CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The only design method used for this research is descriptive, carefully

developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable. Descriptive analysis at

heart is meant to explain an audience's attributes or actions (GutCheck, 2020) and

has considered how; when, and where it happens to examine why this happens

(McCombes, 2020). The researcher would be applied a T-test sample that can be

used to verify if the mean sample (of the interval variable usually distributed) varies

considerably from the hypothesized meaning; and one-way ANOVA makes it easy to

make distinctions between three or more data classes (MacKenzie, 2108). Hypothesis

testing often uses it to determine whether a process or treatment has an impact on the

population of concern or whether two groups differ (Bevans, 2020).

Data Research Locale

This research work would be conducted at Kidapawan Doctors College, Inc,

Kidapawan City in North Cotabato. It was established in 2012 and is affiliated with the

Philippine Health Insurance Company Kidapawan Doctors Hospital, Inc. (KDHI) which

was in the same year as KDHI obtained a Quality Accreditation Centre (PHIC).

Initially, KDCI delivered medical technology, radiology, psychology, and pharmacy

educational program. This place was selected for knowing the efficiency of the said

study among the students on the impact of online learning and technology on

student’s physical, mental, emotional, and social during the pandemic.

Population and Sample

A convenience sample of eligible participants will be 50 from a different course

and invited to participate in the study. Random sampling is used to select from the BS

Psychology, BS Medical Laboratory Science, BS Radiologic Technology, and BS

Pharmacy will be randomly asked to participate through social media, including

Facebook or Messenger. They will receive a specific survey-link as each population

has specific demographic questions. All participants were considered exempt from

written informed consent. The researcher will provide a brief explanation of the study

aim and objectives at the beginning of the questionnaire.

The inclusion criteria were as followed to any gender, able to read English, had

stable internet or data connection including Facebook or Messenger installed on their

phones, must be more than 18 years old, and a student who enrolled in Kidapawan

Doctors College. On the other hand, exclusion criteria were as followed who are

unwilling and not providing informed consent for the study. For the withdrawal criteria,

those who voluntarily withdraw his or her consent to participate and the right to

withdraw their informed consent to participate in a research study at any time.

Research instrument

A self-designed questionnaire was used for the study. An online survey,

designed by the researcher, was deployed through an online survey tool (i.e., Google

form). The Survey items were divided into eight sections. Items from the first, second,

and third sections were designed to collect demographic information including

questions about age and gender (i.e., undergraduate students) and course profile.

The purpose of collecting this demographic data was to increase external validity for

generalizability applications.

The fourth, fifth, sixth, and sections of the survey contained items aimed at

collecting the information needed to answer the survey. To gain a better

understanding of respondent responses on the impact of online learning and

technology on their physical, mental, emotional, and social health. The eight section

Summary of overall median and mode scores for the perceived impact of online

learning and technology on respondent courses on their physical, mental, emotional,

and social health.

 Finally, students responded to items that help designers or instructors define

the crucial parameters for creating an effective learning environment. Students were

asked to rate various scenarios from strongly disagree to strongly agree on a 5-point

Likert-type scale (Likert, 1932). A few examples include: whether students feel

isolated in an online class, whether students get confused in an online course, and

whether students enjoy participating in online discussions. Data collected from the

Likert-type scale items help the researcher discover the student's health-related

challenges. Therefore, best or worst approaches to delivering content and

communicating in online classes.

 Data collection

Approved by No
Data collection Approval Letter the Program End
Heads

Yes

Send Survey-link Copies to Students

Yes The link No

Recorded in Google Form been
distributed?

No
Survey
completion?

Transportation of
Data to
Statistician

Data transferred
Done
Data analysis

Class interval Interpretations

4.26-4.67 Strongly Agree

3.11-3.90 Agree

3.00-3.44 Fair

1.76-2.50 Disagree

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree

The researcher used the Likert scale to analyze the result of the data, reported

in the table below.

The table below shows Cronbach’s Alpha; it is the degree of internal

consistency and reliability. The coefficient alpha value must exceed the minimum

standard of 0.70 levels to provide good estimates to retain the items (Nunnally &

Bernsteins 1994).

Alpha Cronbach Value Interpretation

0.91 – 1.00 Excellent

0.81 – 0.90 Good

0.71 – 0.80 Good and acceptable

0.61 – 0.70 Acceptable

 0.01 – 0.60 Not acceptable

To investigate the research question, Pearson correlation r will be used to

assess the relationship between variable one and variable two. Pearson r correlation

is a bivariate measure of association of the relationship between two variables. Given

that all variable is continuous and the hypotheses seek to assess the relationships or

how the z score distribution varies. Pearson r correlation is the appropriate bivariate

statistic. Correlation coefficients, r, range from 0 to 1. The positive coefficient

indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases. In contrast,

the negative correlation coefficient shows an indirect relationship, whereas the

variable increases and the other decreases.

Next, the researcher applied a t-test to the study. It is a type of descriptive

analysis used to study how two groups differ statistically. It sets the problem

mathematically by assuming that the means are identical for both distributions (H0:

μ1=μ2). If t-tests deny the null hypothesis (H0: μ1=μ2), the classes presumably vary

significantly. This test should be carried out if 20–30 samples are available. There are

other more precise tests than t trials like z-testing, chi-square tests, or f-tests if we

would like to analyze more categories and broader sample measurements

(Fernandez, 2020). Lastly, ANOVA is a mathematical method used to determine

possible deviations by a nominal level component of 2 or more divisions on a scale

based. The reason that this happens is that the data points are divided into one group,

which is why the mean value of the groups is different (Larson, 2008).
Statistical tools

The data will be analyzed with the variables described by the mean and

standard deviation with range and frequency for ordinal and nominal variables.

Pearson’s Correlations, Pearson Correlation, and T test will be employed in the study.

Percentage – used to define the demographic profile of the respondents.

Formula: % = f /n * 100

Where: f – frequency (number of the correct answer of the respondents)

n – overall of students

% - the percentage of the correct explanation of the respondent

Mean - adding all of the numbers together and dividing by the number of items

Formula: m = sum of the terms/no. of the terms

Standard deviation - measures the spread of the data about the mean value.

Formula:

Where: SD – population standard deviation

N – the size of the population

Xi – each value from the population

X – population mean
 Pearson Correlation – used to measure the strength of a linear association

between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a perfect positive correlation and

the value r = -1 means a perfect negative correlation.

Formula:

Where: r = correlation coefficient

Xi – values of the x-variable in a sample

X – mean of the values of the x-variable

Yi – values of the y-variable in a sample

Y - mean of the values of the y-variable

T – test - Is a form of descriptive analysis used to assess if there is a significant

difference between means of four clusters which could be linked to certain factors.

The t-test is one of the various methods used to test the hypothesis of statistics.

Formula:

Where: t – students t- test

m – mean

µ - theoretical value

s – standard deviation

n – variable set size

Ethical considerations

1. The recipients had the full liberty to respond to the survey.

2. Proper consent is given to the researchers which state the agreement about

the obligation and responsibilities of everything involved in the process of the

research and data gathering.

3. The personal information was kept confidential, and anonymity was maintained

4. In case someone expressed the desire for psychiatric help, they would be

guided to seek help.

5. Shall any inconvenience that may affect the respondents in any way, the

researchers agree that they are responsible.

6. The researchers researched the best of their knowledge and claims that they

did not plagiarize anything.

7. Difficulty reaching certain types of participants, such as those who do not have

internet access, participants are less likely to stay fully engaged for a survey of

more than 3-5 minutes than with other research methods, and some could be

deleted or ignored.