ONIT ~IIt ate of We At prpestion 2s a statement or declarative. “ Statement which 2s ether true ov False Eu: at3a=-4 She above sentence has a grath value of false 50 me called 2 as propestiion ax statement Ex: sx4=8 Oni-the above sentence fins a truth dalue ‘fue. Ihus bean be conSderecl as statement 67 propesttion Ex: fobo can think \fke human | In the above there $s an assumption buk not deelavative sentence eSthe7 trae er Falée- Shas the abe ve sentence can't be constdered as Statement Compound propostton | A compound proposttions when prove tae ove | proposttfons axe connected Wrough enrtous connectives 38 called compound propesttfons. . i Far A BES \ “4 ANB ave AB ' Neos Sp the above fy 8 axe propostttons and a) the rest are Compornd propostitons - tere the connecthves are A, Vv, 4 >"Frattolegy : us i) A compound proposton -that $s always true 10 matter what -the truth valaes of the proposition Or vatable that accurs $n Pr Fs called Taeito logs Ex: P aP pv7P 1, 4 Tv F Tr F spate Condratfetion: , 4 A campouncl propesttion that %s always Jalse | Erespect ve: of -the Variable, values occur %p Et Calle as Contrack?citon & ey Ex; © f Ps \ a - \ 4h betas etn Conthgeney.; . A compound propostBon® that 2s nether. a. taukobgg nov a Contadtctfon $s cailed: can tigency. Ex: B a | Pna| iy 7 7 THY OT fea Tr Bt re - 7 F Fl oF F1 Proposthonal caleales popestfonal calecius $8 the process sohere we use ast of rales to combine Simple propostttons % fom Umprand propostifons sith the help of certetvn logie Operators She Ingle bperators Bflen called at comectives. Examples ane Vv, Ny —5, 2> Note: compound proposition $s also known 28 formule 0? | well fomed Sormula Ex: AVB ANB AB AaB the above me 4 voellformed Jorrmulas Aevtoed form Semple propositions A, B usher connectivas Sach as Vv), ‘Truth sables { 4 | #aloberatee ait the posetble darth values of a force 4 Negation 2 confunetfon = P P T T | ee : T i, . \ FEqui valence laws 4 Fdeottty laws A, Mouble negattern law Pri ep Tlip)= p Pvrep Ways 2 Aewhnaten law .F Commutative lays pyts 7 PvVAF aup Patcr Pag zane 3 Sdempotent Jaw PYP; Pp. Paps p 6 NOAM Le tai (Pvaders pylqve) CRADAY = halgayn | | | | | \4. Sfsbtbuive law palavd= tpnayvcpar), | pvl4a7)=lpvq)a (pyd 8 emorgans law ILpyd= Tp ary TPA) = pvty PYLEIP2r |g P99 =1lp374) Tlpeyepnry i G?Va Cp), =P Crary Cpa V Cb) ip oGv7) CPIM GONE Cong) o> e-DA C120 Cpvy se \ a | Ident te law p| tv] fF pat pyF | TIF LT 7 Fir le F F . pat=P pyr =P a Abso7pron ‘lais pv (page P, pa (pvqyep—— ! WWl&apea TA LavpF 1 9: Negation law PYIPST patpeF sh Logteal Zactvatances Spvoloeng conditions as plows2+ Powkrarfon ted PYTE POONA PAF2F Tqyny S: Idempotent law [PLT PvP | pap “PVP =p pap=P 5 commutative law 4h, Mouble, negation law | P al relia [2C1P)|seny TTlefel or |r Fryede}r Ve FT le fe [eR | FOF fre pri] Reve (1p) =P : Ty) D pag = aap (PTs ia | cram |ree es ; TIF r é = FUT r F + Fle Fe F F ’ PYLE avpclative law & ASSO: Fuuubuo oe bRebe ee Frerpkbpbe > phREReR + FY pva | (pva)vy| pylay)| par [pa Cane 2D & Sipeep bee ee repre ERE a é wb eee Se Spree epeue clr pum rE ee : ~ = epee ee ee SA ER pe ee EE = (pradv7 = prlave) = palan) Cpng)nr+ Bistr®butive taws + [Jaw [pag anr| palavy)| @n4q)vl | PW flr por T “ nl 1 Ae FL or for = | , 7 ye || AP hrfa pr pe] + - i TERETE [oe] ® F | Fits el oe | E> Tr FE . Fae Flr |. Fl F je | Fo Tle ig Fle el F fe a | —! Pl OF F | Py(qar. sa s Pv4 | pyr ( + Rva)alpvr)} ¢ - aig) Tle Lye . 7 +t ar + a v i +r ror im 7 + T bo tg u r 7 fh a F T F S F F F pe x, ye B FC) oe FE Te 1 F Pravy)= (pas) ven), Pv(aar) = Cpva) qn vr)bg Demorgans law Pla}ap] ta pag | pvq|tlpna)ialet TIT] F Fl + x e fF ah | F r FE | Teall Egy Fito] or F F Tr fr Fle [oo + fee lets ToT “. pata | apviy FE F F + 449 R - 10pnq) = IPYTg 1 Cpva) = Ip At, 4 Absorption law Pa] pana] pyal Pv CPnay] patra) aap P| TT r+ le fe FE a ae * TRF) PF LF ¥r F F He F Fr F Fe - 7 U Heel LE FE Flor r TH [etn aay" pwCpnq) = p Pr lpva) = p {heyy “tv qap) =a 4 tH Cave) = ' to. Negakon Law! | TPL TT | Pvp PATp, Re -F Tv SPY Ip =P. - F Taf Fp pPMIP 7 It Le le |e | pape. yon ee Logtcal eqetvalences an ira 4 Py 1p 7PVy rh oF F a Tye F F FE Pa Flr + + [tt vi a a ee < poqe PVEpoy pva p44 / 714 [po | ale) ‘4 4 1lp>71) -. PAY paty 1lp>v) PS bepubd Prem e wk p wildLt Err ee Powr PFRER gouge Wa | avr} pay petany) | FL ELE TE ar | AVE! pag | p47 2 (p21) 1@>*} e +P 4 € os SEES i ; aa Fu yey ar “URS Ree A FY Rob+a ee Gf 7 na fewest AT ee ~ oe Ae 2 rua: es ee S14 S hE EL r aay rhea i RYH roe RY Fuh uE yg fe oe N Few FeeEE uuu Qe V4>9 SGA Mor | KEE oF- Natca) .cletectfon System comments | ae “iption —formala Theorem from Ane 4nfer antere) 0 be proved thesis pce) Ane ' Epc * ? EAtp Bv6 3 Lv(3) eve An lBve) Ta(2,4) EX! prove that Aa(Byc) bs detected from ANE - _ ftom the above table See amment 2 Ealy) ie | fravfon and Ca) syrobo from comment ) alone in woo wags AQb= Gis > 6 | g . which are vepresented $n cornenents 2 ands i by comment 4 we wrtte ; T: vls) Hee we Sotroduce 67 %n comment 5 i-e B and we (Adde 5 -thas we get eve : Now £: nlya) he Gotroceice ‘A Sg mbel bled comments 22nd y herasn,» AD BYE thus he reset 7s AnnBve)a | thence proved. rusng ihe nateiral detection system, ; | The reles of Natewal detection eget 28 shown on gfven table... afeien hers Relle name [Symbol | Rule | Descfpfon || df an and A) are trae then A is also trae: hes % called modes pones vale Sntroducnge |(t:+) |SFA>M, |b oma Ari WA) then [Fe the then Am Ayesha. |Nsaleo tue? | Ebatnating >| CEs») |B A) aii then A — Etrmatinges| (ees) | Herre ther | gp ners trae then Sa tae thesia, ap Sag | MpOA & PAL APE ) i trae fntioduding. | (11 1) | OF froma tnfer |Sf From A Gobich is Fraela Ay AALS _ |eantradtetton proved they proved then Varcah of roA foaled ma fsproved | proved. ElfoRrrating ~ | CE! x) [If Som 0 tofe Shem op 21 contradhet Ayana te ion ts proved then truth rege feo el A 50 cao: proved. Monae Sysem . a Without trath terbles we can 51 fw equation’s | ‘me same for ifies we use the method called Aatonste Seem Arbon means princtple ~ ! Attomate system wises three polrciples/ Aioms Stated below ' ale Atoms: >» CPX) a : fess (pet) [ON ola 702] yatom: | patom 3: (exp) > Gre).I: 0.9 BMT ati Tae cniption 7 | pescie. Formate, | comments sale {AB Be} b (A>6) |. proved ft potbesis a{* ASB J WIE. 1 dgpatbesté a yy ae or renee dostene I Ain (8-22) [noca0) | 3 mp G8) ; face 0) : — [stance aan 3 fh te-c5] [ta 38) 306 = MPCs) Hy MPCs) 6 proved problen> Statement : From { A->8y Bc } Sntfer, Cane) : : | fe salatton £3 Showa tn above table 8 explained 4 | he below steps: Se ES Step" write the problem oratement - | Step-2? porfte the equation 20 be devvedfiom a3" eden oer Fniadion nto be dertved from 48 | y Sntation Ss) | components bas: Sheps waite the equatio components based 6n ou! | Btep-4: Instance ofAtoms i ‘yore Atloms 48 follows ol (> %) asscume ) te BPA | Sab et) pin Aftorns, we have os ss (Be) po ead Laat ¢— 23 OO Ee a EA | Step-s: Apply Moclas pones rule on 4 (213) [a 002 2] otep- Ne) J Wwe hne® f= BPC y pn pagsume a THC [@vea — (Ae) [leo (20> e] 8y appletng Smpltes, Jaw “the above equation : Gs stmplefted oo : ; [Acstasa] [e209]: 7 Step-# Apply Modus pores rekg 2h.9 (Hs). Woe Bae (sg) nA POI Step 4: Apply Moclus pones sale on 4 ane we get (AC a \ Hence. proved. Sentantie Tablean * | Hn nember: . =| Desertption::. .|- Tableaz -root (Aas) A Ca Sos u Sope0) \ Rule +01) f “afioe e oul : WBS ; 3 Rale 1(2) Me Ar VF 4 4 | Rule 6¢2) sh 8B Rein thin Su : é 8 7 | seetosed) 18108 ised) [ea“qgbleaw meané pletare con) Serage (47) representation. Fableazls means represeting + the given Sformeala. ér an “Bena tree. 4 bed serait Tableau rales, eile Seven fororala as ret : Constrck a Semembe Tablean fr formula CAnwe)alB 0) lai ‘jhe ‘selakion bove table | yet we applied Sg é&emantic Jableaz to ge! ‘ihe solution 26 filesilivng, red Se Awe gabe Ralel: Ap | of aint . P : Rules: vlan) » “ | apebsratingise 8g a SPN es srt B he Sémabite Tableda ales ave tghven below in he table. Rale-no : “© Tableau tree +. Féplanation Se af ots. ¥8 tra Sf both A iableaaryor the -frmula Ralévs:- \,ot.and pare t7ue: (cl Ap) 28 constructed by _ adding beth oc and p 40 the same path: A tableae -forthe formula 13 (004 B) 98 constracied'by adding ta new path one iS conten wo and other net SB coniztning wa and other contdihing mB > leap) $s. tue ther R ot, ot PB gs tue. le. 9 © (ABDlp ieibleael for 2 formals] (ov) constra: ted by. trae. adding 4109 mew paths,ane ov B contehintng ot and other ald “oats avo YAWes i els 2 | eeeee | i w(evp) ts true ef .