: /

-1

-1-1 :
1015 m : : ) (p ) (N :
P

1
1

1
1

0
1

) ( Kg

1, 67263 1027

1, 67492 1027

9,110 31

) (

1, 00728

1, 00866

5, 4858 104

) ( C

1, 6 1019

1, 6 1019

** ) ( 1 = 1, 66055 1027 kg :
. 1

-2-1 : AZ X : :
** : A ) ( : Z ** . ) ( .
** : N = A Z .
** ) ( X :
- : C :

12
6

14
6

A =Z +N
Z

A = Z + N
Z

. ) 11 H : ( ) 12 H ( ) 13 H (.

** 325 2000 .
-3-1 :
.

-2 :
-1-2 :
:
t =1 s

** : Z 20 Z=N
He :

4
2

. 126C

t =1 s

t =1 s

** : Z 20 Z=N

t =1 s

) N = f ( Z N Z

t =1 s

+ , , : .
Fe :

56
26

Ag

108
47

235
92

Am

241
95

.
t =1 s

t =1 s

10

Z
t =1 s

10

10/1

-2-2 :
ADN

)-( ) 22 . (75
-3-2 :
- :
:
** 42 He : Y + 42 He +
206
Po
82
Pb + 24 He

** :

226
88
Ra
86 Rn + 42 He
t =1 s

234

238
92
U
90 Th + 24 He

A
Z

222

210
84

A 4
Z 2

- : 10 e X
:
** :

Y + 10 e + 00v

A
Z +1

32 S + e
P
16
0
1

210 Po + 0 e
RaE
84
1

- : + e

210
83

A
Z 1

Si + +10 e
C + +10 e

30
14

13
6

A
Z

N+ e
0
1

30
15

13
7

A
Z

F + +10 e

19
10

:
60
Ni +
( 2 ) * 6028 Ni *
28

Ne

19
9

- :
:

14
7

14
6

) ( X

Y + +10 e + 00 v

:
** :

0
+1

32
15

AZ Y )(
A

. AZ Y
Z Y +

28 Ni * + 10 e
(1) * 6027 CO
60

-3 :
-1-3 :

: ) ( .
** N t :
N
= N N = t N
t
: ) . ( Bq

N
. ) ( = N
t

10/2

=.A

dN
** 0 t = N
dt
N (t ) = N 0e t :
:

= ) A (t

: N 0 : N (t ) - . . t** t :
. A (t ) = A 0e t :

) N O N ( atomes

Aib Kamel

A0 = N 0

t =1 s

) A (t ) = N (t

-2-3 :
- :
t

t =1 s

N0 / 2

t =1 s

0,37N 0

N (t ) = N 0e

t =1 s

N0 / 4

N0
** N ( ) = N 0e : t =
= ) N (
t
e
N ( ) = 0,37N 0 % 63 N 0

t =1 s

N 0 /16
t =1 s

t =1 s

t =1 s

t =1 s

4t1/2

2t1/2

t1/2
t =1 s

- : t1/2
t

1/2
N
N
N = 0 t = t 1/ 2 : N (t 1/ 2 ) = 0 = N 0e :
2
2
ln 2
t
1
= . t1/2
t1/2 = ln 2 ln = 1/ 2 :

1
** : t [ ] = = s 1  . s 1
] [t

** : 131 I t1/2 = 8,1 j

t = o A = 2, 2 105 Bq : :
-1 :

-2 t = o .

** :
-1 : t 1/2 = ln 2

8,1 24 3600
t
= 1/ 2 :
0, 693
ln 2

= . = 106 s

= 10 6 s 1 :

: :
-2 ** ** N 0 = 2, 2 1011 atomes t = 0 N (1 an ) = 4, 4 103 atomes p 1 t = 1 an
=

-3-3 :
**
146C 14 .
** t 1/ 2 = 5730 ans CO 2
C :

12
6

146C 146C .

** 146C A 0 ) A (t :
) A (t
A0

= e t A (t ) = A 0e t
) A (t
A0

t = ln
10/3

t 1/ 2 A 0
ln

ln 2 A (t )

= t

 A
t = 8, 22 103 ln 0 :
A (t )

9
** ) 4 ( ) = 4, 468 10 ans

(t 1/ 2 = 9, 48 109 ans ) 87 4,55 .

** : 147 N

14 C
6 C

12
6

(t1/2

-1 .
-2 C )CO 2

14
6

. t 1/ 2 = 5590 ans :
* 197 1350

/ .

