ARTS APPRECIATION
THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ART
- Art has been defined in various ways.
- Art is derived from the Latin word ars, meaning
“ability or skill.” – Josefina Estolas
- Art is a product of man’s need to express
himself. – F. Zulueta
- Art is concerned with the communication of
certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous
medium, color, sound, bronze, marble, words,
and film. – Custodiosa Sanchez
- Art is that which brings life in harmony with the
beauty of the world. – Plato
- Art is the skilful arrangement or composition of
some common but significant qualities of
nature such as colors, sounds, lines,
movements, words, stones, wood, etc., to
express human feelings, emotions, or thoughts
in a perfect meaningful and enjoyable way. –
Panizo and Rustia
4 common essentials of arts
1. art must be man-made
2. art must be creative, not imitative
3. art must benefit and satisfy man and man
must make use of art in practical terms
4. art is expressed through a certain medium or
material by which the artist communicates
himself to his fellows.
Art has a particular importance in our lives. All the art
that we see and hear have a purpose.
We communicate through paintings, songs,
dances, and dramatic plays.
We build monuments to remind us of the
heroic deeds of great men.
Artworks are also valuable sources of
inspiration.
We are delighted by the books we read.
Moved by the music we hear.
Paintings, sculptures, and plays capture our
attention and critical thinking.
Modern architectural designs inspire us to plan
and construct our houses beautifully.
Through an artist’s work, we get a glimpse of
the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs of the people
who lived in the period the artwork was
produced and the external factors that
influenced the artwork.
THE SUBJECT OF ART
In any art form – painting, music, sculpture,
architecture, or dance – there is always a subject that
serves as the foundation of the creation of the work of
art.
A subject of art is usually anything that is represented
in the artwork.
The subject of art is varied.
– It may be a person, object, scene, or event.
THE FUNCTION OF ART
■ Architecture is directly and almost entirely functional
because buildings and other structures are always built
for some special purposes.
■ Music and dance were used in ancient rituals and
worship of the gods, for social and folk entertainment.
■ Paintings and sculpture may be used to narrate
events, to portray people or events, to commemorate
individuals or historical events, and to serve as vehicle
for personal expression.
■ Metal works such as gates, grills, lamps, armour,
weapons, and tools, ceramics, glassware, stained glass,
mosaic, tile work, textile, and furniture are among the
many types of arts or crafts.
Aesthetic function
Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauty of
nature. He learns to use, love, and preserve them for his
enjoyment and appreciation.
Utilitarian function
Comfort and happiness
Through art, man is provided with shelter, clothing,
food, beautiful surroundings, personal ornamentals,
entertainment, transportation, and other necessities
and conveniences of life.
Improves nature through landscape gardening,
creation of super-highways, and through propagation
and conservation – of natural resources.
THE ORIGIN OF ART
Art is viewed as a reflection of creativity, and
inventiveness within a culture.
Art dates back to the time when superstitions and
belief in the spirits are still very common in every
culture.
Indigenous art in the form of dancing, painting, music,
and poetry accompanied ancient rituals and
ceremonies.
Men and women of the early times perform dances to
entertain, to worship their gods and goddesses, or to
invoke success and blessings.
Tribalist cultures often wore body paintings during
ceremonies.
Cave paintings and drawings are believed or reflect
ancient religious beliefs and visions.
Artworks made from the more durable materials like
metal, stone, clay, bone and glass survive longer than
those made from materials that are more prone to
decay like wood.
THE ARTIST’S MEDIUM
Medium
Comes from the Latin word medium, denotes the
means by which an artist communicates his ideas.
These are the materials which are used by an artist to
interpret his feelings or thoughts.
Very essential in arts.
Medium
Examples:
 Architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone, concrete,
and various building materials.
 Painter uses pigments on wood or canvas to recreate
reality of nature.
 Sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal, and wood.
 Musician uses instruments to produce and
communicate a message.
 Literary writer uses words.
MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
Visual arts are those arts that can be perceived with
our eyes.
1. Painting
is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat
surface by the use of pigments.
2. Mosaic
is the art of putting together small pieces of colored
stones or glass called
“tesserae” to create an image.
3. Stained Glass
 is common in Gothic cathedrals and churches.
 it is made by combining small pieces of colored glass,
held together by bands of lead.
 The pictures in the stained glass commonly depict the
lives of saints.
 Serve as a means of religious instruction among
Christians.
3. Stained Glass
 is common in Gothic cathedrals and churches.
 it is made by combining small pieces of colored glass,
held together by bands of lead.
 The pictures in the stained glass commonly depict the
lives of saints.
 Serve as a means of religious instruction among
Christians.
5. Drawing
usually done on paper using pencil, pen and ink, or
charcoal.
it is the most fundamental of all skills necessary in arts.
world’s best known drawings are by the Italian artist
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).
6. Printmaking
a print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct
result from the duplication process.
Examples: calendar pictures and Christmas cards
7. Sculpture- in choosing a subject for sculpture, the
most important thing to consider is the material.
Stone
Normally used for gravestones in cemeteries.
 Granite – Egyptian sculptures of Pharaohs.
 Marbles (varieties: Brecciated marble and Serpentine
marble), easier to carve.
 Basalt is hard and black.
 Limestone has a fine and even texture.
Jade
Usually colored green, and widely used in Ancient
China.
For fashion jewelry.
Ivory
Comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants.
Hard white substance used to make carvings and
billiard balls.
Metals
 Gold, silver, and copper.
 Being ductile, metals can be transformed into fine
wires or threads.
 They can be shaped or deformed under great pressure
without breaking.
 Others are: brass, bronze, lead and aluminium.
Plaster
 Is composed of line, sand, and water.
 Used extensively in making manikins, models, molds,
architectural decorations, and other indoor sculpture.
Clay
Used for making bricks and ceramics.
Generally fragile
Glass
Is a medium that is hard, brittle, more or less
transparent substances.
It can be molded in various colors and shapes.
It is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines.
Wood
Easier to carve than any other mediums available.
It is softer to carve.
Common wood used for sculpture are dapdap, white
lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany, narra, and dao.
8. Architecture
 it is the art of designing a building and supervising its
construction.
 one of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfil Sawali – comes from the outer covering of bamboo
man’s needs. poles. It is woven into mats and ideal for cement
Factors in the Choice and Use of Architectural Materials backing.
1. Structural property – workability with tools when Coco coir – by-product of coconut is used to minimize
used as construction materials the use of cement and as sandwich panels for
a. compressive strength insulation.
b. flexibility Bagasse – sugar cane waste used for insulation or
c. porosity cement backing.
d. durability Abaca – is a fiber material obtained from the leafstalk of
e. rigidity a banana plant. Most of these materials are found in the
f. lightness Bicol region.
2. Physical property – use of the material for aesthetic Bamboo – has low degree of elasticity, low concrete
purposes. adhesion, and wide variable moisture content. Are
a. texture b. tonal quality c. color mostly found in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.
3. Weakness of the material Mud bricks – is brittle, has less strength, and cannot
a. rotting stand up well to tension. It is a choice of building
b. corrosion due to moisture material in places with hot, dry climates due to its low
c. susceptibility to infection by wood- boring weevils, thermal conductivity.
termites, and other pests METHODS IN ARTS PRODUCTION AND
d. discoloration PRESENTATION
e. solar radiation 1. Realism
f. fungus growth  The artist‟s main function is to describe as accurately
4. Longevity of the material – lifespan of the material and honestly as possible what is observed through
a. 10 yrs c. half a century senses.
b. 20 yrs d. more than a century *water resistance  An artwork is realistic when the presentation and
*availability organization of details in the work seem so natural.
 Examples of realist paintings are the works of
Classification of Architectural Materials (Salvan, 1999) Amorsolo.
1. Materials in Nature 2. Abstraction
 Stone  Abstract means “to move away or separate.”
 One of the oldest and perhaps the most permanent  The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really
building material. looks.
 It does not rot or corrode and is fire resistant.  Example of an abstract sculpture is Constantin
 Wood Brancusi‟s “Bird in Space”
 Is not permanent material but with proper care, it Abstraction
can last for a century.  Abstract subjects can be presented through the
 It is the common building material before the 90’s. following:
 Distortion. Subject is in misshapen condition or the
2. Materials Manufactured by Man regular shape is twisted.
 Ceramic materials
 Bricks, roofing tiles, toilet tiles, clay pot, and glass. By: Henry Moore
 Metals examples: One technique used was changing the proportion of the
 Bronze – used for banking screens, doors and grills. body parts. For instance, he would make the head small
 Wrought iron – Used for brackets, grills, hinges, and slender compared to the rest of the body. A second
locks, gates and balconies. thing he did was combining body parts, or leaving them
 Copper – ductile and is adaptable for cornices, out altogether. For example, in this sculpture, he sort of
spandrels, and roofing. fuses together the legs, and the arms are hardly there at
all.
 Plastics
 May be cut, bent, and drilled. Distortion – Architecture
 They can also be molded City of Culture of Galicia

