18LEM110L- Indian Art Form

SEMESTER – VI

Sr. No. Name Register Number

1 Lakshraj singh rao RA2011033010101
2 Seenu Nahak RA2011033010111
3 S P Jagrit RA2011033010121
4 Ankit Murarka RA2011033010122
5 Madhav Khatoria RA2011033010131

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 202.
 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 203

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Date : 12 May 2023

Register Numbers : RA2011033010101
RA2011033010111
RA2011033010121
RA2011033010122
RA2011033010131

Certified to be the bonafide record of work done by Lakshraj singh

rao(RA201103301013), Seenu Nahak (RA2011033010111), S P
Jagrit(RA2011033010121), Ankit Murarka (RA2011033010122) and Madhav
Khatoria(RA2011033010131) of [Link].(CSE) Degree for the course
18LEM110L(IndianArtForm) in SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur during the Academic Year 2023.

SIGNATURE
Faculty In-Charge HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Dr. Sudha Rajesh Dr. R Annie Uthra
Assistant Professor Professor and Head,
Department of Computational Intelligence Department of Computational Intelligence

ii
 CONTENT

[Link]. Topic Page No.

1. Traditional Paintings 4

2. Indus Valley Civilizations 7

3. Terracotta and its History 8

4. Rock Sculptures 12

5. Cave Paintings 17

6. Types of Art Forms 19

7. Modern Art, Kalamkari Paintings 21

8. Art related to Historical Places 27

9. Mahabalipuram Art 30

10. Paintings of Various parts of India 32

iii
 Activity Week 1:

Mysore Paintings:

Mysore paintings are a traditional art form originating from the city of Mysore in the southern Indian
state of Karnataka. This style of painting is characterized by its intricate details, bright colors, and
delicate [Link] origins of Mysore paintings can be traced back to the 17th century, when the rulers
of the Kingdom of Mysore encouraged the development of various art forms, including painting.
These paintings were typically created using natural pigments and gold leaf on a specially prepared
canvas.

The themes of Mysore paintings often revolve around Hindu gods and goddesses, with the most
popular subjects being Lord Krishna, Lord Shiva, and Goddess Saraswati. The paintings also depict
scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, two epic Indian mythological [Link] paintings
are notable for their attention to detail, which is achieved through the use of fine brushes and the
layering of colors. The paintings also feature intricate patterns and designs, which are often inspired
by traditional Indian textiles and [Link], Mysore paintings continue to be popular among
art enthusiasts and collectors. While traditional Mysore paintings are still created using the same
techniques and materials, modern artists have also experimented with new styles and themes.

Overall, Mysore paintings are an important part of India's rich artistic heritage, and they continue to
inspire and captivate audiences around the world.

Unique Features of Tanjore Paintings:

Tanjore paintings are a classical South Indian art form that originated in the town of Thanjavur
(Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu, India. They are known for their vibrant and bright colors, 3D
embossing effect created by the use of chalk powder mixed with Arabic gum, intricate designs
depicting religious and mythological themes, and delicate patterns on clothing, jewelry, and other
accessories. Tanjore paintings are painted on sturdy wooden boards and finished with a
protective layer of varnish, making them durable.

Procedure of Making Tanjore Paintings:

The process of making Tanjore paintings involves creating a design on a wooden board, which is
then covered with a layer of lime paste. The artist applies a layer of cloth on top of the lime paste
and covers it with another layer of lime paste. Once dry, the artist sketches the design onto the
board using charcoal or pencil. Gold foils are then pasted onto the areas where gold is required.
The artist fills in the design using natural colors made from vegetables, minerals, and stones. The
3D embossing effect is created by applying a mixture of chalk powder and Arabic gum to the
areas to be embossed. The painting is finished with a coat of varnish to protect the colors and add
shine to the gold foils.
 Conclusion:
In conclusion, Mysore and Tanjore paintings are unique and highly cherished art forms that have
their own distinct styles, techniques, and features. The intricate details, vibrant colors, and
religious and mythological themes make these paintings an important part of South Indian
culture and heritage. Today, both forms of painting continue to evolve as artists experiment with
different materials, techniques, and themes.

Activity: Madhubani Painting

Introduction:

Madhubani painting is a traditional art form that originated in the Mithila region of Bihar, India. It is
known for its vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and distinctive style. Madhubani paintings are
traditionally created by women and are used to decorate homes during festivals and special occasions.
This report aims to provide an overview of Madhubani painting, its history, techniques, themes, and
significance.

Objective:

The objective of this report is to provide an in-depth understanding of Madhubani painting. The report
aims to achieve the following objectives:

To provide an overview of the origins and history of Madhubani painting.

To discuss the techniques and materials used in Madhubani painting.

To highlight the themes and motifs commonly used in Madhubani painting.

To examine the significance of Madhubani painting in India's rich cultural heritage.