** :
-1 :

14

N +10 n
6 C +11 H
14

14
7

C
7 N + 10 e + 00v

-2 : 146C

14
6

-3 :
N 0 N :
t
t

N
N
t ln 2
t
t 1/2 N 0
N

ln
:
=t
ln
ln
= e N = N oe
=
=
t1/ 2

ln 2 N
N0
N0
N0
5590 1350
. t = 1,56 10 4 ans
= t
ln
:
0, 69 197

-4 :
-1-4 )-( - :
** )-(
. E = m c 2 :
** m E 0E 0 = m c 2 :

-2-4 :
** : . 1 = 1, 66055 1027 kg :
** : ) ( J ) (ev ) ( Mev :
1 Mev = 1, 6 10 13 J

1 ev = 1, 6 10 19 J

** E 0 = m c 2 :

1 = 931,5 Mev

** : m e = 5, 4858 104 m p = 1, 00728 m N = 1, 00866 :

) . ( Mev
** : 1 = 931,5 Mev : = 1, 00866 931, 5 = 939, 6 Mev
E oe = 5, 4858 104 931, 5 = 0,511 Mev

E oN

. E op = 1, 00728 931,5 = 938, 3 Mev

10/4

-3-4 :
- : AZ X m X
m :
m = Zm p + ( A Z ) m n m X

m He = 4, 0015 m N = 1, 00866 m p = 1, 00728

** : : 42 He

m = Zm p + ( A Z ) m n m He

, A = 4 ,Z = 2

m He = 0, 03038 :

m He
100 = 0,8
m He

.
E l = m c 2

- : E L :

E l = Zm p + ( A Z ) m n c 2 m X c 2 :

E l = Zm p + ( A Z ) m n m X c 2

El
A

** :

t =1 s

) El / A ( MeV / N

t =1 s

240

100

200

t =1 s

20
t =1 s

t =1 s

- : ASTON
El
= f ( A ) :
A

190

70

t =1 s

2
1

t =1 s

Li
8
4 Be
12
56
6C
Fe
t =1 s

t =1 s

**

235
92 U

t =1 s

Pb

206
82

t =1 s

6
3

t =1 s

184
74

t =1 s

26

t =1 s
t =1 s

Sn

-5 :

t =1 s

120
50

63
29

Cu

16
8

5
t =1 s

He

4
2

8
8, 7
9

Aib Kamel

-1-5 :
- : U

235
92

* U

235
92

235
92

:
U
N 1 + N 2 + neutrons +

** :

Kr + 3 10 n

92
36

141

235
n + 92
U
56 Ba +

1
0

- : X e + 3 10 n + :
235
E i = m ( 92
** U ) c 2 + m ( 10 n ) c 2 = m i c 2 :

** :

236
92

235
n + 92
U

1
0

135
54

Sr +

94
38

235
92

n+

1
0

2
135
2
1
2
2
E f = m ( 94
38 Sr ) c + m ( 54 X e ) c + 3m ( 0 n ) c + E C ( n ) + E = m f c + E C ( n ) + E

) : E C ( n : E .
E i = E f :

m i c 2 = m f c 2 + EC ( n ) + E

( m i m f ) c 2 = E C ( n ) + E = Q : Q

10/5

Q = m c 2

 -2-5 :
- :

4

H + 13 H
2 He + 10 n

- : :
:

( n ) c
1
0

He + m

4
2

( H ) c
3
1

H +m

E = [3, 0155 + 2, 0136] [ 4, 0015 + 1, 0087] 931,5

** : :

2
1

2
1

E = E i E f = m
E = 17, 6 Mev

H + 13 H
2 He + 10 n

2
1

1 g . 13 H . 41,85 Gj

m ( 13 H ) = 3, 015

** : E = 17, 6 Mev :
m ( 13 H ) = 3, 015 1, 66 1027 kg = 5 1027 kg
Q = 563 Gj :

5 1027 kg
17, 6 Mev
10 kg
Q
3

Q = 13, 45 Q

-6 :
** ) (..
.
:




. UO 2

3% 235U

** ) ( PW R
) ( fluide caloporteur
:
3450C 155 Bars . - 2710C 56 Bars )(.

10/6

 -7 :
-1 :

. 230
-1 . 230Th
Aib Kamel

) N ( 2.102 mol

-2 230
Ra

88

t =1 s

1.0

0, 7

0, 5

-3
. 230

0.3

) (

t =1 s

t 10 ans

-4

0.1
250

150

200

100

50

-5 230 238 :
234
234
230
U 234
90 Th 91 Pa Z 4 U Z 5Th

238
92

- .

- . Z 5 , Z 4 :

230

)N ( Th
-6 230
) N ( 238U

230
U

238

Th

230

) A (t .