3. Indigenous Materials
The City of Culture uses overlays and distortions to
create what can be seen as landscapes as much as
buildings. By: Eisenman
Abstraction
 Abstract subjects can be presented through the
following:
 Elongation. Lengthening of a subject.
Portrait of Anna Zborowska
By: Amedeo Clemente
Modigliani
Elongation – Architecture
Burge Hotel, Dubai The distinctive sail-
shaped is more than just a stunning hotel,
it is a symbol of modern Dubai.
Abstraction
 Abstract subjects can be presented through the
following:
 Mangling. This may not be a common way of
presenting an abstract subject. Few artists who show
subjects or objects which are cut, lacerated, or
mutilated.
By: Robert Graham
Bronze sculpture
 Cubism. Use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the
expense of other pictorial elements. Cubists want to
show forms in their basic geometric shapes. Paul
Cezanne‟s works played an important part in the
development of cubism. It was further developed by
Georges Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.
By: Pablo Picasso Factory at Horta de Ebro,
1909
“Brick Factory at Tortosa”
(Oil canvas)
By: Laurens, Henri Head of a Young Girl
By: Fank Gehry Walt Disney Concert Hall
Abstract expression. Is a style of abstract painting that
originated in New York City after WWII and gained an
international vogue. Strong color, heavy impasto,
uneven brush strokes, and rough textures. Jackson
Pollock was one of the abstract expressionist painters of
the New York School.
Jackson Pollock, Convergence,
1952 Embodiment of
free speech and freedom of expression.
Helen Frankenthaler, Mountains and
Sea, 1952. soak-stain
technique This allowed for
the colors to soak directly
into the canvas.
3. Symbolism
A symbol in general, is a visible sign of something
invisible such as an idea or a quality.
It can be simply an emblem or sign like: % to represent
percent, a lion to represent courage, or a lamb to
represent meekness.
Example, in Alfred Lord Tennyson‟s “Crossing the Bar.”
FOR THO’ FROM OUT OUR BOURNE OF
TIME AND PLACE
THE FLOOD MAY BEAR ME FAR, I HOPE TO SEE MY
PILOT FACE TO FACE
WHEN I HAVE CROST THE BAR. The last two lines are
symbolical for they
clearly show the strong desire of the author to see God
when he dies.
“Spoliarium” by Juan Luna was painted in Rome from
July 1883 to March 1884 and won the first gold medal in
the Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts in 1884.
4. Fauvism
Henri Matisse led the movement.
Other important fauves included André Derain, Raoul
Dufy, and Georges Rouault, all from France.
Artists tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy, and
pleasure.
They use extremely bright colors.
To a fauve, for example, a tree trunk need not be
brown. It could be bright red, purple, or any other
vibrant color.
Portrait of Madame
Matisse.
The Green Line or Green stripe
By: Matisse
5. Futurism
Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the
speed and force of modern industrial society.
Their paintings glorified the mechanical energy of
modern life.
Subjects include automobiles, motorcycles, and
railroad trains.
THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
1. LINE
 Is an important element When light strikes a surface, some of the color rays are
 Through the lines, as in painting or sculpture, the absorbed, while others are reflected. Other passed
artist represents figures and forms. through if transparent.
 Always have direction. Most surfaces absorb all the color rays.
 They are always moving. Blue dress absorb all the color rays except the blue ray
 Used in any work of art, may either be straight or which it reflects.
curved. Red ball absorbs all the color rays except the red ray
 Straight line is the basic framework of many forms. which it reflects.
 Straight line moves in one direction only. The color of an object therefore determine by the rays
 It may either be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or which are reflected to the eyes of the beholder.
curved.
A. HUE
Horizontal lines Is the dimension of color that gives its
 They express ideas of calmness or rest. Name Color names such as RED, BLUE, GREEN, VIOLET
 Are found in landscapes, calm bodies of water and in AND YELLOW indicate hue
the distant meeting of the earth and sky in what is - Primary hues – blue, red and yellow
commonly called the horizon. - Secondary hues – orange, green and violet
Vertical lines Warm hues
 Connote elevation or height. Red, orange and yellow
 They suggest poise, balance They are associated with objects like sun, fire, and
 Seen in a man standing straight, a tall tree, and in other sources of heat.
statues of saints and heroes give an impression of Cool hues
dignity. Are those where blue predominates like green, blue-
Diagonal lines green, blue, blue-violet
 Suggest action, life, and movement. They caused surfaces covered with them to appear to
 A running person makes a diagonal line with his body recede
and leg. They suggest distance
Curve lines Evoke a cool feeling because they remind us of things
 Lines that are bend or coil. like water or grass
 Suggest instability, movement, flexibility.
 Are never harsh or stern since they are formed by a RED
gradual change in direction. • Color of fire and blood
The restrained curved lines exemplified in the • Warmest, most exciting of the colors
woman’s body and the bamboo stem where according • It stands for passion and energy
to Philippine legend, man and woman sprang by Carlos
“Botong” Francisco. YELLOW
• Color of light
Line • Most brilliant, and cheerful of the colors
 In painting, there should be an organic unity of lines to • It suggests cheerfulness, magnificence, life and
produce balance and symmetry, proportion of lengths splendor
and widths, and rhythm. • It serves to balance the warm colors like red and
orange
2. COLOR GREEN
 Has the most aesthetic appeal of all the elements of • Color for vegetation and symbolizes life and
visual arts. freshness.
 Delight in color is a universal human characteristics. VIOLET
 Is a property of light • Represents shadows and mysteries.
 The light of the sun contains all the colors of the BLACK
spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and • Represents despair, death and pain.
violet. ORANGE
When beam of light passes through a prism, the • Suggests deliciousness and warmth.
different rays of color are separated. BLUE
 Color of the sky and of deep and still water, is the
coolest and the most tranquil of the colors.
 It arouses the feelings of peace and quietness.
B. VALUE
 Sometimes called “chiaroscuro”, refers to the
lightness or darkness of a color.
 Addition of black or white to a color
 It will offer important suggestions for the
arrangement of color values in interior decoration.
 The floor should be the darkest in the room, the walls
should be lighter, and the ceiling, the lightest.
 Each primary color has a range of values based on
the addition and diminishing quantity and quality of
light.
 Tints are values above normal (lighter color) and
shades are values below the normal (darker color). Pink
is a tint of red, maroon is a shade of red. Sky blue is a
tint, navy blue is a shade.
C. INTENSITY
 This is the color’s brightness or dullness.
 It is identified as the strength of color, whether it is
vivid or muted.
 To achieve a specific intensity of color, one may add
either gray or its complementary color.
COLOR HARMONIES Two kinds:
 Related color harmonies
 Contrasted color harmonies
Related color harmonies
 May either be monochromatic or adjacent
MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY
 Is made up of several tones of one hue, like for
instance orange, tan, brown, and other tones from the
orange family.
 Simplest and easiest to use.
Related color harmonies
ADJACENT OR NEIGHBORING HARMONY
 Two or three neighboring hues on the color circle are
used together
 Example: tones of green, yellow, and orange can
produce a delightful harmony
 They have something in common because there is
yellow in green and in orange.
 Good adjacent harmonies can be produced by using
other groups of neighboring colors like yellow, orange,
and red or orange, red, and violet.
Adjacent - combining colors near each other on the
color wheel.
Contrasted color harmonies
 Colors which lie directly opposite each other in the
color circle are called COMPLEMENTARY
 Red and green, orange and blue, violet and yellow
are complementary colors.
 They contrast with each other strongly; therefore,
they are more difficult to use harmoniously than the
related color combinations.
Psychology of colors
BLACK– is associated with death and gloom – stands for
purity and innocence
WHITE– deemed the color of heaven
BLUE– is associated with blood, signifies anger,
provokes fear, and impels people to action
ORANGE– helps a person be assertive
GREEN– color of nature, promotes the feeling of well-
being. It implies happy and restful association and
natural abundance.
Meaning of Colors conveyed by the Rose
 The rose is a flower worthy of mention for the varied
psychological and emotional connotations each of its
color takes.
 It is the universal flora of love.
“The Language of Roses”
By: Sarian J.
Red is for ‘I love you’; pink conveys a ‘Thank you’, white
says ‘You are heavenly’; coral speaks of desire.
If you are harbouring a secret affection for a special girl,
it would be more appropriate to send her white roses.
A white rose denotes secrecy, innocence, purity,
reverence and humility.
Deep pink roses convey gratitude and appreciation. It is
most appropriate for those who would like to say
“thank you.”
Lighter pink, expresses sympathy, grace and gentility.
Red roses saying “I love you”. Also mean courage and
fortitude.
Yellow roses represent joy and freedom.
If you combine the red and yellow together, they stand
for jovial and happy feelings.
Coral/orange roses speak of enthusiasm and desire.
Red and white roses together convey the message of
unity.
If you want to tell your sweetheart that you are ready to
