TS False OF
pts mre 4 pis Fake.
p: nis anosd integer
aq: caead ts oP odd 1oleger
= as-8 = ate-4y =a ,mez
tnteger tech
nok the SOTO
3. Establish
is Atvtstble oq 7
mumbers
SP. we Shall USE the alrect HE
rg xez, tren the sever consece mumbers Ore
ma Ker x= xo! aig = Teta, mgs tet S ty = tot
Xp = Hote
Ase LetSs
¢
_ De = aot 6%
jee a4 (mets) * (met E>
= Txet4! = ¢%6et3> a1, ES
Pros &
c 6
yixe = aaa aonstble by 7
=o ize 5
Hence pooved - 4.
Show Ih
/ at for all odd tategers
@) The
sun
@) Th ot two ode! tntegerS ie even
e Product of
SX)? kugo oda tateger
Ler “s)
S be The set of ot! odd
s Ts od
a let xy €8 entegerts -
acc amty ond GF anti m0 6%
Now EKG = @mH) + cantt)
= amtante
g cmt ot!
Thar is, act y Hat, sez => cca BS OVER
ay sy St carey) C2048)
= Amott am +aot!
a (mot mart)
= avr rez
peg = 28+! a ey es odd
Ss ewer thet ocez cxni> ts dwtstole by Ss,
prove arreck OF i bhok ete te aiusible
by Ss
al? By aor, cane = os = oe sktl kez
poo, aT cok 4
= aca toett et
easKrlokt
= eo cske ake
sv
thats, 244
eee
amsdele by &