To explore the modern adaptations and variations of Madhubani painting.

Method:

To achieve the objectives of this report, various sources such as books, academic journals, and online
resources were used. The information gathered was then analyzed and synthesized to provide a
comprehensive understanding of Madhubani painting.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Madhubani painting is a traditional art form that has been used to depict various themes
and narratives in India for centuries. Madhubani paintings are characterized by their vibrant colors,
intricate patterns, and distinctive style. The report has provided an overview of the origins, techniques,
themes, and significance of Madhubani painting. It has also highlighted the modern adaptations and
variations of this art form, which continue to captivate audiences around the world. Overall,
Madhubani painting is an important cultural treasure of India that continues to inspire and fascinate
people of all ages and backgrounds.
Activity: Folk Art

Introduction:
The purpose of this project is to explore the role of folk art in the lives of common people in
India. Folk art is an integral part of Indian culture, and it has been used for centuries to
communicate social messages, cultural traditions, and religious beliefs. In this project, we will
analyze the various forms of folk art in India and their impact on the lives of the common man.

Methods:
To conduct this project, we first observed various images depicting folk art in India, including
Madhubani painting, Warli art, and Pattachitra painting. We then analyzed the images to identify
the common themes and messages conveyed through the art forms. We also conducted secondary
research to gather information on the history and cultural significance of these art forms.

Results:
Our analysis of the images and research revealed that folk art plays a crucial role in the lives of
common people in India. Firstly, it serves as a means of communication, conveying important
messages about culture, tradition, and social issues. Many art forms, such as Warli art, depict
scenes from daily life, including farming, festivals, and religious ceremonies, preserving and
sharing cultural heritage.

Secondly, folk art serves as a source of income for many rural communities in India. Many folk
artists rely on their art as a source of income, and by selling their artwork, they are able to
support themselves and their families. Additionally, folk art provides employment opportunities
for other members of the community involved in the production and sale of art supplies.

Finally, folk art serves as a source of pride and identity for many people in India. It is a reminder
of their cultural heritage and serves as a way to connect with their roots. By preserving and
promoting folk art, India is able to celebrate its rich cultural diversity and share it with the world.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, folk art is an essential aspect of Indian culture, and it plays a crucial role in the
lives of common people in India. It serves as a means of communication, a source of income, and
a source of pride and identity. By preserving and promoting folk art, India is able to celebrate its
richcultural heritage and share it with the world.
 Activity Week 2:

Activity: Indus Valley Civilization

Introduction:

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the oldest and
most advanced civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished in the northwestern region of the Indian
subcontinent from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. This report aims to provide an overview of the
Indus Valley Civilization, its history, culture, economy, and decline.

History:

The Indus Valley Civilization was discovered in the 1920s, when excavations were carried out in the
cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The civilization is believed to have developed around the Indus
River, which provided a source of water for agriculture and transportation. The civilization was
characterized by well-planned cities, advanced technologies, and a sophisticated system of writing,
known as the Indus script.

Culture:

The culture of the Indus Valley Civilization was rich and diverse. The cities were designed with a grid
pattern, with streets and houses arranged in a systematic way. The houses were made of baked bricks
and had several rooms, including a courtyard, a bathroom, and a kitchen. The civilization was also
known for its advanced technologies, such as the use of kilns to produce pottery, the development of a
drainage system, and the use of weights and measures for trade.

The Indus Valley Civilization was also known for its art and craftsmanship. The civilization produced
a variety of artifacts, including pottery, jewelry, and figurines. The pottery was decorated with
intricate designs and patterns, while the jewelry was made of gold, silver, and semi-precious stones.
The figurines depicted animals, such as bulls and elephants, as well as human figures.

Seals:

Seals were an important form of art in the Indus Valley Civilization. The seals were usually made of
steatite, a soft stone that could be easily carved. The seals were used for a variety of purposes, such as
marking ownership, trade, and administrative purposes. The seals depicted a variety of images, such
as animals, plants, and human figures. The seals were often inscribed with the Indus script, a writing
system that is still not fully understood.

Terracotta:

Terracotta was another important form of art in the Indus Valley Civilization. Terracotta figurines
were made using molds and were used for a variety of purposes, such as religious and decorative
purposes. The figurines depicted a variety of images, such as animals, gods and goddesses, and human
figures. The terracotta figurines were often painted with bright colors and were sometimes decorated
with intricate designs and patterns.

Bronze Casting:
Bronze casting was an important form of art and craftsmanship in the Indus Valley Civilization. The
bronze objects produced by the civilization included tools, weapons, and figurines. The bronze casting
technique used by the civilization was highly advanced and sophisticated. The objects were made
using the lost-wax casting technique, which involved creating a wax model of the object and then
covering it with clay. The clay was then heated, which melted the wax and created a mold. The molten
bronze was then poured into the mold, which resulted in the final product.

