Circuit Switching:
• It is a physical cable (circuit) from hop to hop where all data moves on the same path point to
point.
• After physical connection exists protocols as HDLC (High level Data Link Control) and PPP
(Point to Point Protocol) are required to maintain the link from hop to hop (switching protocol) and
send data from hop to hop (switched protocol).
• Connection like this is commonly named in market as Leased Line.
WAN speeds:
• DS0 (Digital Service (speed) 0) = 64kbps
• DS1 (T1=1.54 Mbps, E1=2.04 Mbps)
• DS3 (T3=45 Mbps, E3=34 Mbps)
• STM1 (Synchronous Transport Module) =155 Mbps
• STM64=10 Gbps
• STM256=40 Gbps
HDLC:
Initially, the open standard HDLC was introduced.
A. ISO HDLC (High-level Data Link Control protocol):
• Not supported by cisco.
• Cisco takes the standard and modifies it by adding the type field in order to specify the upper
layer protocol.
B. Cisco HDLC (High-level Data Link Control protocol):
• Default encapsulation on all cisco serial interfaces.
• The problem: Each vendor has its own HDLC which is not compatible with others.
Then a new protocol (point-to-point) was introduced as open standard protocol that can run on all routers
PPP (Point-to-point protocol):
Incompatible with cisco HDLC.
Configuration:
➢ Router(config)#interface serial 0 Or ➢ Router(config)#interface serial 0
➢ Router(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc ➢ Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Note
In the below topology we have cisco router (witch cisco HDLC encapsulation) connected to non-
cisco router (with ISO HDLC encapsulation).
On cisco router#show ip interface brief
✓ Status will be (up down), due to encapsulation mismatch.
Let us see how the packet will take difference encapsulations through its journey from the source to
the destination.
PPP components:
PPP consists of three components:
A. LCP(Link Control Protocol):
✓ Establishes and terminates the session.
✓ Negotiates Point-to-Point options (will be seen later).
B. NCP (Network Control Protocol):
✓ Negotiates the supported upper layer protocols (IP, IPX & CDP) as PPP supports almost all L3
protocols.
C. Frame Format:
✓ The normal hop-to-hop delivery using encapsulation.
To see details of PPP protocol:
➢ Router #debug ppp negotiation
➢ Router #terminal monitor
PPP operation:
Phase1 in PPP operation is neighbor router discovery by Handshaking using LCP (as hello exchange),
optional in phase 1 is LCP Authentication between two routers)
Phase 2 in PPP operation is upper protocol (IP) discovery using NCP
Phase 3 is sending data from hop to hop using PPP frame
PPP Authentication:
This is the most important option, authentication has 2 types:
2. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) 2. CHAP(CHallenge Authentication Protocol)
2 ways handshaking: 3 ways handshaking:
• 1st handshaking: sending username and password • 1st handshake: challenge o/p from server.
• 2nd handshaking: access granted/denied • 2nd handshake: challenge o/p from client.
• 3rd handshake: access granted / denied.
Disadvantage: sending password in clear text.
To see the above messages
➢ Router #debug ppp authentication
Configuration:
➢ Router(config)#interface interface_number
➢ Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
➢ Router(config-if)#ppp authentication {pap/chap}
Note: you can use a combination of both in some IOS versions:
➢ Router (config-if)#ppp authentication chap pap
This means that you will try CHAP, if it fails try PAP
To specify the username and password:
➢ Router(config)#hostname user_name
➢ Router(config)#username remote_name password password
Example on CHAP configuration:
Some special commands that can be used with:-
1. PAP to send username and password on client
➢ (config-if)#ppp pap sent-username name password password
2. Chap to send username and hashed password on client
➢ (config-if)#ppp chap hostname username
➢ (config-if)#ppp chap Password password