) dN (t
- ) A (t
dt
)N ( 230 Th
.
-
) N ( 238U

A(t ) = . A (t ) = N (t ) :

** :
-1 t 1/2 = 75.103 an
-2 Ra + 24He :

A
88

Th

230
Z

A = 230 4 = 226 Z = 88 + 2 = 90 :
-3 N (t ) = N 0e t :

ln 2
** t = t1/2 N = 10 2 mol
t /2

= 9.2X 106 ans 1

=

-4 .
-5 - : Z 4 = 92 ** : Z 5 , Z 4 ** : Z 4 = 90 .
:
.
** ) (4
** ) (3
** ) (2
** ) (1
-6 - :

dn e .t
) dN (t
= 0
dt
dt

A (t ) =
10/7

) A (t ) = .N (t

) N ( 230Th
- = cte
) N ( 238U
) A( 230 Th) = A( 238 U

) ( 230Th).N ( 230Th) = ( 238U ).N ( 238U

) N ( 230Th ) (238U
=
= cte
) N ( 238U ) ( 230Th

-2 :
-1 t = 0 13 1, 49 g . 10 min :
- . N A = 6, 02 10 23 . t = 0
- . t = 0
- .
- . A = 1Bq
-2 K

40
19

. 1840 Ar

- .
- .
-
8,1103cm 3 1, 67 106 g .
* K

40
19

40
19

t = 0 A r . K
* . : . t 1/2 = 1,3 109 ans :
** :
-1 - :

m0 N A
M

= N0

N 0 = 6, 9 1016 noyaux

ln 2
-1 - ) : ( A 0 ) ( s .N 0
t1

A 0 = 7, 9 1013 Bq
= A 0 = 1 .N 0

3
-1 - = 7,9 1012 e 1,1510 3600 :

-1 - ) : (1Bq

-2 - :

A
A0

0
+
K 40
) 18 Ar + +1e (

ln

1t

t =

A = A 0e

1t

A = A0e

A 1, 26 1012 Bq

A = 27830s 7.7h

40
19

-2 - . ( + ) :

) (
m .N A
-2 ** - :
M

01N + +10e

N 1 2.51 1016 noyaux

= N1

10/8

1
1

N A

** :

VM

N 0 = N 1 + N 2 2.43 1017 noyaux

** :
= 5.3 10 10 ans 1

** :

Vg

= N2
N 2 = 2.18 1017 noyaux

ln 2
2

= 2

2t

N = N 0e

N 0 = 2.43 10 noyaux

1
N

t = ln
16
2 N 0
N (t ) = 2.5110 noyaux
17

t = 4.27 109 ans

-3 :
25MW
m = 897 g 235 :

)..................... (1

Te + 3 01 n +

138
52

Zr +

95
40

U + 01 n

235
92

) t ( jours :

) Etotale (Mev

10.6150 x10 25

40.5171x10 25

) t ( jours

30

1 Zr

95
40

/ 95 40 .
/ .
/ .
2 :

/ ) (1 .

/ Mev .
/  Etotale . Mev
/ .
/ . t
/ .
:

(U ) = 234.99333u, M (4095Zr ) = 94.88604u, M (13852Te) = 137.90067u, M (4195 Nd ) = 94.88429u

M (01n ) = 1.00866u ,1Mev = 1.6 x10 13 Jouls

** :
1 ( 95 40 .

( .
( :

............ (

2 ( : .

0
1

Nd +

10/9

95
41

Zr

95
40

235
92

 ( :

Elib = (mi m f )xC = (234.99333 94.88604 137.90067 2 x1.00866)x931.5

2

E = 0.1893x 931.5 E = 176.33295Mev

( ) 897 g ( :
23

m .N A 897 x 6.02x 10
:
=

N = 2.3x 10 24
M
235
:
E T = E lib N E T = 176.33295x 2.30x 10 24 Mev
E T = 4.0151x 1026

= N

( .
ET
( : :
t
ET 4.051x 1026 x 1.6x 1013
= t
=
= 2.59x 106 S
t 30 jours
6
P
25x 10

= P :

( .
-4 :
K

40
19

) (

. = 1.7 x10 17 S 1 . M ( K ) = 39.1g / mol :

1 .
2 40Z Ca . Z
3 44 g K

40
19

44 g .

. N A = 6.023 x10 23 :

4 ) . (Bq
.
5 70 Kg 1015 .
.
** :
1 .

-2 K 40Z Ca + 10e( ) :

40
19

) (

19 = Z 1 Z = 20 :

............... :

3 : 1940 K
:

K 2040Ca + 10e

40
19

m
44 x10 6
= xN A N
x6.023 x1023
M
39.1

=N

) ( N = 6.77 x 1017

* - 4 :

A = xN A = 1.7 x10 17 x 6.77 x1017 : A = 11.51Bq :

** :
) N ( ) = 41436 (

N ( ) = 11.51x 3600

5 ) (1015 )(41436
.
10/10