settle down, send her two red roses because this
means, in the language of roses, that you are ready for
marriage.
A single red rose, on the other hand, simply means
simplicity.
Psychological effects of color values Examples:
 An individual seems to look larger in light colored
clothing.
 Rooms can be made to appear higher by painting the
ceiling with light colors.
 Distant objects appear to have light values because
these values suggest distance or background.
 Large people should wear dark colored clothes to
make them appear smaller.
3. TEXTURE
 Is an element that deals more directly with the sense
of touch.
 It has to do with the characteristic of surfaces which
can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull,
plain or irregular.
 Is best appreciated when an object is felt with the
hands.
 Is due primarily to differences in medium. In
architecture, the varied feels of wood, concrete, and
metal.
 Is very real to the sculptor and architect because
wood, stone, brick, concrete, and metal feel differently.
Two varieties of texture:
- Physical Texture
- Visual Texture
Examples of Texture
- Smooth
- Rough
4. SPACE
 Refers to distances or areas around, between or
within components of piece.
 Space can be positive (white or light) or negative
(black or dark), open or closed, shallow or deep and
two-dimensional or three- dimensional.
 Sometimes space isn’t actually within a piece, but the
illusion of it.
5. FORM
 Applies to the overall design of a work of art. It
describes the structure or shape of an object.
 Directs the movement of the eyes.
 Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies
visual weight.
Triangles, circles, and rectangles are favorite designs
used by the painters.
Tables, buildings, picture frames and furniture are
usually composed of cubes or rectangular solids.
Oranges, electrical bulbs, lakes and domes are shaped
as spheres.
Trees, mountains and flowers are cones.
Trunk of trees, human arms or legs, and pencils are
cylinders.
DANCE
■ Is an art. It tells a story, a set of mood or expresses an
emotion.
■ Dances vary in forms. Some form of dances are
religious dance, commemorative dance,
ceremonial dance and etc.
TYPES OF DANCES
Folk dances are social dances that portray the beliefs,
interests, habits, customs, and practices of the native.
Ballroom dances are dances of public entertainment,
usually performed in pairs in ballrooms, nightclubs,
auditoriums, or in public places. Examples are waltz,
swing, cha-cha, boogie, tango and rhumba. Theatrical
dances are performed for the entertainment of the
audience in a theatre. Examples are ballet, modern
dance, musical comedy dance, and tap dance.
ELEMENTS OF DANCES
There is always movement in a dance, but not all
movements signify a dance. To be a dance, the
movement must contain the following basic elements:
ELEMENTS OF DANCES
 Theme
 Movement
 Music
 Costume and Body Paraphernalia
 Choreography
 Scenery
 Theme – is the most basic element of a dance. It
conveys the message of a dance.
 Movement – refers to the bodily actions of the
dancer that include his steps, gestures of the arms,
hands, and body, and facial expression.
 Music – is the auditory background to which a dancer
moves. A dance always accomplished by any form of
music.
 Costume and Body Paraphernalia –
are properties worn by the dancers that reflect the
message, customs, belief, and setting of the dance.
 Choreography – refers to the figures and steps in
dancing that enable the dancers to perform in an
organized manner.
 Scenery – refers to the background or setting where
the dance is performed to make it more realistic and
enriching.
LITERATURE
■ Is one of the arts that expresses human feelings.
■ It shows ideas or emotions through symbolic
presentation.
LITERARY WORKS AND THEIR
ELEMENTS
 Short story
 Novel
 Drama
 Short story
Is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative
prose.
Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the
17th century.
Is a work of fiction that can be read in one sitting.
 Novel
Is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters,
situations, and scenes that represent real life.
Fiction, whether long (novel) or short (short story),
may aim to give us moral lessons, bring pleasure, raise
question, or cultivate critical thinking.
 Drama
Comes from the Greek word, “Dran” means “To do” or
“To act”.
The doing/acting makes drama.
Is a story told in front of an audience.
is a presentation made up of words, sounds, and
actions of characters. Dramas must be performed or
acted out by the characters on stage, film, radio,
television, or outdoors.
Drama may either be a tragedy (a story of struggle
against circumstances and sufferings) or comedy (a
story of achievement, optimism or humor).
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
 Characters
 Setting/Scenery
 Theme
 Plot
 Symbolism
 Irony
 Style
 Conflict
 Climax
 Costumes and Make-up
 Dialogue
 Characters
 refer to people or animals that take part in the events
in a story.
 are make-believe persons, either protagonists or
antagonists and whose personalities are carefully
brought out by their appearance, speech, actions, and
what other characters say of them.
 are the moving spirit of the novel. They do not only
act but also manifest the moral, emotional, and
intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author.
 Characters are categorized in terms of morality and
personality. When characters are judged in terms of
morality, the good guys are distinguished from the bad
guys.
 Setting/Scenery
 could be a locale or place where the event or action
took place.
 Construction on the stage that shows time/place.
 Furniture, painted, backdrops, or large props should
appear real.
 Theme
 Refers to the meaning of the play.
 Is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play.
 In some cases, the theme of a play is obvious; other
times it is quite subtle.
 Plot
 regarded as the skeleton or blueprint of the story, is
the sequential arrangement of related events and
actions of which the story is composed.
 The series of such events start from exposition
(beginning of the story), moves on to complication
(action grows stronger) to the turning point of the story
(climax), and finally to the resolution which leads to
denouement and ending (Bascara, 2000).
 Symbolism
 refers to something that is more than what it is in
reality. Symbols are objects, persons, situations, actions,
and all recognizable things or items that suggest other
meanings. For example, a cross symbolizes Christianity;
a sword symbolizes war; a rose or a bouquet of flowers,
love etc.
 Thus, a symbol must carry a double meaning, that is,
it denotes something real (tangible) and connotes
something intangible.
 Irony
 Is a contrast among what seems and what is and
could be.
 Three types:
 Verbal – saying one thing but really mean the other.
 Situational – when something happens, and I was
expecting the opposite.
 Dramatic – when everyone knows something I don’t.
 Style
 Is the literary element that describes the ways that
the author uses words – the author’s word choice,
sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence
arrangement all work together to establish mood,
images, and meaning in the text.
 Conflict
 The internal or external struggle between opposing
forces, ideas, or interest that create dramatic tension.
 Climax
 The point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or
suspense in the plot of a narrative.
 Typically comes at the turning point in a story or
drama.
 Costumes and Make-up
• Every costume should be comfortable and securely
put together so the performer doesn't have to worry
about it once it is on. Before the dress rehearsal, all the
parts of each costume should be hung together and
tagged in one specific dressing area. A dressing crew
from the costume committee should be on hand to
help.
The make-up crew should be allowed plenty of time to
do their work after each actor is dressed. Everything in
the make-up area should have its own place and be
covered when not in use. Make-up pencils should be
sharp, sponges should be clean, and when grease paint
and other materials are running low, they should be
replaced before they are needed.
 Costumes, wigs, and body paint used to transform an
actor into a character.
 Dialogue
 is the conversation between and among the
characters of the drama.
Importance of reading
literary works
Literary works of art are worth reading because they do
not only entertain or give pleasure but also we learn
moral values that can improve our life. Reading literary
works helps us acquire knowledge and information on
man's progress and achievement.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGN
DESIGN
The proper arrangement of the different art elements in
order to produce something beautiful.
Good design is the result of careful and correct
application of the principles of design. The most
important factor for an artist to remember is to execute
these principles in order to achieve beauty and better
perception.
Architects, engineers, painters, sculptors, and other
artists are not the only designers in the world;
everybody is a designer. All of us are designers in our
own ways. Thus, it would be very beneficial for us to be
familiar with the principles of art design.
PRINCIPLES OF ART
DESIGN
 Harmony
 Rhythm
 Balance
 Proportion
 Emphasis
1. HARMONY
is the principle which produces an impression of unity
through the selection and arrangement of consistent
objects or ideas. It is the quality which unifies every part
of an arrangement. If there is harmony, there is order.
Every orderly arrangement is harmonious.
5 ASPECTS OF HARMONY There are two standards or groups of color harmonies;
related harmonies and contrasting
1.Harmony of lines and shapes
4. Harmony of texture
2.Harmony of size
The character of texture can be determined by feeling
3.Harmony of color
the object with the fingertips or by looking at it.
4.Harmony of texture
Coarse textures should not be combined with fine
5.Harmony of idea textures.