|A tableaa for “efor | cpapyiyy [Path wa and mB are (av) %8 constructed by | i Reales tbe trae faaldenig both\ aetand ps ' mw lava) to the came patho { He ye 3 | 1 | op : | wma) 48 true then |A tablent for mw lw) ¥5 | Rales | a fs trae constructed adding x on | (oot) .: | ud ; bome path + | i 2 || i 4 | kB ts rue avp |A table for asoumula i Raleé | ¢s true jek B FS constructed by | aoe adding t020 new paths ee|| ‘ 3h feontditing moc and other, | containing B | | vvoh alearp) #5 trae. | 9 tableaa-for a formula Rules, [then Amp $s frye. {Capi construded s Nerd iy adding both and * aha 2 ‘ “TSB Fo tie dame paths wed y ys oes BFS tue Tableau Jot (ota B)w (wd rg \ pCABIY (roca np) is ]1$ constracted by adding PEBEA oi a | CAP) Cwalamp) an £00 tee P different path. ys Noo ‘op (earn ~p)f (Sabshability foblem: Show that s = {ns(ave),t0-s2), Cave) } consistant Now nsCave) a(B>e)a Cave) ' le (AV) : I (@>¢) i anc ba be 7 ne e /\ a Fath WA~ YB- 08 ~ Opened NA -OB-C-A ~ closed | wA~WB-c-c ~ opened changing pide a re CAVE) Al Bxxc)a (AVC) ! (Ave) > C80) : wn OBA — closed NmAn Baer Vb opened WA -aB- eC - opened{ 1 woCav8) A (BC) ACHE) I 1 dagavalay’ eee 5 ENGR (Be) : I wes (ave) : LX A ¢ Af | mB ¢ | vA | eB Fath C-NB-WA- WB e.c . : Consistency: Hf the pAb %n tableact devived-from the- Giver equation does not confsts of “ang” éeonceforion ts called consistency Thus the Given equation vs, 13 (AVE) A (B30) A (AVC) 75. consistent Ex: chech whether the one Gen equations are consistent 07 tnand stent? : (AAWBI A (WB se) ae : (Ane) “ ASwB-B ~ closed 1 1-9 B~c opened (wb) . sas i S85 Neaisstenk i Saag one ts epened here af Sstiha 6-3 cade ce: aN .} I Feet Letter AAD feat! I | (BA) BS A ‘ ‘ A-B-WwA ~X closed 2 ’ as complements are there in path, 30 4neoets tant if and only tf let! #8 tableau: proved, frora/s* px: dhow ‘that 6 £8 a logical consequence of $= {A> 8A} by). Here the T00t Should start. with w Celement to be fauna )in the tableau of given formula - 9B / Asstiniing Airsk ibe I ‘AB wih ha 7 fableaa for a formal | weep) $8 anstucted| by adding 1000 new paths Jone contatning (ma Ap) A | | Ceca pts different... Paths. a (dep) Fs true, bps 4 flre ae) v,lAane) A Fle 4 ether are a ‘wate BD CreerBd (ae anB) A-B-OB~x closed | Lagfeal Consequence: : | A formula. 'oe'.25 sed 40 be. legtcal consequence of sets Pion rac ‘ |: aa pee | Resolutton Refeitatton $n propositional loge | HS method $6 cased 10 dete aig “equaton From | the ghoen equation. y Nole: Tndide the prrentbesis of-e 4? we use only “1000 Symbols Cv,~) A ‘ | | Here 20 USE Some rales oy slepe as follows: Rale 4: pees | (AB) a (Bn) Raley 8 NAVE Reile 3» gy NES VAPCAVB) = way oe ( Demirgons Izu) ~ CANBY = BA VNB s+ oS 5 ¥ i | Rule? Bab ARP YEE Whe a a ua oe , AACBV0) = WEVA’. « CNF (congumettve Nowra) fore) dftan eqn confsté of enley (v, 1.) and the Sndivid-| ual components ef eqn me combined ¥ A symbol. thus we called eqn3s$n cnF. .