nh tuyn

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Trong ngnh mng my tnh, nh tuyn (ting Anh: routing hay routeing) l qu trnh chn la cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d liu qua . Vic nh tuyn c thc hin cho nhiu loi mng, trong c mng in thoi, lin mng, Internet, mng giao thng.

Bi hoc on ny cn c wiki ha theo cc quy cch nh dng v vn phong Wikipedia.

Xin hy gip pht trin bi ny bng cch lin kt trong n cc mc t thch hp khc.
Routing ch ra hng, s di chuyn ca cc gi (d liu) c nh a ch t mng ngun ca chng, hng n ch cui thng qua cc node trung gian; thit b phn cng chuyn dng c gi l router (b nh tuyn). Tin trnh nh tuyn thng ch hng i da vo bng nh tuyn, l bng cha nhng l trnh tt nht n cc ch khc nhau trn mng. V vy vic xy dng bng nh tuyn, c t chc trong b nh ca router, tr nn v cng quan trng cho vic nh tuyn hiu qu. Routing khc vi bridging (bc cu) ch trong nhim v ca n th cc cu trc a ch gi nn s gn gi ca cc a ch tng t trong mng, qua cho php nhp liu mt bng nh tuyn n m t l trnh n mt nhm cc a ch. V th, routing lm vic tt hn bridging trong nhng mng ln, v n tr thnh dng chim u th ca vic tm ng trn mng Internet. Cc mng nh c th c cc bng nh tuyn c cu hnh th cng, cn nhng mng ln hn c topo mng phc tp v thay i lin tc th xy dng th cng cc bng nh tuyn l v cng kh khn. Tuy nhin, hu ht mng in thoi chuyn mch chung (public switched telephone network PSTN) s dng bng nh tuyn c tnh ton trc, vi nhng tuyn d tr nu cc l trnh trc tip u b nghn. nh tuyn ng (dynamic routing) c gng gii quyt vn ny bng vic xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch t ng, da vo nhng thng tin c giao thc nh tuyn cung cp, v cho php mng hnh ng gn nh t tr trong vic ngn chn mng b li v nghn. nh tuyn ng chim u th trn Internet. Tuy nhin, vic cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn thng i hi nhiu kinh nghim; ng nn ngh rng k thut ni mng pht trin n mc hon thnh t ng vic nh tuyn. Cch tt nht l nn kt hp gia nh tuyn th cng v t ng. Nhng mng trong cc gi thng tin c vn chuyn, v d nh Internet, chia d liu thnh cc gi, ri dn nhn vi cc ch n c th v mi gi c lp l trnh ring bit. Cc mng xoay vng, nh mng in thoi, cng thc hin nh tuyn tm ng cho cc vng (v d nh cuc gi in thoi) chng c th gi lng d liu ln m khng phi tip tc lp li a ch ch.

nh tuyn IP truyn thng vn cn tng i n gin v n dng cch nh tuyn bc k tip (next-hop routing), router ch xem xt n s gi gi thng tin n u, v khng quan tm ng i sau ca gi trn nhng bc truyn cn li. Tuy nhin, nhng chin lc nh tuyn phc tp hn c th c, v thng c dng trong nhng h thng nh MPLS, ATM hay Frame Relay, nhng h thng ny i khi c s dng nh cng ngh bn di h tr cho mng IP.

Mc lc
[n]

1 Cc kiu nh tuyn 2 Cc lp thut ton nh tuyn

o o o

2.1 Thut ton vector 2.2 Thut ton trng thi kt ni 2.3 So snh cc thut ton nh tuyn 3.1 Giao thc c nh tuyn (routed protocols hay routable protocols ) 3.2 Giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols)

