11 lnLroducLlon

nolse ls a nulsance or dlsLurbance durlng communlcaLlon and lL ls unwanLed

Powever ln daLa processlng or compuLlng lL can be consldered as unwanLed daLa
wlLhouL meanlng nolse occurs because of many facLors such as lnLerference delay
and overlapplng ln sound slgnal or speech slgnal nolse ls very problemaLlc because
lL wlll make Lhe undersLandlng of Lhe lnformaLlon dlfflculL
12 roblem SLaLemenL
unwanLed sound or nolse ln sound slgnal wlll cause dlfflculLy ln undersLandlng
Lhe lnformaLlon lor example ln a room LhaL has Loo much echo such as ln
reverberaLlon room Lhe speech slgnal cannoL be heard clearly 1hus Lhls pro[ecL had
been conducLed Lo aLLenuaLe or ellmlnaLe Lhe nolse exlsLs for example echo ln Lhe
slgnal so we can hear Lhe speech or sound slgnal clearly
13 Cb[ecLlve
1here are Lhree maln ob[ecLlves of Lhls pro[ecL whlch are
l 1o record Lhe sound slgnal LhaL conLalns and noL conLalns nolse
ll 1o lnvesLlgaLe Lhe nolse ln sound slgnal
lll 1o consLrucL a sysLem LhaL can aLLenuaLe nolse ln sound slgnal
14 Scope of ro[ecL
1he scope of work for Lhls pro[ecL ls as follow
l SLudy Lhe baslc abouL nolse cancellaLlon and echo cancellaLlon sysLem
ll SLudy Lhe exlsLlng acLlve nolse conLrol and echo canceller sysLem
lll SelecL Lhe mosL adapLlve algorlLhms
lv uevelop a nolse cancellaLlon sysLem uslng MA1LA8 sofLware


PA1L8 2
Ll1L8A1u8L 8LvlLW
21 lnLroducLlon
nolse cancellaLlon ls a meLhod Lo reduce or compleLely cancel ouL undeslrable
sound such LhaL you canL hear lL nolse cancellaLlon almosL requlres Lhe sound Lo be
cancelled aL a source such as from a loud speaker 1haL ls why Lhe effecL works well
wlLh headseLs slnce you can conLaln Lhe orlglnal sound and Lhe cancellng sound ln an
area near your ear ln appllcaLlons where Lhe sound comes from many areas such as
ln a room lL ls dlfflculL Lo cancel Lhe sound from each area (kurLus 2007)
nolse conLrol nolse cancellaLlon or nolse reducLlon meLhod can be dlvlded
lnLo Lwo caLegorles whlch ls asslve nolse onLrol and AcLlve nolse onLrol
asslve nolse conLrol ls a convenLlonal way Lo aLLenuaLe Lhe loud or unwanLed sound
for example by uslng Lhlck absorblng maLerlal LhaL can absorb Lhe loud sound or
reflecLor maLerlal LhaL wlll reflecL Lhe sound ln dlffers acLlve nolse conLrol ls uslng
elecLronlc sysLem Lo cancel ouL Lhls sound 1hls pro[ecL wlll focus on acLlve nolse
conLrol sysLem Lo bulld a sysLem LhaL wlll aLLenuaLe Lhe nolse
22 AcLlve nolse onLrol
AcLlve nolse onLrol ls an elecLronlc meLhod Lo aLLenuaLe reduce or remove
unwanLed sound or loud nolse by produclng anLlsound slgnal whlch ls equally
ampllLude Lo Lhe unwanLed sound ln an arLlcle menLloned Lhe used of acLlve nolse
conLrol annoylng nolse ln Lhe passenger cablns of propeller alrcrafL Lhe rumble ln
alrcondlLlonlng sysLems and Lhe sounds dlsrupLlng headseL communlcaLlon are
belng reduced Lhese days by acLlve nolse conLrol (LllloLL 1999) llgure below shown
a classlcal appllcaLlon of acLlve sound conLrol ls Lhe conLrol of sound waves ln a
small ducL



llgure 21 8aslc concepL for AcLlve nolse onLrol for Small uucL (8ouchard eL al
1999)
llgure 21 above shown sensor A (called a reference sensor) ls used Lo
measure an advanced lnformaLlon on Lhe dlsLurbance sound wave LhaL propagaLes ln
Lhe ducL and sensor 8 (called an error sensor) ls used Lo monlLor Lhe performance of
Lhe acLlve sound conLrol sysLem Lhus provldlng feedback Lo a conLrol algorlLhm
(8ouchard eL al 1999)
1he usual concepL LhaL used ln acLlve nolse conLrol ls desLrucLlve lnLerference
concepL 1he sysLem wlll produce an anLlnolse sound LhaL wlll cancel ouL Lhe nolse
AcLlve conLrol of sound resulLs from desLrucLlve lnLerference beLween Lhe sound fleld
of an orlglnal acousLlc source and LhaL from a conLrollable array of 'secondary'
acousLlc sources (LllloLL and nelson 1990)


