WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY WORLD?

 uses computer-aided design (CAD) to create

three-dimensional objects through a layering
 An ever-changing mix of social and political
method.
change
 Sometimes referred to as additive
 While religious, political and ethnic conflicts
manufacturing
continue, we are currently living in one of the
most peaceful eras in the history of the planet.  3D printing involves layering materials, like
plastics, composites or bio-materials to create
GLOBAL AGE
objects that range in shape, size, rigidity and
 Period of time when there is a prevailing sense color.
of interconnectedness of all human beings, of a
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
common fate for human species and of threat
to its life on this earth.  a field of research and innovation concerned
with building 'things' - generally, materials and
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE GLOBAL AGE
devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules
GLOBALIZATION
STEM CELL THERAPY
 Process of interaction and integration among
 Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to
the people, companies, and government of
treat or prevent a disease or condition.
different nations.
2. HEALTH CARE
 Process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information 3. OVERPOPULATION
technology.
4. CLIMATE CHANGE
PROCESS IN UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION
5. POVERTY
A. TRANSNATIONAL
6. ILLITERACY
(Individuals)
7. DISEASE
 Processes that interconnect individuals and
8. MIGRATION
social groups across specific geo-political
borders GLOBALIZATION
B. TRANSNATIONALITY WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
(Social Group / Community)  ECONOMIC PROCESS
 Rise of new communities and formation of new  Integration of the national markets to a wider
social identities and relations that cannot be global market signified by the increased free
defined as nation-states trade
C. GLOBALITY ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
(Social Condition)  Activist resisting the deals among countries
facilitated and promoted by global
 Omnipresence of the process of globalization.
organizations like the WORLD TRADE
CHALLENGES IN 21st CENTURY ORGANIZATION.

1. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  Deals with the global rules of trade between