1.Harmony of lines and shapes 5. Harmony of idea

 Transitional lines Combining antique and modern furniture in the same

room does not show harmony of idea.
 Opposing or contrasting lines
A store window displaying dresses, hardware and school
 Repetition supplies would be a very poor display.
1.Harmony of lines and shapes Transitional lines – It is It is not enough that shapes, sizes and textures have
usually something in common: there must be harmony in the
curved, graceful line which connects two or more idea presented together.
opposing lines.

1.Harmony of lines and 2. RHYTHM

shapes  Refers to a relationship between elements that
Contrasting or Opposing lines – a straight line which creates a sense of harmony.
intersects each other and  Can be seen in patterns, in relationships between
form angles. colors and shapes, and in repetitions of lines and forms.

1.Harmony of lines and shapes
Repetition – if a small rectangle is placed within a bigger
rectangle so that their sides are parallel.
2. Harmony of size
- This refers to good proportion. - As you can see in the
picture,
both figures in Egon Schiele’s painting occupy the same
amount of space. The figure with the yellow bonnet sits
on a dark mat while the figure with the dark bonnet sits
on a yellow mat. Both bonnets and mats occupy the
same amount of space.
 Rhythm is not only applied to the graphic arts
(drawing, printing, and painting) but also to
architecture, music, textiles, laces, furniture, glassware,
dresses, gardening, etc.
Rhythm is classified into formal and informal.
Formal or uniform rhythm is the repetition of a motif in
uniform and regular arrangement while informal or free
rhythm the repetition of a motif with variation in its
form, size, and arrangement.
Formal or Uniform Rhythm
Informal or Free Rhythm

3. Harmony of color 3. BALANCE

Creating harmony of color means using two or more
colors in decorating an article or object. It does not
mean the mixing of the colors.
A girl, for instance, may use three colors in her dress,
that is, the blouse may be pink, the skirt is dark red and
buttons on the blouse are red.
is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest,
repose, equilibrium, or stability.
Mathematically, objects are balanced when they have
equal physical weights and are placed equally distant
from a common center or axis.
In art, we do not exactly arrange objects of equal
physical weights or sizes to produce balance. It is the
visual weights of lines, forms, values, textures and
colors that we really balance.
Visual weight is the quality which gains and holds
attention. In other words, it is the power of attraction of
each of the elements of art. Objects should be balanced
horizontally, vertically or diagonally, that is, the
attraction should be distributed on either side of the
vertical, horizontal or diagonal axis of any arrangement.
Symmetrical Balance
Symmetrical balance is the balance of equal visual
weights placed at equal distances from the axis.
Symmetrical balance can be described as having equal
“weight” on equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum.
It may also be referred to as formal balance. When
elements are arranged equally on either side of a
central axis, the result is bilateral symmetry.
Asymmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical design is typically of- centered or
created with an odd or mismatched number of
disparate elements.
When the left and right sides of the design are unequal
it is said to have asymmetrical balance.
Is the balance of unequal visual weights, the heavier
one being nearer the axis and the lighter one farther.
It is also called informal, occult or free balance.
4. PROPORTION
is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship
between a whole and its parts and between the parts
themselves. It can be achieved through proper
arrangement of space divisions.
Most objects around us are rectangular in form-the
tables, windows, closets, houses, books, newspapers,
magazines, picture frames, etc.
The Parthenon, a building in Athens, Greece, is
considered the most perfectly proportioned
architectural structure in the world.
There are three (3) aspects of proportion: proportion in
the grouping of objects; proportion in space divisions;
and scales. Proportion is established when two or more
objects are placed near or adjacent to each other.
An arrangement or grouping of objects may show good
or bad proportion. In arranging objects, it is more
pleasing to group three objects with another three, or
two objects with three, than to group two objects with
two or two with four.
It is because odd numbers are more interesting than
even numbers. Very small objects should not be
grouped with very large ones. Otherwise, they will be
out of proportion. Harmony of size is the same as good
proportion.
5.) EMPHASIS
is the principle of art which tends to carry the eyes from
the center of interest or dominant part of any
composition to the less important or subordinate parts.
There is no dominance without subordination, and no
subordination without dominance.
The answer to the question, "What things should be
emphasized?" depends upon the artist's purpose. It may
be the outline, form, color, texture, size, idea, or value
of an object.
The least thing that should be emphasized in any
arrangement or composition is the background. Hence,
it must be plain and should not be more conspicuous
than the
objects placed before it.
METHODS OF EMPHASIZING
OBJECTS
5.1 By arrangement or grouping of objects. If objects
are grouped together, the one to be emphasized should
be located at the center and should be the biggest and
brightest in color.
5.2 By decoration. An object or an act intended to
increase the beauty of a person, room, etc. Something
nice that you put in or in something else to make it look
more attractive.
5.3 By color contrast. It depends on how high the
saturation is. With less saturation, the tonal contrast
becomes noticeable. With more saturation, the color
contrast takes over.
5.4 By the use of plain background space. Simple
decorations which are placed against sufficient plain
background will be more emphatic than when the
background space is small.
5.5 By unusual lines, shapes, and colors. Novelty or
newness can also draw attention to s specific element of
work. It is difficult to keep the eye away from
extraordinary figures or subjects.
5.6 By action or movement. Dynamic illustrations
usually attract more attention than passive ones.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The Development of Painting in
the Philippines
The historical development of painting in the Philippines
may be traced into three periods: (1) Spanish period; (2)
American period; and (3) Modern period.
SPANISH PERIOD
The first stone churches were built in Intramuros in the