Economy

The economy of the Indus Valley Civilization was based on agriculture, trade, and crafts. The
civilization had a well-developed agricultural system, which relied on the Indus River for irrigation.
The main crops grown by the civilization were wheat, barley, and cotton. The civilization also
engaged in trade, both within the subcontinent and with other civilizations, such as
[Link] were also an important part of the economy of the Indus Valley Civilization. The
civilization produced a variety of handicrafts, such as pottery, jewelry, and textiles. These crafts were
traded both within the civilization and with other civilizations

Decline:

The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a matter of debate among historians and
archaeologists. Some theories suggest that the civilization was destroyed by natural disasters, such as
floods or earthquakes, while others suggest that it was destroyed by invading armies.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Indus Valley Civilization was one of the oldest and most advanced civilizations of
the ancient world. It flourished in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent from about 2600
BCE to 1900 BCE. The civilization was characterized by well-planned cities, advanced technologies,
and a sophisticated system of writing, known as the Indus script. The culture of the civilization was
rich and diverse, with advanced technologies, art, and craftsmanship. The economy was based on
agriculture, trade, and crafts. The decline of the civilization is still a matter of debate. The Indus
Valley Civilization is an important part of India's rich cultural heritage, and it continues to fascinate
and inspire people around the world.

Activity Week 3:

Introduction:

Terracotta is a form of art that involves the use of clay to create decorative objects, figurines, and
pottery. This art has been practiced for thousands of years, dating back to ancient civilizations
such as the Greeks and the Romans. The term "terracotta" comes from the Latin words "terra
cotta," which means "baked earth." This report aims to explore the history of terracotta, the
process of creating terracotta objects, and its significance in the contemporary world.

History of Terracotta:

The history of terracotta can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, the
Romans, and the Egyptians. In ancient Greece, terracotta was used to create figurines of gods
and goddesses, as well as everyday objects such as cups and bowls. The ancient Romans used
terracotta to create decorative tiles and architectural elements such as columns and friezes. In
ancient Egypt, terracotta was used to create amulets and other decorative objects.

In the Indian subcontinent, terracotta has been a popular art form for centuries. The Indus Valley
civilization, which existed from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, produced terracotta figurines of
animals and humans. In later centuries, the Mauryan and Gupta empires used terracotta to create
decorative objects and pottery.

In China, terracotta was used to create the famous Terracotta Army, a collection of terracotta
sculptures that depict the armies of the first emperor of China. The Terracotta Army was buried
with the emperor in 210–209 BCE and was rediscovered in 1974.

The Process of Creating Terracotta Objects:

The process of creating terracotta objects involves several steps. First, the artist must select the
appropriate type of clay. The type of clay used depends on the desired color and texture of the
finished product. The clay is then kneaded and molded into the desired shape.

Next, the molded clay is fired in a kiln at temperatures of around 1000°C. The firing process
causes the clay to harden and gives it a distinct orange, red, brown, yellow, or grey color. The
color of the finished product also depends on the firing process. If the smoke from firing is
allowed to escape through the vents in the kiln, a red or orange color is obtained. If the vents are
sealed, the items will have a black color.

After firing, the terracotta object is covered in sand to allow it to cool down slowly. If the object
cools too quickly, it may crack or break. Once cooled, the object can be left in its original color
or painted in multiple hues to make it more attractive.

Significance of Terracotta in Contemporary Art:

Terracotta continues to be a popular art form in the contemporary world. It is used to create
decorative objects such as vases, lamps, and figurines, as well as architectural elements such as
tiles and friezes. Terracotta is also used in sculpture and pottery.

In addition to its aesthetic value, terracotta has cultural and historical significance. It is a
reminder of ancient civilizations and their artistic achievements. Terracotta objects are often used
to decorate museums and historical sites.

Conclusion:
Terracotta is a unique art form that has been practiced for thousands of years. Its history can be
traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, the Romans, and the Egyptians. The
process of creating terracotta objects involves selecting the appropriate type of clay, molding the
clay into the desired shape, firing it in a kiln, and covering it in sand to cool down. Terracotta
continues to be a popular art form in the contemporary world, with cultural and historical
significance.

Project Report 1: Earliest Rock-Cut Cave Sculptures

Introduction:

Rock-cut cave sculptures are a type of sculpture that is created by carving a cave or a rock face.
These sculptures are some of the oldest forms of art in the world, with some of the earliest
examples dating back to prehistoric times. In this report, we will explore the earliest rock-cut
cave sculptures, their characteristics, and their significance in the history of art.

Characteristics of the Earliest Rock-Cut Cave Sculptures:

The earliest rock-cut cave sculptures were created during the prehistoric era, before the invention
of writing. These sculptures were usually created in natural caves or rock shelters, using stone
tools. They were often created as part of religious or spiritual practices, and many of them were
used as shrines or places of worship.