221 AdvanLages of AcLlve nolse onLrol
ompared Lo passlve nolse conLrol acLlve nolse conLrol ls more effecLlve aL
low frequencles Conventional methods oI suppressing acoustic noise using passivesound absorbers
generally do not work well at low Irequencies. This is because at
these low Irequencies the acoustic wavelengths become large compared to the
thickness oI a typical acoustic absorber. It is also diIIicult to stop low Irequency
sound being transmitted Irom one space to another unless the intervening barrier is
very heavy (Elliott and Nelson, 1993).
Active noise control also less bulky compared to passive method as it is used
electronic approach to attenuate the sound. These problems are sometimes diIIicult to
solve using passive methods since the solutions are expensive in terms oI weight and
bulk (Elliott and Nelson, 1993). However, industrial acoustic noise oIten has its main
power on lower Irequencies, where the wavelength oI sound is so long that passive
techniques are no longer cost-eIIective because they require material that is too bulky
and heavy, such as the silencer oI a car (Chang and Shyu, 2003).
2.2.2 Applications oI Active Noise Control
The applications oI active noise control can be Iound in daily applicants such
as anti-noise headphones. In industrial Iield, this headphone can protect the hearing
oI workers exposed to deaIening levels oI sound on daily basis. In communications
Iield, they can improve the intelligibility oI speech Ior example the consumers will
use it Ior listening to music on airplanes, trains or other situations that suIIer Irom
constant noise pollution (Moy, 2001). Figure 2.2 below shows basic concept oI noise
reduction headphone.




2.4 Adaptive Filter
An adaptive Iilter is a Iilter that selI-adjusts its transIer Iunction according to
an optimizing algorithm. Because oI the complexity oI the optimizing algorithms,
most adaptive Iilters are digital Iilters that perIorm digital signal processing and
adapt their perIormance based on the input signal. By way oI contrast, a non-adaptive
Iilter has static Iilter coeIIicients (which collectively Iorm the transIer Iunction). Standard Iixed FIR
and IIR Iilters are incapable oI removing noise Irom a signal iI
the noise is subject to changes in Irequency, phase, amplitude, or some combination
oI all three (Noor Fadzlynda Abdullah Ali, 2007).
For some applications, adaptive coeIIicients are required since some
parameters oI the desired processing operation (Ior instance, the properties oI some
noise signal) are not known in advance. In these situations it is common to employ
an adaptive Iilter, which uses Ieedback to reIine the values oI the Iilter coeIIicients
and hence its Irequency response.
Generally speaking, the adapting process involves the use oI a cost Iunction,
which is a criterion Ior optimum perIormance oI the Iilter (Ior example, minimizing
the noise component oI the input), to Ieed an algorithm, which determines how to
modiIy the Iilter coeIIicients to minimize the cost on the next iteration. As the power oI digital signal
processors has increased, adaptive Iilters have
become much more common and are now routinely used in devices such as mobile
phones and other communication devices, camcorders and digital cameras, and
medical monitoring equipment.
2.5 Filter Design
Filtering is a process oI changing signal`s spectral content. The change is
usually the reduction oI certain Irequencies in the signal while allowing the other
Irequencies to pass. Filter can be divided into several types which are lowpass Iilter,
highpass Iilter, bandpass Iilter and bandstop Iilter (Syed Abdul Rahman Al- Attas,
2008).
2.5.1 Ideal Filter
For ideal Iilter, only cutoII Irequency ( ) is matter.
i. Lowpass Iilter

Figure 2.6(a): Lowpass Filter

ii. Highpass Iilter

Figure 2.6(b): Highpass Filter


iii. Bandpass Iilter

Figure 2.6(c): Bandpass Filter

iv. Bandstop Iilter

Figure 2.6(d): Bandstop Filter












2.5.2 Non Ideal Filter
For this Iilter, all the Iilter characteristics must be considered.

P()




The outline oI project workIlow





Flow Chart Ior MATLAB