1
1 Antibodies are proteins that are produced by lymphocytes.
Antitoxins are antibodies which neutralise the toxins released by some bacteria. The transmissible
disease diphtheria is caused by a bacterium that releases a toxin that can cause serious damage
to the body.
A person is suspected of having caught diphtheria.
At a clinic, the person is given an injection of antitoxin antibodies that provide protection against
the diphtheria toxin. She is also given an injection of the vaccine for diphtheria.
A few weeks later she is given a second injection of the diphtheria vaccine.
The graph shows the changes in concentration of the antitoxin antibodies and the antibodies
produced in response to the vaccine.
injection of antitoxin antibodies
key:
concentration
antitoxin antibodies
of antibodies
in the blood second antibodies produced in
injection of response to vaccination
vaccine
first injection
of vaccine
time
Explain how the two injections of the vaccine result in better protection against diphtheria than the
injection of antitoxin antibodies.
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[Total: 3]
2
2 Antibodies are proteins that are produced by lymphocytes. Antitoxins are antibodies which neutralise
the toxins released by some bacteria.
The transmissible disease diphtheria is caused by a bacterium that releases a toxin that can cause
serious damage to the body.
A person is suspected of having caught diphtheria.
At a clinic, the person is given an injection of antitoxin antibodies that provide protection against
the diphtheria toxin. She is also given an injection of the vaccine for diphtheria.
A few weeks later she is given a second injection of the diphtheria vaccine.
The graph shows the changes in concentration of the antitoxin antibodies and the antibodies
produced in response to the vaccine.
injection of antitoxin antibodies
key:
concentration
antitoxin antibodies
of antibodies
in the blood second antibodies produced in
injection of response to vaccination
vaccine
first injection
of vaccine
time
Explain the advantage of giving the person an injection of antitoxin antibodies.
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[Total: 2]
3
3 Measles is a transmissible disease.
The percentage of the population that were vaccinated against measles in a country was determined.
The number of confirmed cases of measles in the country was also recorded.
The graph shows the data that were collected between 1975 and 2010.
4
Explain how vaccination protects people against a transmissible disease such as measles.
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[Total: 5]
5
4 Pathogens cause disease.
The diagram shows some cells that are part of the human immune system. These cells are
responding to one type of pathogen.
Explain how the immune system responds to an invasion of pathogens.
Use the letters in the diagram in your answer.
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6
[Total: 6]
5 The immunity gained after infection by a pathogen is active immunity.
Explain how active immunity differs from passive immunity.
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[Total: 3]