The sculptures created during this period were often simple and abstract, with minimal detail.
They were created using basic geometric shapes and patterns, and often depicted animals,
humans, and other objects that were important to the people who created them. The sculptures
were usually created in low relief, meaning that the figures were only slightly raised from the
surface of the rock.

Significance of Earliest Rock-Cut Cave Sculptures:

The earliest rock-cut cave sculptures are significant because they provide a glimpse into the early
history of art and human creativity. They were created by people who had no formal training in
art, and yet they were able to create beautiful and meaningful works of art using only simple
tools and materials.

These sculptures also provide valuable insights into the religious and spiritual practices of
prehistoric societies. Many of the sculptures were used as shrines or places of worship, and they
give us an idea of the beliefs and practices of the people who created them.
Conclusion:

The earliest rock-cut cave sculptures are an important part of the history of art and human
creativity. They were created during the prehistoric era and provide valuable insights into the
religious and spiritual practices of early societies. These sculptures are simple and abstract, yet
they are powerful works of art that continue to inspire us today.

Project Report 2: Rock-Cut Sculptures of Cave Temples

Introduction:

Rock-cut sculptures of cave temples are a type of sculpture that is created by carving a cave or a
rock face to create a temple. These sculptures are a prominent feature of many ancient
civilizations, including those in India and China. In this report, we will explore the rock-cut
sculptures of cave temples, their characteristics, and their significance in the history of art and
architecture.

Characteristics of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Cave Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of cave temples are characterized by their intricate details and elaborate
designs. They are often created in bas-relief or high-relief, meaning that the figures are raised
from the surface of the rock. These sculptures are often carved into the walls of the cave temples,
creating a three-dimensional effect that makes them appear to be part of the temple itself.

The sculptures often depict religious and mythological figures, such as gods, goddesses, and
saints. They are often created in intricate poses and with detailed facial expressions, and they are
adorned with jewelry and other ornaments.

Significance of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Cave Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of cave temples are significant for several reasons. First, they are
important examples of the art and architecture of ancient civilizations. They provide valuable
insights into the beliefs, values, and practices of the people who created them.

Second, the sculptures are often used as religious and spiritual symbols, and they continue to
inspire and influence people today. Many people visit cave temples to see the sculptures and to
pray or meditate in their presence.

Conclusion:
The rock-cut sculptures of cave temples are important examples of the art and architecture of
ancient civilizations. They are characterized by their intricate details and elaborate designs, and
they provide valuable insights into the religious and spiritual practices of the people who created
them. These sculptures continue to inspire and influence people today, and they are an important
part of our cultural heritage.

Project Report 3: Rock-Cut Sculptures of Monolithic Temples

Introduction:

Rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples are a type of sculpture that is created by carving a
single block of stone to create a temple. These sculptures are a prominent feature of many
ancient civilizations, including those in India and Southeast Asia. In this report, we will explore
the rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples, their characteristics, and their significance in the
history of art and architecture.

Characteristics of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Monolithic Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples are characterized by their impressive size and
intricate details. They are often created in high-relief, meaning that the figures are raised from
the surface of the stone. These sculptures are often carved into the walls of the temples, creating
a three-dimensional effect that makes them appear to be part of the temple itself.

The sculptures often depict religious and mythological figures, such as gods, goddesses, and
saints. They are often created in intricate poses and with detailed facial expressions, and they are
adorned with jewelry and other ornaments.

Significance of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Monolithic Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples are significant for several reasons. First, they are
important examples of the art and architecture of ancient civilizations. They provide valuable
insights into the beliefs, values, and practices of the people who created them.

Second, the sculptures are often used as religious and spiritual symbols, and they continue to
inspire and influence people today. Many people visit monolithic temples to see the sculptures
and to pray or meditate in their presence.

Conclusion:
The rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples are important examples of the art and architecture
of ancient civilizations. They are characterized by their impressive size and intricate details, and
they provide valuable insights into the religious and spiritual practices of the people who created
them. These sculptures continue to inspire and influence people today, and they are an important
part of our cultural heritage.

Project Report 4: Rock-Cut Sculptures of Free Standing Temples

Introduction:

Rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples are a type of sculpture that is created by carving a
temple out of a single rock face or boulder. These sculptures are a prominent feature of many
ancient civilizations, including those in India and Southeast Asia. In this report, we will explore
the rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples, their characteristics, and their significance in the
history of art and architecture.

Characteristics of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Free-Standing Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples are characterized by their impressive size and
intricate details. They are often created in high-relief, meaning that the figures are raised from
the surface of the rock. These sculptures are often carved into the walls of the temples, creating a
three-dimensional effect that makes them appear to be part of the temple itself.

The sculptures often depict religious and mythological figures, such as gods, goddesses, and
saints. They are often created in intricate poses and with detailed facial expressions, and they are
adorned with jewelry and other ornaments.