17th century. Painting in churches started in the Manila
area with the priests as painter-decorators. The
Augustinian fathers also offered drawing lessons to the
Filipinos.
Some of the painters during this period were Jose Dans,
Damiano Domingo, Justiniano Asuncion, and Alfonso
Ongpin.
The Academia
• A Royal Decree promulgated on March 13, 1846
founded the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in the City of
Manila.
• Agustin Saez, the Director, was the lone faculty
member.
• Lorenzo Rocha who succeeded Saez as Director joined
the school in 1867.
• Simon Flores y de la Rosa was one of those who
studied at the Academia. Some of his paintings include
Saint John the Baptist, Madonna and Child, and Feeding
Chickens (displayed at the National Museum).
• Lorenzo Guerrero, who also studied in the Academia.
His famous painting is From the Market, a masterpiece
rendered in watercolor.
• Felipe Roxas was a landscape painter. His work
Church of Antipolo.
• Other famous painters of this time were Felix
Martinez, Ramon Martinez, Jose Martinez, Flores,
Anselmo Espiritu, Manuel Espiritu, and Pepe Lozano.
• Rafael Enriquez later became director of the UP
School of Fine Arts. One of his paintings is La Muerte de
Simon de Anda.
19th Century Masters (1800)
Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo received high
honors abroad for their works.
Juan Luna
• While Juan Luna was in the Philippines, he studied
under Saez, Rocha, and Guerrero.
• His Spolarium won him a gold medal in the
Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes.
• Prior to Spolarium, he painted La Muerte de
Cleopatra in 1881 in Rome.
• He also painted El Pueblo y Los Reyes, Blood
Compact, and Portrait of Legaspi.
• Luna succumbed to heart attack in 1899 in Hong
Kong.
Spoliarium is usually interpreted as a visual
metaphor/representation of the suffering the Filipino
people experienced during the Spanish colonial period.
"Blood Compact" refers to the pledge made in 1565
between the native chieftain Sikatuna and the Spanish
conqueror Legaspi who landed on Bohol Island in the
same year. As proof of their friendship and trust, the
two men made a toast with wine that was mixed with
drops of their own blood.
Felix Resurreccion
• Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla came from a
wealthy family in Manila.
• He studied at the Academia under Saez.
• The paintings of Hidalgo include: Virgenes Cristianas
Expuestas Al Populacho; La Barca de Aqueronte, and
Oedipus and Antigone.
• Hidalgo died in Spain in 1913.
Hidalgo’s interpretation of condemned souls on their
journey across the River Acheron towards the place of
torment which in Greco-Roman literature is known as
Hades. Charon, the one who’s operating the boat, is the
main character in the painting.
American Period
Some of the famous painters of this time were Miguel
Zaragoza, Rafael Enriquez, Fabian de la Rosa, Teodoro
Buenaventura, Jorge Pineda, Ramon Peralta, and Isidro
Ancheta.
• In 1903, the Manila "art world" began with the
assistance of other painters; Rafael Enriquez organized
the Asociacion Internacional de Artistas.
• In 1908, the group sponsored a competitive
exhibition on the Escolta, in which Vicente Rivera y Mir
won two first prizes for his oil entry El Sueno Dorado.
The other first prize was won by Gaston O' Farell.
• Ramon Peralta with his Cabeza de Estudio won second
prize. Jorge Pineda for his landscape painting of the site
of the Cry of Balintawak and Fernando Amorsolo for his
entry Leyendo Periodico both won second prize.
• Fabian de la Rosa, was the most prolific painter of
this period. The Marikina Road, Quiet Street, Planting
Rice is among the first genre paintings he accomplished.
• Jorge Pineda (1879-1946) mastered the art of
lithography. Among his works are Playing Chongka,
Lantern Makers, and Alayan.
• Four decorators Juan Abelardo, Ramon Peralta,
Toribio Antillon, and Emilio Alvero engaged in scenic
painting.
Modern Period
In 1951, a gallery for the modern painting was
established on a side street of Calle Mabini in Ermita.
This gallery was called the Philippine Art Gallery. Heads
of Igorots, Ifugaos, Mindanao Moslems, Bagobos, and
Mangyans were the favorite subjects in the gallery.
In time, the artists on Mabini Street became known as
the "Mabini Painters.” Mabini painters garnered major
prizes in the AAP competitive exhibitions. Romeo
Enriquez's Sonata won first prize.
In 1953, the roster of Modern painters included
Fernando Zobel de Ayala, Victor Oteyza, Manuel
Rodriguez, Hugo Yonzon, Vicente Manansala, Arturo
Luz, Hernando Ocampo, Cesar Legaspi, Ramon Estella,
and Romeo Tabuena.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The Development of Sculpture in the Philippines
Sculpture during the Spanish Period
In time, Christianity spread, and so sculptors turned to
religion for their subject matter. They carved images of
saints, crosses, crucifixes, and other religious objects.
The blossoming of Filipino sculpture started in the 19th
century. An example of sculpture during this period is
the Virgin, an Araneta collection which displays an
unconventional figure of the Virgin. In this particular
sculpture, her arms are bent; the neck thick, the face
chubby and masculine, and the eyes are large and set
widely.
The best examples of 18th century images are the
image of the La Purisima Concepcion, also in Tanay; and
the St. John and Christ at the Morong Church.
Sculpture during the American Period
After the revolution in 1896, Filipino sculptors began to
erect monuments. The monuments of Jose Rizal were
constructed in plazas all over the archipelago.
In 1905, 4 full-figure monuments were undertaken by
Ramon Martinez. The monument was erected at the
site of the "Cry of Balintawak" in honor of Andres
Bonifacio. It also displayed other heroes but it was
popularly known as the Bonifacio Monument.
At the turn of the second decade, an international
competition for the design of a Rizal monument was
held. Carlos Noli, an Italian sculptor, won first prize.
However, it was the entry of a Swiss National, which
won the second prize that was finally chosen to be
erected at the Luneta. The first prize winner did not
have the money to post the required performance
bond. The Rizal figure with a book and topcoat became
the prototype of Rizal monuments all over the
Philippines.
Guillermo Tolentino sculpted the Rizal figure in Biñan
City, Laguna. Other sculptors like Ramon Martinez,
Eulogio Garcia, Vidal Tampingco, and Ambrosio Morales
were also engaged in the making of Rizal monuments.
The Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by
earthquakes in 1863 was rebuilt under Father Urcioni,
also an architect.
Early Churches in Laguna and Batangas
• Paete Church
• Pakil Church in Laguna
• San Jose Church in Batangas