- , Ex: CAvVB) AC AV eB) due U Cesgewetive alornral frm “AF a eqn seonihersiof only (yf 02) znd the todiv tdeial toid pinenis’ of eqn are combined byy'v' symbol: Thus ie caltedegn' $8 in DNR” ~ ex: (Ave) v(Avw8)Tpavert tbe given format (mia eB Canoe) tn to 413 equalent cn. : (wae) aceanay [177 wed < CAVBI NCAA (AB) convert TE Into enF | (one, (wAvE) —>c a (AND | | | | > Cavey alaeve) ok | | (Anwe ve) 2 (Anwea)ve C ' NF tonvert s(AvoBss Cs aT) in to D ALG A wave) n ae , ebAne) a (wsv7) saan veg eteathanensy SATEEN [ cerned Pats Ly Ltwanesa7}s PieReave Logic dt 85 als0-called “as Mret orcler legte COL): di M8 4 porserfal langzege thar develops @nfoimation about objects Gn move easy waxy and also express the relattan ship» between those ghtects. the predicate logte cons$sts of the Jolos8rB tht gs, 4. Variables Fa: Hg ‘ | | we, Symbals (ox) connectives. Fu 7,A,V, 4,2? \ (Driineseninenenmaisisssismnnininesnincniassisnscsil| i | “3. Qrankftes i f \ i cova Sem VAL |) Moke: Predfeate logic ts extenstom te propystonal logic - | Quant fiers: lea ees 4 Upvesat Juan fey: 1 | VIS called as Untversal quantifier: eptng unber) & quantifier '__,» Symbel was used: 2. Fafstenita| quant’ fer: I'S called as extsita) quantifier . airing exbstenstal quake fier ‘A" szyrobel was used: Examples: 4. Ram 25 pay Star St can be veprescnted as tal! Ckam) Ins$de -the Peventhesis we represent objects and satetde | the penenthests represen? ‘ele eterisite On) Selaiten. | 2. Rama love 31a S46] St cam be cepresented 25 loves (Rania » sfta) 3... Siva teaches. Mrcs, OAL. y 4 SE cain be-sepresented: ag oN: = HN teaches (stva, mtcs) v teaches (sha, Eo. Ak 4 All steclents Whe forbany — St an be sepresented as. Vy — CO > PRE tt, penta) a ee eee ie Every) person has 4 Sether St can be aepresented As Ve ( person ¢4) —5 Sather) 8s person Ca) 1.2, 28, persan : ; 5 Yathe (1) + has father wt 6 M dancers loves 40 clance. ot am ie epreserted] as Vs (dancer tx) —+ loves (x,hance)) Resolutlon Refatenton fn Foc Ex: Given clauses. are 1. Uf thts sunny and wanmdaz. You Kil! enfoy: a GS raining You will ger coet od fs a wenm day A Sb 48 raining: S: oF Fen sunny: Note: Prove endey _ Step penny s ep —eny 3 ating > wer 2 wan _ A Rain . = ‘seiing. SUE xetrhsdea Ut sheng atte wa oe Step-2: convert Fol %» to conjunctive ie pe“ 4. (Sunny aware) venjoy = (wsunny Vv swarm ¥ enjoy) Bale2. wraining ver: a \ | B WeanM A. tain x Ss. Sunng Cohan : x Skep-3 > negate goal re CWenfag) * | Step-2: Drew resolaton Graph wenjoy sunney vwwarm venjoy rusunny Vo waIm warm ot sunny sunny , Null Step-5: Sf emphy clause nal) or ofl) was produce stop and report that the theorem $5 proved * Deftottion: proving the both p aiy 7 Yollovding some steps ov ules the rales are steps to be followed ave: ; 4. Convert the given’ claasee 10 Strst order logic Convert First order logte +0 confunctive. Neral (om + Nefate Goal : 2 3 4. Draw teéolatfon graph s + Sf empty clause null #5 produce stop extport tae | the theozem, 33. proved. :