Significance of Rock-Cut Sculptures of Free-Standing Temples:

The rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples are significant for several reasons. First, they
are important examples of the art and architecture of ancient civilizations. They provide valuable
insights into the beliefs, values, and practices of the people who created them.

Second, the sculptures are often used as religious and spiritual symbols, and they continue to
inspire and influence people today. Many people visit free-standing temples to see the sculptures
and to pray or meditate in their presence. Additionally, these sculptures are often used as markers
of cultural and historical significance, as they represent the achievements and accomplishments
of the civilizations that created them.

Conclusion:
The rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples are important examples of the art and
architecture of ancient civilizations. They are characterized by their impressive size and intricate
details, and they provide valuable insights into the religious and spiritual practices of the people
who created them. These sculptures continue to inspire and influence people today, and they are
an important part of our cultural heritage.

In conclusion, rock-cut sculptures are a testament to the artistic and architectural achievements of
ancient civilizations. From the earliest rock-cut cave sculptures to the free-standing temples,
these sculptures have provided insights into the beliefs, values, and practices of the people who
created them. They continue to inspire and influence people today, and they are an important part
of our cultural heritage. It is important to study and preserve these sculptures so that future
generations can appreciate and learn from them.

Activity Week 4:

Introduction:

The art of storytelling is deeply embedded in the religious and cultural traditions of India. One
such form of storytelling is the use of mythological stories and tales of Hindu gods and
goddesses. These stories have been passed down through generations and have been depicted in
various forms of art, including cave paintings. Cave paintings are a form of prehistoric art that
date back to thousands of years ago. They have been found in different parts of India, and some
of them depict religious stories and mythologies of Hindu gods. In this report, we will discuss the
cave paintings from different parts of India that depict religious stories and mythologies of Hindu
gods, specifically focusing on the work of Verma.

Verma's Work:

Verma is an artist who is known for his cave paintings that depict religious stories and
mythologies of Hindu gods. He has been creating these paintings for over a decade, and his work
has been exhibited in various galleries and museums across India. Verma's paintings are known
for their intricate details, vivid colors, and the way they capture the essence of the mythological
stories and the characters they depict.

Mythologies of Hindu Gods:

Mythologies of Hindu gods are rich with stories and tales that have been passed down through
generations. These stories often depict the gods and goddesses in various forms and shapes, and
they are filled with symbolism and allegory. Many of these stories have been depicted in cave
paintings, which provide a unique perspective on these tales.

One such story that has been depicted in Verma's paintings is the story of Lord Shiva and Parvati.
This story is a popular one in Hindu mythology and has been depicted in various forms of art. In
Verma's painting, Lord Shiva and Parvati are shown sitting on a mountain, with Lord Shiva
playing a musical instrument and Parvati listening intently. The painting captures the essence of
the story, with its intricate details and the use of vivid colors.

Another popular story that has been depicted in Verma's paintings is the story of Lord Krishna
and Radha. This story is a romantic tale that is often depicted in various forms of art. In Verma's
painting, Lord Krishna is shown playing a flute, while Radha dances in front of him. The
painting captures the beauty and romance of the story, with its intricate details and the use of
vibrant colors.

Cave Paintings from Different Parts of India:

Cave paintings have been found in different parts of India and have been dated back to thousands
of years ago. These paintings provide valuable insights into the culture and traditions of ancient
India, and many of them depict religious stories and mythologies of Hindu gods.

One such example is the Ajanta Caves, which are located in Maharashtra. These caves are
known for their beautiful paintings, which depict various religious stories and mythologies of
Hindu gods. The paintings in these caves are known for their intricate details and the use of
vibrant colors.

Another example is the Ellora Caves, which are located in Maharashtra. These caves are known
for their rock-cut sculptures and paintings, which depict various religious stories and
mythologies of Hindu gods. The paintings in these caves are known for their unique style and the
way they capture the essence of the stories they depict.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, cave paintings are an important part of India's cultural and artistic heritage. They
provide valuable insights into the religious and cultural traditions of ancient India and depict
various mythologies of Hindu gods. Verma's paintings are a beautiful example of this art form
and showcase the intricacies and beauty of the stories they depict. It is important to preserve
these paintings and caves for future generations, as they provide a unique perspective on India's
rich cultural history.
Activity Week 5:

Sculptures in Religious Buildings:

Sculptures in religious buildings have played an important role in Indian art for centuries. From
ancient temples to modern-day mosques, religious buildings have served as a canvas for
sculptors to express their creativity and devotion. The art of sculpture has been used to depict
deities, myths, and religious stories, and has also been used to decorate the interiors and exteriors
of the religious buildings.

