The Structures of Globalization
- Connections occur at different
Structure of globalization
Example:
Governments that decide to welcome the
foreign investments on the belief that they
provide jobs and capital for the country offer
public lands as factory or industrial sites. In
the process, poor people living in these
lands, also called “urban poor communities,”
are being evicted by the government.
What is globalization?
- Globalization is a process of
interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a
process driven by international
trade and investment and aided
by information technology. This
process has effects on
the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and
on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.
- Globalization is the word used to
describe the growing
interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-
border trade in goods and services,
technology, and flows of investment,
people, and information.
Globalization: a working definition
Manfred Steger describes globalization
as a process.
- It refers to the expansion and
intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world-
time and world-space.
- Expansion refers to both the
creation of new social networks and
the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across
traditional, political, economic,
cultural, and geographic boundaries.
levels.
Example:
 Social media established
new global connections
between people.
 International groups of non-
governmental organizations
(NGOs) are networks that
connect a more specific
group – social activists and
workers form different
corners of the globe.
- Intensification refers to the
expansion, stretching and
acceleration of these networks. Not
only are global connections
multiplying, they also become more
closely-knit and expanding their
reach.
Example:
 There is a strong financial market
connecting London and New York.
- Manfred Steger notes that
“globalization processes do not
occur merely at an objective,
material level but they also involve
the subjective plane of human
consciousness.”
- Manfred Steger posits that his
definition of globalization must be
differentiated with an ideology he
calls globalism.
Globalization represents the many
processes that allow for the expansion and
intensification of global connections.
Globalism is a widespread belief among
powerful people that the global integration
of economic markets is beneficial for
everyone , since it spreads freedom and
democracy across the world.
- Arjun Appadurai describes
globalization as 'scapes" manifests
into" different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration .

- There are different kinds of scapes –

ethnoscape, technoscape,
mediascape, financescape and
ideoscape.

 Ethnoscape refers to the global

movement of people.
 Technoscape refers to the
circulation of mechanical goods
and software.
 Mediascape refers to the flow of
culture.
 Financescape denotes the global
circulation of money.
 Ideoscape refers to the realm
where political ideas move around.

- These various scapes are thus

distinct windows into the broader
phenomenon of globalization.

- Appadurai’s argument is simple:

there are multiple globalizations.