3 Giao thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn

o o

4 Thng s nh tuyn (Routing metrics) 5 Cc lp giao thc nh tuyn

[sa]Cc

kiu nh tuyn

Cc kiu nh tuyn

anycast

broadcast

multicast

unicast

[sa]Cc

lp thut ton nh tuyn

ton vector

[sa]Thut

(distance-vector routing protocols) Thut ton ny dng thut ton Bellman-Ford. Phng php ny ch nh mt con s, gi l chi ph (hay trng s), cho mi mt lin kt gia cc node trong mng. Cc node s gi thng tin t im A n im B qua ng i mang li tng chi ph thp nht (l tng cc chi ph ca cc kt ni gia cc node c dng). Thut ton hot ng vi nhng hnh ng rt n gin. Khi mt node khi ng ln u, n ch bit cc node k trc tip vi n, v chi ph trc tip i n (thng tin ny, danh sch ca cc ch, tng chi ph ca tng node, v bc k tip gi d liu n to nn bng nh tuyn, hay bng khong cch). Mi node, trong mt tin trnh, gi n tng hng xm tng chi ph ca n i n cc ch m n bit. Cc node hng xm phn tch thng tin ny, v so snh vi nhng thng tin m chng ang bit; bt k iu g ci thin c nhng thng tin chng ang c s c a vo cc bng nh tuyn ca nhng hng xm ny. n khi kt thc, tt c node trn mng s tm ra bc truyn k tip ti u n tt c mi ch, v tng chi ph tt nht. Khi mt trong cc node gp vn , nhng node khc c s dng node hng ny trong l trnh ca mnh s loi b nhng l trnh , v to nn thng tin mi ca bng nh tuyn. Sau chng chuyn thng tin ny n tt c node gn k v lp li qu trnh trn. Cui cng, tt c node trn

mng nhn c thng tin cp nht, v sau s tm ng i mi n tt c cc ch m chng cn ti c.

[sa]Thut

ton trng thi kt ni

(Link-state routing protocols) Khi p dng cc thut ton trng thi kt ni, mi node s dng d liu c s ca n nh l mt bn ca mng vi dng mt th. lm iu ny, mi node pht i ti tng th mng nhng thng tin v cc node khc m n c th kt ni c, v tng node gp thng tin mt cch c lp vo bn . S dng bn ny, mi router sau s quyt nh v tuyn ng tt nht t n n mi node khc. Thut ton lm theo cch ny l Dijkstra, bng cch xy dng cu trc d liu khc, dng cy, trong node hin ti l gc, v cha mi noded khc trong mng. Bt u vi mt cy ban u ch cha chnh n. Sau ln lt t tp cc node cha c thm vo cy, n s thm node c chi ph thp nht n mt node c trn cy. Tip tc qu trnh n khi mi node u c thm. Cy ny sau phc v xy dng bng nh tuyn, a ra bc truyn k tip tt u, t mt node n bt k node khc trn mng.

[sa]So

snh cc thut ton nh tuyn

Cc giao thc nh tuyn vi thut ton vector t ra n gin v hiu qu trong cc mng nh, v i hi t (nu c) s gim st. Tuy nhin, chng khng lm vic tt, v c ti nguyn tp hp t i, dn n s pht trin ca cc thut ton trng thi kt ni tuy phc tp hn nhng tt hn dng trong cc mng ln. Giao thc vector km hn vi rc ri v m n v tn. u im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni l phn ng nhanh nhy hn, v trong mt khong thi gian c hn, i vi s thay i kt ni. Ngoi ra, nhng gi c gi qua mng trong nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th nh hn nhng gi dng trong nh tuyn bng vector. nh tuyn bng vector i hi bng nh tuyn y phi c truyn i, trong khi nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th ch c thng tin v hng xm ca node c truyn i. V vy, cc gi ny dng ti nguyn mng mc khng ng k. Khuyt im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni l n i hi nhiu s lu tr v tnh ton chy hn nh tuyn bng vector.

[sa]Giao

thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn

S nhm ln thng xy ra gia giao thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn (routed protocols v routing protocols).