One of the earliest examples of sculptures in religious buildings can be seen in the rock-cut
temples of Ajanta and Ellora. These caves were built between the 2nd century BC and the 6th
century AD, and they feature exquisite sculptures and frescoes that depict scenes from the life of
Buddha and other religious figures. The sculptures are carved out of the rock and are adorned
with intricate details that are still admired by art lovers today.

Another famous example of sculptures in religious buildings is the Khajuraho temples in

Madhya Pradesh. Built between the 9th and 11th centuries AD, these temples are famous for
their erotic sculptures that adorn the exterior walls. While the sculptures have been controversial,
they are also considered to be a masterpiece of Indian art and have attracted tourists from all over
the world.

In modern times, sculptures continue to be an important part of religious buildings. Temples,

churches, and mosques across India feature sculptures that depict religious figures, myths, and
stories. The sculptures are made from a variety of materials, including stone, bronze, and wood,
and are often adorned with precious gems and metals.

Rangoli – Occasions and Motifs:

Rangoli is a traditional form of Indian art that involves creating intricate designs on the floor
using colored powders, flowers, and other materials. Rangoli is a popular art form that is
practiced during festivals and other auspicious occasions, such as weddings and births.

The art of rangoli has a long history in India, and it is believed to have originated in the Vedic
period. The designs are typically circular or rectangular in shape, and they feature intricate
patterns and motifs that are inspired by nature, mythology, and religion. The colors used in
rangoli are typically bright and vibrant, and they are believed to bring good luck and prosperity.

Rangoli is practiced across India, and the motifs and designs used in the art vary depending on
the region and the occasion. In the southern part of India, rangoli is known as Kolam, and the
designs are typically drawn using rice flour. In the northern part of India, rangoli is known as
Alpana or Mandana, and the designs are drawn using colored powder.

During Diwali, one of the most important festivals in India, rangoli is practiced in every
household. The designs used during Diwali typically feature motifs of lamps, flowers, and other
auspicious symbols. During weddings, rangoli is used to decorate the entrance to the house, and
the designs typically feature motifs of peacocks, elephants, and other auspicious animals.

In conclusion, both sculptures in religious buildings and rangoli are important aspects of Indian
art and culture. Sculptures in religious buildings serve as a means of expressing devotion and
creativity, while rangoli serves as a means of celebrating festivals and other auspicious
occasions. Both art forms are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India and continue to be
practiced and admired by people around the world.

Activity Week 6:

Project 1: Concepts and Motifs behind Modern Art

Abstract art, also known as modern art, is a form of art that does not depict objects or figures in a
realistic way. Instead, it uses shapes, colours, and lines to create an emotional or sensory
experience for the viewer. The concepts and motifs behind modern art are varied and complex.
Some artists may use abstract shapes and colours to represent emotions or moods, while others
may focus on exploring the relationships between different forms and textures.

One popular motif in modern art is the use of geometric shapes, such as squares, triangles, and
circles. These shapes are often used to create patterns that are visually appealing and can create a
sense of harmony or balance in the artwork. Another common motif is the use of bright colours,
which can evoke feelings of joy, excitement, or energy.

Modern art also often explores the concept of movement and time. Artists may use techniques
such as brushstrokes or splatters to create a sense of movement or change within the artwork.
This can help to create a dynamic and engaging visual experience for the viewer.

In conclusion, modern art is a diverse and complex form of artistic expression that draws on a
range of concepts and motifs. Whether exploring the use of geometric shapes or the concept of
movement, modern artists continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in the world of art.

Project 2: Attempting Simple Kalamkari/Madhubani Paintings using Natural Colours

Kalamkari and Madhubani are traditional Indian painting styles that are known for their intricate
designs and vibrant colours. These styles are often created using natural colours, such as
turmeric, indigo, and henna, which are derived from plants and other natural sources. Attempting
simple Kalamkari/Madhubani paintings using natural colours is a great way to explore these
traditional painting styles and develop your artistic skills.

To create a Kalamkari/Madhubani painting, you will need a piece of cloth or paper, natural dyes,
and brushes. First, sketch out your design on the cloth or paper using a pencil. Then, fill in the
design using the natural dyes, using a brush to apply the colours in a smooth and even manner.

The motifs and designs used in Kalamkari and Madhubani paintings often draw on elements of
nature and traditional Indian culture. Common motifs include flowers, birds, and other animals,
as well as geometric shapes and patterns.

In conclusion, attempting simple Kalamkari/Madhubani paintings using natural colours is a fun

and rewarding way to explore traditional Indian painting styles and develop your artistic skills.
Whether creating intricate designs or simple patterns, these painting styles offer a unique and
beautiful way to express yourself through art.

Project 3: Cultural Stonework in India - In the Form of Primitive Cupule Art

Primitive cupule art is a form of stonework that has been practiced in India for thousands of
years. This ancient art form involves carving small, circular depressions, known as cupules, into
large rocks and boulders. The motifs and designs used in cupule art often draw on elements of
nature and traditional Indian culture.