nations
 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the
simulation of human intelligence in machines  Ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably
that are programmed to think like humans and and freely as possible.
mimic their actions.
MANFRED STEGER
 The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence
 He described the process as “the expansion and
is its ability to rationalize and take actions that
intensification of social relations and
have the best chance of achieving a specific
consciousness across world-time and across
goal. 
world-space.
GENE-THERAPHY
EXPANSION
 medical field which focuses on the genetic
 Refers to both the creation of new social
modification of cells to produce a therapeutic
networks and the multiplication of existing
effect or the treatment of disease by repairing
connections that cut across traditional political,
or reconstructing defective genetic material.
economic, cultural and geographic boundaries.
3D PRINTING
INTENSIFICATION
 Refers to the expansion, stretching and
acceleration of these networks.
 Steger noted that “Globalization processes do
not occur merely act an objective material level
but they are also involved the subjective plane
of human consciousness”
 Some scholars have therefore found it simpler
to avoid talking about globalization as a whole.
Instead, they want to discuss “multiple
globalizations” instead of just one process.
 For anthropologist ARJUN APPADURAI,
different kinds of globalization occur on
multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “SCAPES”
1. ETHNOSCAPE
 Global movement of people
2. MEDIASCAPE
 Flow of culture
3. TECHNOSCAPE
 Circulation of mechanical goods and
software
4. FINANCESCAPE
 Denotes the global circulation of money
5. IDEOSCAPE
 Realm where political ideas move
around
SIGNS Of globalization
 Increase in international trade at a faster rate
than the growth in the world economy.
 Greater trans border data flow, using such
technologies such as Internet, communication
satellites and telephones.
 Greater international travel and tourism.
 Greater immigration, including illegal
immigration
 Development of a global financial systems
ADVANTAGES
 PEACEFUL RELATIONS
 Most of the countries have resorted to
trade relations wth each other in order
to boost their economy, leaving behind
any bitter past experiences.
 EMPLOYMENT
 Led to the generation of numerous
employment oppurtunities. Companies
are moving towards the developing
countries to acquire labor force.
 EDUCATION
 With numerous educational institutions
around the globe, one can move out
from the home country for better
oppurtunities elsewhere.
 PRODUCT QUALITY
 Been enhanced so as to retain the
customers. Today the customers may
compromise with the price range but
not with the quality of the product.
 Low or poor quality can adversely affect
consumer satisfaction.
 CHEAPER PRICES
 Globalization has brought in fierce
competition in the markets.
 COMMUNICATION
 Every single information is easily
accessible from almost every corner of
the world. Circulation of information is
no longer a tedious task and can
happen in seconds
 Internet has significantly affected the
global economy, thereby providing
direct access to information and
products.
 TRANSPORTATION
 Considered as the wheel of every business
organization, connectivity to various part of the
world is no more a serious problem.
 Today with various modes of transportation
available, one can conveniently deliver the
products.
 FREE TRADE
 Policy in which a country does not levy taxes,
duties, subsidies or quota on the import/export
of goods or services from other countries.
 TRAVEL AND TOURISM
 Promoted tourism to great heights,
international trade among different countries
also helps in increasing the number of tourists
that visit different places around the world.
DISADVANTAGES
 HEALTH ISSUES
 Globalization has given rise to more
health risks and present new threat and
challenges for epidemics.
 E.G (HIV/AIDS, COVID19, etc)
 LOSS OF CULTURE
 People may adapt to the culture of the
resident country,
 They tend to follow the foreign culture
more, forgetting their own roots.
  This can give rise to cultural conflicts.
 UNEVEN WEALTH DISTRIBUTION
 Rich are getting richer while the poor
are getting poorer.
 Globalization has not been able to
reduce poverty.
 ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION
 Industries are using natural resources
by means of mining, drilling, etc. which
puts a burden on the environment.
 CONFLICTS
 It has given rise to terrorism and other
forms of violence. Such acts not only
cause loss of human life but also huge
economic losses.
 CUT-THROAT COMPETITION
 Opening the doors of international
trade has given birth to intense
competition.
 This has affected the local markets
dramatically . The local players thereby
suffer huge losses as they lack the
potential to advertise or export their
products on a large scale. Therefore the
domestic market shrink.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMICS
Economic globalization with regards to International
Monetary Fund (IMF)
 Historical process representing the result of
human innovation and technological progress.
 Characterized by the increasing integration of
economies around the world through the
movement of goods, services, and capital across
borders.
FACTORS:
 COMMUNICATION – modern communication
technology and mass media are global standard
its relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in
touch.
 TRANSPORTATION – travel and shipping are
cheap and safe.
 TRADE – multi-national corporation have global
reach and increasing power.
FORMS:
A. PROTECTIONISM
B. Refers to government policies that
restrict international trade to help
domestic industries.
C. Usually implemented with the goal to
improve economic activity within a
domestic economy but can also be
implemented for safety or quality
concerns.
TYPES OF PROTECTIONISM
 TARIFFS – tax on imports
 QUOTAS – physical limit on the quantity of
imports
 EMBARGOES – total ban on a good, this may be
done to stop dangerous substances.
 SUBSIDIES – benefit given to an individual,
business, or institution, usually by the
government. It is usually in the form of cash
payment or a tax reduction.
 ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS– making it more
difficult to trade.
 Ex. Imposing minimum environmental
standards.
 COMPETITIVE DEVALUATION – manipulating
currency to make exports cheaper
 TRADE LIBERALIZATION
 Removal or reduction of restrictions or
barriers on the free exchange of goods
between nations.
 Reducing tariffs
 Reducing/ eliminating quotas
 Reducing non-tariffs barriers
 Non-tariff barriers are factors that make
trade difficult and expensive.
For example: Having specific regulations on making
goods can give an unfair advantage to domestic
producers. Harmonising environmental and safety
legislation makes it easier for international trade.
How to make TRADE more EASILY?
 FREE TRADE
 Trading of goods and services between
two or more countries without tariff or
taxes.
 Trade policy that does not restrict
imports or exports. It can also be
understood as the free market idea
applied to international trade.
 TRADE BLOC
 Agreement between governments to
reduce or eliminate trade barriers
 A type of intergovernmental agreement
, often part of a regional
intergovernmental organization, where
barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are
reduced or eliminated among the
participating states.
Eg: NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement)
consist of CANADA, MEXICO and USA.
A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS: CREATING AN
INTERNATIONAL ORDER
The Attributes of Today’s Global System
1. countries or states are independent and govern
themselves;
2. these countries interact with each other through
diplomacy;
3. international organizations facilitate these
interactions (i.e. UN); and
4. international organizations also take on lives of their
own.
 Nation-state–relatively modern phenomenon in the
human history whereby it composed of two non-
interchangeable terms: nation and state.
a.Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an
“imagined community” and does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”. It is inherently limited
and sovereign. It has boundaries, meaning not
anyone can be a Filipino.
– this refers to large group of people who share
common characteristics such as language, traditions
and ethnicity.
b.State, in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its
government.- a community of persons more or less
numerous occupying a definite territory completely
free of external control and possessing an
organized government to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.
 Interstate system–a system of competing and allying
states.
 Treaty of Westphalia –set of agreements signed in
1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War between the
major continental powers of Europe. It was designed
to avert wars in the future by recognizing that the
treaty signers exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other’s affairs and provide stability for the nations
of Europe.
 Peace
 Security
 Prosperity
 Prestige
 Promote an ideology
METHODS
Nations can use a number of methods to interact with each
other.
Some include:
 Treaties and Agreement
 Diplomacy
 Sanctions
 Alliances
 Confrontation/conflict
 International Law