Tolentino has developed a mastery of the human figure Early Churches in the Visayas
which is very essential in moulding figures for • Miag-ao Church in Iloilo
monuments. He was commissioned to do the statue of
the Oblation which was constructed at the Rizal Hall • Pardo Church in Cebu
area. Later, it was transferred to the University of the • Carcar Church in Cebu
Philippines in Diliman.
Early Churches in Metro Manila
Guillermo Tolentino sculpted the Rizal figure in Biñan
City, Laguna • Tondo church was redesigned by Luciano Oliver in

1873

• Binondo Church, buit in 18th century

THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS IN THE • Sta. Cruz Church

PHILIPPINES Early Churches in Metro Manila

The Development of Architecture in the
Philippines
Architecture during the Pre-Spanish Period
Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipino houses
were made of light materials bamboo palm, vine, grass,
and wood. The pre-Spanish Filipino house had a
pyramidal roof. The walls were low; the floor was raised
a few feet above the ground.
Early Churches of Intramuros
• The roof of the Quiapo church collapsed during the
1863 earthquake.
• The Malate church was also damaged by the 1863
earthquake.
Early Churches in Metro Manila
• The San Sebastian Church, damaged by the
earthquakes in 1863 and 1880
• The Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City

The first buildings of architectural importance in

Intramuros were the San Agustin Church and the Manila
Cathedral. Chief characteristics of these buildings were
their massiveness and stability.
Early Churches in Metro Manila
The San Agustin Church is one of the few churches
• The San Sebastian Church, damaged by the
constructed in the Philippines with a true barrel vaulting
earthquakes in 1863 and 1880
that enabled the church to withstand the severest
earthquakes. Located inside the historic walled city of • The Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City
Intramuros in Manila. Completed in 1607, it is the oldest
LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)
stone church in the country.
Life
• Born in 1452 in Vinci, Republic of Florence • Pablo Picasso was the first child of Don Jose Ruiz
(present- day Italy). Biasco, a painter, and Maria Picasso y Lopez.

• In 1469, he went to Florence with his father. In • He was born on October 25, 1891 in Malaga, Spain.
Florence, he became an apprentice in painting to
• He studied art in Barcelona and Paris in 1890.
Andrea del Verrocchio, a sculptor, until 1476.
• On his 80th birthday, he was honored in different
• In 1482, he went to Milan where he worked under
exhibitions in New York City and other cities.
Ludovico Sforza until 1499.
Works
• Under Sforza, he painted portraits, invented
machines of war, staged theatrical pageants, and 1. La Vie
designed town plans and architectural structures. 2. 2. Woman in White
3. 3. The Old Guitarist
• He died on May 2, 1519.
4. 4. Mother and Child
Works 5. 5. Boy Leading a Horse
6. 6. Family of Saltimbanques
1. The Baptism of Christ
7. 7. Guernica
2. 2. St. John the Baptist
8. 8. Babboon and Young
3. 3. The Virgin and Child with St. Anne
9. 9. Demoiselles d'Avignon
4. 4. The Battle of the Anghiari
5. 5. Mona Lisa VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-1890)
6. 6. The Last Supper
• Life
7. 7. The Adoration of the Magi
• Born in Groot-Zundert in the Dutch province of
MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI (1475-1564)
North Brabant on March 31, 1853.
Life
• After he had finished his studies at a boarding school
• Born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese, about 40 miles in Zevenbergen in 1869, he was employed in The Hague
outside Florence, Italy. branch of the art dealer Goupil.