One of the key characteristics of cupule art is its simplicity. The designs are often abstract and
minimalist, with simple shapes and patterns carved into the stone. Common motifs include
circles, spirals, and other geometric shapes, as well as representations of animals and plants.

Cupule art is believed to have played an important role in early Indian cultures, serving as a
means of communication and expression. Some cupules may have served as markers for
important locations or as symbols of cultural or religious significance.

Today, cupule art is still practiced in some parts of India, although it is increasingly rare.
Additionally, cultural stonework in India also includes rock-cut caves and temples. These
structures are not only a testament to the architectural prowess of ancient Indian civilizations but
also showcase their artistic sensibilities. The caves at Ajanta and Ellora, for example, feature
intricate carvings and paintings that depict various religious and mythological stories. Similarly,
the temples at Khajuraho are famous for their erotic sculptures and intricate carvings.
Another interesting aspect of Indian art is festival-specific floor art. During festivals such as
Diwali and Onam, people decorate their homes with colorful and intricate patterns made with
materials such as rice flour, flowers, and colored powders. These designs are often inspired by
traditional motifs and are believed to bring good luck and prosperity to the household.

Lastly, collection and display of paintings is an important aspect of Indian art. From ancient cave
paintings to modern art, India has a rich history of painting. Museums such as the National
Museum in Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya in Mumbai house vast
collections of paintings and other artwork from different periods of Indian history. Art galleries
such as the National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi and Mumbai also showcase the works of
contemporary Indian artists.

In conclusion, Indian art is a diverse and rich field that encompasses various forms of art and
techniques. From traditional folk art to modern abstract paintings, Indian art has something to
offer for everyone. By exploring the different aspects of Indian art, one can gain a deeper
understanding and appreciation of the country's cultural heritage.

Activity Week 7:

Project 1: Influential factors giving rise to modern art

Modern art emerged in the late 19th century as a response to changing societal values,
technological advancements, and the evolution of art itself. This project aims to explore the
influential factors that gave rise to modern art.

The project will begin by discussing the Enlightenment and how it affected the arts, leading to a
focus on individualism and freedom of expression. Next, it will explore the Industrial Revolution
and its impact on art, with the mass production of art materials and the availability of new
technologies.

The project will then delve into the various art movements that emerged during the modern art
era, including Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism.
It will examine the key features of each movement and how they challenged traditional artistic
conventions.

Finally, the project will discuss the role of modern art in shaping contemporary art and culture,
examining the influence of modern artists such as Picasso, Matisse, Warhol, and Pollock. It will
also explore the ongoing debate about the value and meaning of modern art in today's society.
Project 2: Kalamkari paintings – Features of organic art; obtaining colours from natural sources

Kalamkari is a traditional form of hand-painted cotton or silk textile art that originated in India.
This project aims to explore the features of organic art and the process of obtaining colours from
natural sources, as used in Kalamkari paintings.

The project will begin by discussing the history and cultural significance of Kalamkari paintings,
highlighting the intricate designs and motifs that are commonly used. Next, it will examine the
key features of organic art, including the use of natural materials, the incorporation of natural
forms and patterns, and the emphasis on sustainability.

The project will then delve into the process of obtaining colours from natural sources,
highlighting the various plants and minerals that are used in Kalamkari paintings. It will explore
the methods of extracting and processing these materials, and how they are used to create vibrant
and long-lasting colours.

Finally, the project will discuss the importance of preserving traditional art forms like Kalamkari
paintings, examining the role of cultural heritage in modern society and the ways in which
traditional art can be used to promote sustainability and social justice.

Project 3: Bronze sculptures in India

Bronze sculptures have been an integral part of Indian art and culture for centuries. This project
aims to explore the history and cultural significance of bronze sculptures in India, examining
their various forms and styles, and the techniques used to create them.

The project will begin by discussing the history of bronze sculptures in India, highlighting their
origins in ancient times and their continued importance in contemporary Indian art. It will
explore the various styles and forms of bronze sculptures, including religious icons, mythological
figures, and everyday objects.

Next, the project will examine the techniques used to create bronze sculptures, including the lost-
wax method and the sand-casting technique. It will discuss the various tools and materials used
in the process, highlighting the skill and craftsmanship required to create these intricate works of
art.

Finally, the project will discuss the role of bronze sculptures in Indian culture, examining their
spiritual and social significance and the ways in which they are used to communicate cultural
values and beliefs. It will also explore the ongoing debate about the preservation and exhibition
of bronze sculptures, considering the ethical and cultural implications of displaying these objects
in museums and galleries.

Kalamkari paintings – Features of organic art; obtaining colours from natural sources
Kalamkari paintings are a type of traditional Indian art that originated in the southern states of
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The name Kalamkari is derived from the words 'kalam', meaning
pen, and 'kari', meaning craftsmanship. This art form is known for its intricate designs and use of
natural dyes made from organic sources.