CONSEQUENCES
There are consequences to the actions nation take
internationally.
Some include:
 New social roles and attitudes
 Territorial changes
 New economic and political relations
2 FORMS OF INTERNATIONALISM;
1. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
 IMMANUEL KANT – the first major thinker of
liberal internationalism
 JEREMY BENTHAM – he coined the term
“international”
 WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM – it provides stability
for the nations of Europe, until it faced its first
major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
 Napoleon Bonaparte – he believe in spreading the
principles of the French Revolution (liberty,
equality and fraternity) to the rest of Europe and
thus challenged the power of kings, nobility, and
religion in Europe.
 NAPOLEONIC WARS – series of major conflicts
pitting the French Empire and its allies against a
fluctuating array of European powers formed into
various coalitions, financed and usually led by the
United Kingdom.
- It lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his
armies marching all over much of Europe.
 NAPOLEONIC CODE – forbade birth privileges,
encourage freedom or religion, and promoted
meritocracy in government service.
 BATTLE OF WATERLOO – a battle which
Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated
Napoleon.
 Concert of Europe–alliance of “great powers” of
the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia
that sought to restore the world of monarchial,
hereditary and religious privileges of the time before
the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
- This Metternich system (named after the
Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich,
the system’s main architect) lasted from 1815 to
1914, at the dawn of World War I.
INTERNATIONALISM- desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states and people. In a more comprehensive
definition, it is a political principle that places the interests of
the entire world above those of individual nations and argues
for cooperation among nations for common good. This can be
divided into two broad categories: liberal internationalism and
socialist internationalism.
WHAT MOTIVATES NATIONS TO BECOME
INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS?
Nations have a variety of motives that are the basis for the
actions they take in the world (foreign policy).
Some motives include:
ISOLATIONISM - country has NO CONTACT with
other country
isolate – to cut off all contact
ism – a belief system
example : JAPAN, SWITZERLAND
UNILATERALISM – a country acting by oneself
uni – one
lateral – side or part
ism – a belief system
example : Austria
BILATERALISM - two country acting together
bi – two
lateral – side or part
ism – a belief system
example: Canada and USA
MULTILATERALISM – many countries acting together
multi – many
lateral – side or part
ism – a belief system
example: Kyoto
SUPRANATIONALISM – many countries acting as one
supra – above
lateral – side or part
ism – a belief system
example: Canada and USA
- He advocated the creation of “international law”
that would govern the inter-state relations.
 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI – the first thinker to
reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism.
- He believes that free, unified nation-states should
be the basis of global cooperation.
  WOODROW WILSON – one of the most
prominent internationalist.
- He is the most notable advocate for the creation
of the League of Nations.
 PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION – the
belief that the world’s nations had right to a free, and
sovereign government.
AXIS POWER : GERMANY, ITALY and JAPAN
ALLIED POWER : UNITED STATES, UNITED
KINGDOM, FRANCE, HOLLAND, and BELGIUM

2. SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL (SI)

 KARL MARX – Mazzini’s biggest critics

- He did not believe in nationalism.
- He did not divide the world into counties but into
classes.
 CAPITALIST – class referred to the owners of
factories, companies, and other means of production.
 PROLETARIAT CLASS – include those who did
not own the means of production, but instead,
worked for the capitalist.
 KARL MARX and his co-author FRIEDRICH
ENGELS, believe that in a socialist revolution
seeking to overthrow the state and alter the
economy, the proletariat “had no nation”.
 “WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE! YOU
HAVE NOTHING TO LOSE BUT YOUR
CHAINS” – their famous battle cry.
 SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL – was a union
of European socialist and labor parties established in
Paris on 1889 after the death of Karl Marx to make
his vision concrete by establishing their international THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
organization.
Its achievements : International organization – an organization with an international
- LABOR DAY (May 1) membership, scope or presence
- Creation of INTERNATIONAL WOMENS - It provides smaller states an opportunity for stronger
DAY economic power
- Initiated the successful campaign for an 8-
hour workday
 VLADIMIR LENIN – he overthrown Czar
Nicholas II
 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS (USSR) – new state after the
collapse of SI.
 to encourage these socialist revolutions across
the world, Lenin established the COMMUNIST
INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) in 1919
 COMINTERN – served as the central body for
directing communist parties all over the world.
 JOSEPH STALIN – the successor of Lenin - This can also help build relationships with larger states in
- He dissolved the COMINTERN in 1943. which some believe can prevent war between one another.
- IO’s provide opportunity for secured worldwide trade

LIMITATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES; very hard to deal with
such difference. Beyond the expertise to understand and
overcome.
 MONITORING MULTIPLE COUNTRIES: it is very
important and at the same time very difficult to closely
analyse all the economic and other dynamic situations all
over the world.
 RESISTANCE FROM THE DOMESTIC
ORGANIZATIONS: the domestic organization may not
be in favour of centralization of power.
 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL HURDLES:
different countries with different political parties may lead
to diversified the government restrictions and
administrative limits.
TWO TYPES;
1. INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS – type
of organization most closely associated with the term
“international organization”
 - Made up of primarily sovereign states (member states) - It deals with threats to international peace and
- Established by treaty or other agreement that acts as a security.
charter (grant of authority/rights) creating the group. - It has 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: the
Ex . United Nations, World Bank, European Union USA, CHINA, RUSSIA, BRITAIN AND FRANCE
2. INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL - Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping
ORGANIZATIONS – operate internationally. operations, the establishment of international
- has the same mission as a non-governmental sanctions, and the authorization of military action
organization(NGO), but it is international scope and through Security Council resolutions.
has outposts around the world to deal with specific  THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE – the
issues in many countries. principal judicial organ of the UN.
- OPERATIONAL (primary purpose is to foster the - Consist of 15 judges elected by the general assembly
community-based organizations within each country and security council
via different projects and operations) AND - Its main function are to settle legal disputes submitted
ADVOCACY-BASED (primary purpose is to to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on
influence the policy-making of different countries’ legal questions submitted to it.
governments regarding certain issues or promote the  THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL – central
awareness of a certain issue.) platform for debate and innovative thinking on sustainable
- Non-profit organizations such as WORLD development.
ORGANIZATIONS OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT, - The principal body for coordination, policy review,
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON THE RED policy dialogue and recommendations on economic,
CROSS. social and environmental issues, as well as for
implementation of the internationally agreed
development goals.
 THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL – established to help
ensure that trust territories were administered in the best
interest of their inhabitants and of international peace and
ROLE OF IO’S security.
1. Setting of international Norms through technical analysis
2. Supervisory role MAIN AGENCIES OF UN
3. Technical Assistance  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
4. Negotiating and setting up multilateral agreements  International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
POWER OF IO’S Organization (UNESCO)
1. Have the power of classification  International Labour Organization (ILO)
2. Have the power to fix meanings  World Bank Group (WBG)
3. Have the power to diffuse norms  International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 World Health Organization (WHO)
THE UNITED NATIONS  United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- Intergovernmental organization tasked with (UNIDO)
maintaining international peace and security,
developing friendly relations among nations,
achieving international cooperation, and being a centre
for harmonizing the actions of nations
- Had 51 member states, there are now 193.
- The UN headquarters is situated in Manhattan, New
York City
THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER is the treaty that forms and
establishes the international organizations called the United Nations.
- It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the
conclusion of the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, and came into force on 24
October 1945.
OBJECTIVES INCLUDE;
1. Maintaining international peace and security
2. Protecting human rights
3. Delivering humanitarian aid
4. Promoting sustainable development
5. Upholding international law
PRINCIPLES OF UN
1. All member States have sovereignty equality
2. All member states must obey the Charter
3. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful
means
4. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force
5. The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any
country
6. Countries should try to assist the United Nations.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY – its main function is to
assess member countries and deciding on the budget
- The only organ where every member state is
represented
 THE SECRETARIAT – includes an international staff
working in duty stations around the world
- The secretary general holds office for five years per
term
- Current secretary general is Ban Ki-Moon.
 THE SECURITY COUNCIL – UN’s most powerful
organ