• When he was still a young child, his mother died,
leaving his father with five young sons.
• Most of life was spent in Florence and Rome. In
Florence, he lived in the Sta. Crosse Quarter with his
father, stepmother, four brothers, and an uncle.
• In 1873, he went to London and fell in love with his
landlady's daughter, Ursula Loyer, to whom he
proposed but was later rejected.
• In 1875, Goupil transferred him to London where he
visited museums and exhibitions.

• Michelangelo never married, asserting that his art • In 1877, he was employed in a bookstore but did not
was sufficient mistress to him. stay long because he prepared himself for a theoretical
career.
• He died on February 18, 1564 at the age of 88.
• In 1878, he went to Brussels and later taught the
Works
Holy Scripture, cared for the sick and instructed the
1. Battle of the Centaurs children.
2. 2. Bacchus
• In 1880, van Gogh left for Brussels and embarked on
3. 3. San Giovanni de Fiorentini
a career in painting. Though he had devoted only nine
4. 4. Pieta
years of life in art, he left almost 600 paintings and
5. 5. Sleeping Cupid
more than 900 known drawings and watercolors.
6. 6. The Creation of Adam
Works
PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973)
1. Sorrowing Old Man
Life
 2. 2. Avenue of Poplars in Autumn
3. 3. Head of a Woman with White Cap
4. 4. Loom with Weaver
5. 5. A Pair of Old Shoes
6. 6. View of La Crau
7. 7. The Potato Eaters
8. 8. The Red Vineyard
9. 9. Starry Night
Famous Filipino Painters
FELIX RESURRECION HIDALGO (1855-1913)
• Hidalgo won a silver medal for his entry in large
canvas, Christian Virgins Exposed to Populace (Las
Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho) at the
Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts.
• Shortly after the 1884 Madrid Exposition, he set up
residence in Paris to serve a quieter life. In this place,
he painted Charon's Boat and Oedipus and Antigone.
• The Artist's Mother (1888) was one of the two
portraits he did for his mother in Paris.
• Hidalgo returned to Manila in 1912 for a visit but
returned to Paris despite the pleas of his ailing mother.
JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
• After he won a gold medal in the 1884 Madrid
Exposition, Juan Luna moved to Paris and stayed in an
apartment close to the Hidalgo's.
• Upon his return to the Philippines in 1894, after an
absence of 17 years, he painted Houses by a Narrow
Road, one of the several views of Marikina.
• The Lady with Guitar was painted shortly after he was
granted pardon by Alfonso XIII for his involvement in
the Philippine Revolution.
• He died in Hong Kong at the age of 41.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO (1892-1972)
• Fernando Amorsolo was a National Artist Awardee.
• In his golden years (1920-1945), he reaped various
honors.
• He went to Madrid in 1917 to study museum classics
after receiving a scholarship grant from a rich
businessman named Enrique Zobel.
• His first portrait upon return to Manila was that of
his wife Salud.
• He exhibited 40 of his Genres and landscape at the
Art Center of New York in 1925.
• In 1939, he submitted his entry Afternoon Meal of the
Rice Workers at the New York World's Fair where he
was acclaimed the best by popular vote.
Afternoon Meal of the Rice Workers
• Amorsolo was also appointed Director of the School
of Fine Arts of the University of the Philippines.
• He also did splendid illustration work in Graphics,
Liwayway, Sunday Tribune, Tagalog novels such as
Madaling Araw and Parusa ng Bayan, and posters and
brochures.
• He painted acclaimed masterpieces like The Blind
Man, The Burning of Manila, Antipolo, and Dalagang
Bukid, among others.
VICENTE MANANSALA (1910-1981)
• He was a former student of Cubist Fernand Leger and
was respected by his peers because of the intellectual
underpinnings of his art.
• Before his death, he painted Give Me This Diary, a
glimpse of his kind of cubism, in which some sides of
objects are sharply cut into curved or angular form to
catch the light vibrantly.
• He was given a posthumous recognition as a National
Artist in 1982.
CARLOS "BOTONG" V. FRANCISCO (1912-1969)
• Carlos "Botong" V. Francsico was one of the best
mural artists the country has ever had.
• In his paintings, he featured Filipinos living in
provincial towns and barrios. He showed them working
on the field, going about their daily chores, eating,
relaxing, worshipping, and enjoying fiestas.
• He also painted vital events in Philippine history.
• The mural paintings he did were not only on Christian
lowlanders but on Muslims and other cultural
communities as well.
• The turning point of Botong's painting career was
winning the first prize at the first competition of the Art
Association of the Philippines in 1948 for his entry
Kaingin.
• Filipino Struggle Through History, a mural gracing the
walls of Manila City Hall, was one of his major works.
• He stayed permanently in Angono where he became
the first major regional artist.
Datu of Maynilad (Manila) and his wife, surrounded by
their retinue, are examining a silk fabric being shown to
them by a Chinese merchant. In the foreground (left) an
Arab trader watches a native pour what looks like indigo
into a jar. (Maynila is derived from "may nila" which
means, there is nila. Nila is a Sanskrit word for indigo.)
An Indian national in the background has drawn a crowd
around him while fishermen dive into the Pasig River.
Botong successfully portrays the rich flow of commerce
in pre- colonial Philippines.
Rajah Sulayman and his men with bolos (knives) and
arrows in hand, survey the scene in front of them. They
are framed by flaming torches on the left, a foreboding
of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, on the
right. Botong uses flames, swirling drapery and clouds
as transitional elements and to divide the canvas in
order to illustrate new scenarios.
The proverbial cross and sword are thoughtfully
engaged in this scene. The cross is the symbol of
Christianity and the sword represents conquest and
exploitation. Converts kneel before the cross while the
fighting goes on in the background.
A Spanish official raises his cup for a victory toast while
a Datu sits hunched and forlorn with his back to the
official.
Lim Ah Hong, a
Chinese pirate, together with his men, clash with
Spanish soldiers (on the left) while three
representatives from the state, the church and the
military pore over a map (center). A galleon sails in the
background (right) and above it is an image of Mary, the
mother of Jesus. Mary is the patroness of the galleon
trade. A 17th century wooden image of Our Lady of
Peace and Good Voyage was brought to the Philippines
by Governor General Juan Niño de Tabora and is
enshrined at the Antipolo Cathedral in Rizal province.
Spain was dragged into the 7 Years War between France
and Britain after it signed an alliance with France. The
British lost no time in sending their fleet to Manila
where they easily defeated the Spaniards. The war
ended in 1763 but the British occupation of Manila and
Cavite lasted until 1764, when they finally received
word in Manila that the war was over. The British were
unable to penetrate into other parts of the islands but
they were well rewarded with the confiscation of two
ships, the Filipina which was laden with silver from
Mexico and Santissima Trinidad
carrying Chinese goods.
The highly profitable galleon trade between Manila and
Acapulco flourished as did the Catholic religion in the
islands. A procession with the statue of the Virgin Mary
is in progress. The tradition of religious processions in
the Philippines continues to this day.