[sa]Giao

thc c nh tuyn (routed protocols hay routable protocols )

Mt giao thc c nh tuyn l bt k mt giao thc mng no cung cp y thng tin trong a ch tng mng ca n cho php mt gi tin c truyn i t mt my ch (host) n my ch khc da trn s sp xp v a ch, khng cn bit n ng i tng th t ngun n ch. Giao thc c nh tuyn nh ngha khun dng v mc ch ca cc trng c trong mt gi. Cc gi thng thng c vn chuyn t h thng cui n mt h thng cui khc. Hu nh tt c giao thc tng 3 cc giao thc khc cc tng trn u c th c nh tuyn, IP l mt v d. Ngha l gi tin uc nh hng (c a ch r rng )ging nh l th c ghi a ch r ch cn ch routing (tm ng i n a ch ) Cc giao thc tng 2 nh Ethernet l nhng giao thc khng nh tuyn c, v chng ch cha a ch tng lin kt, khng nh tuyn: mt s giao thc tng cao da trc tip vo y m khng c thm a ch tng mng, nh NetBIOS, cng khng nh tuyn c.

[sa]Giao

thc nh tuyn (routing protocols)

Giao thc nh tuyn c dng trong khi thi hnh thut ton nh tuyn thun tin cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng, cho php cc router xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch linh hot. Trong mt s trng hp, giao thc nh tuyn c th t chy ln giao thc c nh tuyn: v d, BGP chy trn TCP: cn ch l trong qu trnh thi hnh h thng khng to ra s l thuc gia giao thc nh tuyn v c nh tuyn. Danh sch cc giao thc nh tuyn

Giao thc nh tuyn trong

Router Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Hai giao thc sau y thuc s ha ca Cisco, v c h tr bi cc router Cisco hay nhng router ca nhng nh cung cp m Cisco ng k cng ngh:

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)

Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)

[sa]Thng

s nh tuyn (Routing metrics)

Mt thng s nh tuyn bao gm bt k gi tr no c dng bi thut ton nh tuyn xc nh mt l trnh c tt hn l trnh khc hay khng. Cc thng s c th l nhng thng tin nh bng thng (bandwidth), tr (delay), m bc truyn, chi ph ng i, trng s, kch thc ti a gi tin (MTU - Maximum transmission unit), tin cy, v chi ph truyn thng. Bng nh tuyn ch lu tr nhng tuyn tt nht c th, trong khi c s d liu trng thi kt ni hay topo c th lu tr tt c nhng thng tin khc. Router dng tnh nng phn loi mc tin cy (administrative distance -AD) chn ng i tt nht khi n bit hai hay nhiu ng n cng mt ch theo cc giao thc khc nhau. AD nh ra tin cy ca mt giao thc nh tuyn. Mi giao thc nh tuyn c u tin trong th t tin cy t cao n thp nht c mt gi tr AD. Mt giao thc c gi tr AD thp hn th c tin cy hn, v d: OSPF c AD l 110 s c chn thay v RIP c AD l 120. Bng sau y cho bit s sp xp mc tin cy c dng trong cc router Cisco

Giao thc Ni trc tip Static route External BGP Internal EIGRP IGRP OSPF IS-IS RIP EGP ODR External EIGRP Internal BGP Khng xc nh [sa]Cc

Administrative distance 0 1 20 90 100 110 115 120 140 160 170 200 255

EIGRP summary route 5

lp giao thc nh tuyn

Da vo quan h ca cc dng router vi cc h thng t tr, c nhiu lp giao thc nh tuyn nh sau:

Giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad-hoc xut hin nhng mng khng c hoc t phng tin truyn dn.

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) trao i thng tin nh tuyn trong mt AS. Cc v d thng thy l:

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) RIP (Routing Information Protocol) RSMLT IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

Ch : theo nhiu ti liu ca Cisco, EIGRP khng phn lp nh giao thc trng thi kt ni.

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) nh tuyn gia cc AS. EGPs gm:

EGP (giao thc c ni mng Internet trc y, by gi li thi) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol: phin bn hin ti, BGPv4, c t khong nm 1995)