2 (Extra credit: 25 points) (a) What shape does one get after applying the Joukowski transformation z = + 1/ to the

e unit circle, || = 1? We write the unit circle as = ei with [0, 2). Then z = ei + ei = 2 cos (1)

so the unit circle centered at the origin is mapped onto a at plate extending from -2 to 2 in the z-plane, since z is always real. (b) Write the complex velocity potential F () for non-lifting ow around the unit disk in the plane with the uniform stream making an angle with the negative real axis. Sketch equipotentials and streamlines. With = 0, we have F () = U ( + 1/), so to attain the angle of attack , we use the coordinate transformation = ei to get ) ( ei i (2) F () = U e + (To check the sign of , note that the line = rei corresponds to = r, which is the real axis and direction of the uniform ow in the -plane. Thus direction of the uniform ow in the -plane is at angle above the positive real axis, as desired.) Equipotentials and streamlines are plotted in Figure 1a. (c) Use the Joukowski transformation z = + 1/ to write the complex potential in the z-plane and sketch equipotentials and streamlines. We solve for in terms of z as follows: 1 0 = 2 z + 1 ) 1( = z (z 2 4)1/2 2 Two solutions for exist for every z. This is consistent with the Joukowski transformation in that and 1/ result in the same value of z. Thus, one of the solutions = rei lies within the unit circle (r 1), and the other is outside (r 1). In transforming the potential ow around a cylinder into the z-plane, we clearly only want to use the value of with r 1. We also need to be careful how (z 2 4)1/2 is dened. From complex analysis, the function z m/n has for m, n Z has exactly n dierent values given by z=+ z m/n = rm/n ei(m/n)(P +2k) k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1

corresponding to dierent branches of the solution. With (z 2 4)1/2 = (z 2)1/2 (z + 2)1/2 , a two-center bipolar coordinate system can be used in which z 2 = r1 ei1 z + 2 = r2 ei2 1

3 3

3 3

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Equipotentials (red) and streamlines (blue) for potential ow past (a) a cylinder and (b) a at plate with angle of attack = 30 . with 0 1 , 2 < 2. We may then write (z 2 4)1/2 = (r1 r2 )1/2 ei(1 +2 )/2 (3)

With this denition, (z 2 4)1/2 is continuous everywhere except along the real axis when 2 < x < 2. One can then check that the positive root should be taken when solving for in order that || = r 1. That is, ) 1( 2 1/2 = z + (z 4) 2 Using this expression in Equation 9 gives ] [ ( ) 2ei 1 F (z) = U z + z 2 4 ei + 2 z + z2 4 ( ) ( ) 2 z z 2 4 ei 1 = U z + z 2 4 ei + 2 z 2 (z 2 4) ) ( ) ] [( 1 = U z + z 2 4 ei + z z 2 4 ei 2 ( ) F (z) = U z cos i z 2 4 sin Equipotentials and streamlines of this function are plotted in Figure 1b. (4)

(5)

3 3

3 3

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Equipotentials (red) and streamlines (blue) for potential ow past (a) a cylinder and (b) a at plate with angle of attack = 30 and nondimensional circulation /U a = 4 sin = 2. This shifts the rear separation point to = 0 for the cylinder and the right edge for the at plate, x = 2 (hence satisfying the Kutta condition). (d) Add a vortex with circulation and repeat (b-c). The complex potential for a vortex with circulation is (note that the convention used here is that > 0 for counter-clockwise circulation, which is opposite of that used in Anderson) i () = log 2 so adding this to Equation 9 results in ( ) ei i i log (6) F () = U e + 2 Equipotentials and streamlines of this function are plotted in Figure 2a. Mapping this complex potential to the z-plane, we simply use the result with no circulation, Equation 12, together with Equation 11 for as a function of z to transform the vortex, giving [ ( ( ) i )] 1 2 1/2 2 1/2 F (z) = U z cos i(z 4) sin log z + (z 4) (7) 2 2 Equipotentials and streamlines of this complex potential are plotted in Figure 2b. (e) Fix the circulation such that the rear separation point is at = 0.

Separation points are dened by satisfying u (r = a) = 0, so we use Equation 13 to nd u and set it equal to 0 at our desired separation point = 0 and the cylinder radius r = a. (Note that we are generalizing to cylinders of arbitrary radius a.) u = 1 = r r

( ) a2 ei i F () = U ei + log 2 ( ) a2 i() i i() = U re + e (log r + i) r 2 ( ( [ ) ] [ ) ] a2 a2 log r cos( ) + + i U r sin( ) = U r + r 2 r 2 = (r, ) + i(r, ) Dierentiating to obtain u gives ( ) 1 a2 u = = U 1 + 2 sin( ) + = r r 2r r

(8)

Setting u equal to zero at the cylinder radius and the desired separation point = 0 gives =0 u (a, 0) = 2U sin () + 2a or = 4U a sin (9) This circulation was used for the plots in Figure 2. (f) Use the Blasius laws to compute the lift. The Blasius formula is ) ( i dF (z) 2 Fx iFy = dz 2 dz

(10)

Joukowskis Theorem states that Fx = 0 and Fy = U for any cross-section, so we will check that the at plate gives us this lift. (The circular cylinder was covered in class). With dF d dF / dz dF 1 dF = = = dz d dz d d d 1 1/ 2 and ( ) 1 dz = 1 2 d we can transform the contour integral in Equation 17 to the -plane, giving )2 ( ) ( i dF () 1 1 Fx iFy = 1 2 d 2 d 1 1/ 2 )2 ( dF () d i = 2 d 1 1/ 2 ) ( i dF () 2 2 d = 2 d 2 1 4

Dierentiating Equation 13 gives ( ) dF ei i i = U e 2 d 2 but the simple pole at = 0 wont show up because of the 2 /( 2 1) factor from the conformal mapping equals 0 at = 0! (Also the conformal map doesnt even apply at = 0.) Is there a way to evaluate this integral in the plane?

Alternatively, we can try and integrate around the at plate in the z-plane. Dierentiating Equation 12 gives [ ] ( ) dF (z) iz i 1 + z/(z 2 4)1/2 = U cos 2 sin dz 2 (z 4)1/2 z + (z 2 4)1/2 Squaring this, we obtain ( dF (z) dz )2 ) iz z2 2 sin 2 2 sin z 4 (z 2 4)1/2 ]2 [ 2 1 + z/(z 2 4)1/2 2 4 z + (z 2 4)1/2 ] ( )[ iU iz 1 + z/(z 2 4)1/2 cos 2 sin (z 4)1/2 z + (z 2 4)1/2
2 =U

(11)

( cos2

This is very messy. How do we deal with terms like z/(z 2 4)1/2 in our contour integral? We cant express 1/(z 2 4)1/2 as a Laurent series around z = 2 or z = 2 because of the branch cut, right? So when integrating this, is it true that we cant just use residues, and well have to integrate over the actual path?