Francisco Balagtas
(Francisco Baltazar) is known as the Prince of Filipino
poets. His most important work is the epic romance,
Florante and Laura. Balagtas wrote the romance while
in prison and published it upon his release. The story of
this poem parallels the life of Balagtas who lost the love
of his life, Celia, to the man who put him in jail. In the
painting, characters from Florante and Laura (above the
head and to the left of the writer) provide an exotic
element to the scene. The influence of Balagtas on
Philippine literature is significant and "balagtasan", a
form of extemporaneous debate in verse, is still in
practice today.
In his book Noli Me Tangere (Touch me not), Jose Rizal
exposes the abuses and corruption of the Spanish
regime. His dedication reads:
"To my Fatherland,
Recorded in the history of human sufferings is a cancer
so malignant a character that the least touch irritates it
and awakens in it the sharpest pains. Thus how many
times in the midst of modern civilizations I have wished
to call thee before me, now to accompany me in my
memories, not to compare thee with other countries,
hath thy dear image presented showing a social cancer
like to that other."
Jose Rizal was executed by a firing squad in 1896 for
sedition. He was 35 years old.
The Kataas- taasan, Kagalang- galangan Katipunan ng
Anak ng Bayan (KKK or Katipunan) was a secret society
organized in 1892 to gain independence from Spain
through a revolution. To become a member of the KKK,
an applicant must sign his name with his blood.
Members of the KKK tear up their cedulas (personal
registration tax certificate) signaling their break from
the colonial government.
Andres Bonifacio, one of the founders of the KKK, is
depicted leading his men in the fight for Philippine
independence.
"What love is greater than the wholesome and heroic
love of your own
country? What other love? Nothing else." Andres
Bonifacio
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 ended the colonial rule of
Spain in the Philippines. The Philippines was ceded to
the United States for $20 million and a new government
was formed under the "benevolent assimilation"
agenda of the United States of America.
The war for independence continues, this time against
the Americans.
Manuel L. Quezon and Manuel Roxas lobbied in
Washington D.C. for Philippine Independence. The
United States granted Commonwealth status to the
islands and Quezon became the President of the
Commonwealth from 1935-1944. Quezon took refuge in
the United States during the Japanese occupation in the
Philippines.
The Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942 and their
brutality was legendary. The Japanese surrendered in
Manila on February 23, 1945. MacArthur declared full
victory in July 1945.
Douglas MacArthur returned to the Philippines to help
liberate the country from the Japanese and fulfill his
promise. When he escaped from the Philippines in
1942, his famous parting words were, "I shall return".
Philippine Independence was declared on July 4, 1946.
July 4th is also the independence day of the USA. Both
flags are raised to commemorate the event. Philippine
Independence Day was later changed to June 12 to
conform with the declaration of independence
proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite in 1898.
MAURO MALANG SANTOS (1928-2017)b
• Maura Malang Santos was an illustrator-cartoonist
for the Manila Chronicle and creator of comic strip,
Kosme the Cop (Retired) and Chain Gang Charlie.
• In the 1960s, he emerged as a serious artist with a
knack in abstract painting.
• His illustration of Ang Kiukok formed the basis of a
style in its enumeration of images, range of warm
colors, and evocation of joyous parochialism.
JOSE JOYA (1931-1995)
• Jose Joya graduated as a Magna Cum Laude at the
University of the Philippines in 1953.
• He was also a recipient of the Fulbright Scholarship
at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in 1957.
• As his style evolved, he was later identified as a
serious artist. After his return from the Venice Biennale,
Joya painted a few vibrant works with dramatic
contrasts of color and dynamic lines.
• In the 1960s, he started to apply paint more thinly on
canvas; the form grew increasingly geometric with
circles as the main motifs.
• Cadmium Red Square and Binhi, both created in
1971, represented Joya's shifts decorative painting -
more dramatic in style and the visual tensions visible.
Famous Filipino Composers
COL. ANTONIO BUENAVENTURA (1904-1996)
• Col. Antonio Buenaventura obtained a "Teacher's
Diploma in Composition and Conducting from the
University of the Philippines and later on became a
faculty member of the UP Conservatory of Music.
• In 1937, he was commissioned into the military
service and later became music instructor and band
conductor of the PMA in Baguio City.
• He later on reorganized the world famous
Philippine Constabulary Band and appointed as
assistant conductor of Manila Symphony Orchestra.
• He also organized the UP Junior Orchestra and the
UE Student Symphony Orchestra and was a member of
the UP President's Committee on Folk Songs and
Dances.
LUCRECIA R. KASILAG (1917-2008)
• Lucrecia R. Kasilag obtained a Music Teacher's
Diploma major in Piano from St. Scholastica's College in
1939 and a Bachelor of Music major in piano from the
Philippine Women's University in 1949.
• She was a scholarship grantee of the Fulbright
Foundation at the Eastman School of Music, University
of Rochester in New York, where she finished a Master
of Music degree major in theory and minor in
composition.
• She later became the administrator of the Cultural
Center of the Philippines.
FELIPE PADILLA DE LEON (1912-1992)
• Molina was a member of the UP President's
Committee on Filipino Folksongs and Dances and
Secretary of the Conservatory of Music.
• Aside from a being soloist and composer, he also
received honors as a conductor of the Monserrat
Philharmonic Band, the Yellow Taxi Orchestra, and
Yellow Taxi Rondalla and the operas Madame Butterfly,
La Giaconda, La Fuerza del Destino, and Cavaleria
Rusticana.
LUCIO D. SAN PEDRO (1912-2002)
• Lucio D. San Pedro was born in 1913. He married
Gertrudes Diaz with whom he had 5 children.
• During his graduation in Grade VII, he played the Poet
and Peasar Overture on the banjo.

• Felipe Padilla de Leon was a composer, conductor,
and a former student of Col. Buenaventura at the UP
Conservatory of Music.
• After graduation in 1939, he was appointed assistant
instructor at the UP Department of Science and
Composition where he taught history and music
subjects.
• He started composing songs in college and conducted
the UP ROTC Band. He was assistant conductor and
later, conductor of the Musical Philippines Philharmonic
Orchestra and a musical presented at the Metropolitan
Theatre.
• He won many prizes for his works.

• He became a technical assistant on cultural affairs in

the Office of the President of the Philippines.

• He was President of the Filipino Society of

Composers, Authors, and Publishers; President of the
Pambansang Samahan ng mga Banda sa Pilipinas and
the Diwa ng Nuweba Esiha; trustee of the Music
Promotion Foundation of the Philippines; and director
of the SONGFEST Philippines and the Felin Institute of
the Philippines.

ANTONIO MOLINA (1894-1980)

• Antonio Molina, born in 1894, was a faculty member

of the UP Conservatory of Music where he taught
harmony,

compositions, and music history as well as violoncello.

• He was a conductor in the concert stage of various

schools, church choirs, orchestras, bands, and rondallas.

• He composed the zarzuela Ate Maria and

Hatinggabi.