The process of making Kalamkari paintings involves several stages, each of which requires a
high degree of skill and precision. First, the fabric is washed and bleached to remove any
impurities. Then, it is soaked in a mixture of buffalo milk and myrobalan, a natural fruit extract
that acts as a mordant to help the dyes adhere to the fabric.

Next, the outlines of the design are drawn using a bamboo or palm twig pen, which is dipped in a
solution made from fermented jaggery, water, and iron oxide. This creates a black or brown color
that is resistant to the dyes used later in the process.

After the outlines are complete, the fabric is painted with natural dyes made from sources such as
indigo, turmeric, and pomegranate rind. The colors are fixed onto the fabric using a mordant
made from alum and tamarind seed powder.

One of the unique features of Kalamkari paintings is the use of natural dyes made from organic
sources. This not only makes the paintings eco-friendly but also gives them a distinctive, earthy
color palette. Additionally, the intricate designs and patterns used in Kalamkari paintings often
depict mythological or religious themes, making them an important part of India's cultural
heritage.

Bronze sculptures in India

Bronze sculptures are an important part of India's rich artistic heritage. This art form originated
during the Chola dynasty in the 9th century AD and has been passed down through generations
of skilled artisans.

Bronze sculptures are made using the lost-wax casting method, which involves creating a wax
model of the sculpture and then encasing it in clay. The clay mold is heated, causing the wax to
melt and flow out, leaving a cavity that is then filled with molten bronze. Once the bronze has
cooled and hardened, the clay mold is broken away to reveal the finished sculpture.
One of the unique features of bronze sculptures in India is the intricate details and elaborate
designs that are incorporated into the pieces. Many sculptures depict religious or mythological
themes, and are often used as objects of worship in temples and other sacred spaces.

Bronze sculptures are also known for their durability and longevity. They are able to withstand
the test of time and are often passed down through generations as family heirlooms. Additionally,
the art form continues to evolve and adapt, with contemporary artists incorporating new
techniques and materials into their work while still maintaining the traditional methods and
motifs of the craft.

Introduction:

Bengal's floor art, Alpona, is a traditional form of decorative art that originated in the eastern part
of India. This art form is primarily practiced by women during special occasions, festivals, and
ceremonies. The art form involves the creation of intricate patterns and designs on the floor using
a mixture of rice powder and water. Over the years, the art form has evolved to include various
European influences, specifically British influences, which have influenced the trends in painting
in Bengal. In this report, we will discuss Bengal's floor art, Alpona, European influences
(British), and the trends in painting in Bengal, focusing specifically on the portrait, landscape,
and realistic styles.

Bengal's Floor Art - Alpona:

Bengal's floor art, Alpona, is a traditional form of decorative art that is primarily practiced by
women during special occasions, festivals, and ceremonies. The art form involves the creation of
intricate patterns and designs on the floor using a mixture of rice powder and water. The patterns
and designs are typically created using the fingers and are often passed down from generation to
generation. Alpona is a significant part of Bengal's cultural heritage and is still widely practiced
today.

European Influences (British):

Bengal's floor art, Alpona, has evolved over the years to include various European influences,
specifically British influences. The British colonization of India introduced various art forms and
styles that influenced the traditional art forms of India. British influence is visible in the various
patterns and designs of Alpona, which have become more intricate and detailed over time.

Trends in Painting - Portrait:

The trends in painting in Bengal have been influenced by various styles and art forms, including
the portrait style. Portrait painting was introduced to Bengal during the British colonization of
India and quickly became popular among artists. Portrait painting involves the creation of a
realistic representation of a person or a group of people. In Bengal, portrait painting is primarily
focused on depicting historical and political figures, as well as the middle and upper classes.

Trends in Painting - Landscape:

The landscape style of painting is another trend in painting in Bengal that has been influenced by
European styles. The British influence on the landscape style is visible in the use of light and
shadow to create depth and dimension in the paintings. The landscape paintings in Bengal
typically depict the countryside, rivers, and other natural features of the region. The style of
painting is characterized by its realistic depictions of the landscape and its attention to detail.

Trends in Painting - Realistic:

Realistic painting is a trend in painting in Bengal that has been influenced by European styles.
The British influence on the realistic style is visible in the use of perspective and shading to
create depth and dimension in the paintings. Realistic painting in Bengal is primarily focused on
depicting the daily life and culture of the people of Bengal. The style of painting is characterized
by its attention to detail and its use of realistic depictions of people, objects, and scenery.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Bengal's floor art, Alpona, is a traditional form of decorative art that has evolved
over the years to include various European influences, specifically British influences. The trends
in painting in Bengal have also been influenced by various styles and art forms, including the
portrait, landscape, and realistic styles. The British influence on Bengal's art forms is visible in
the intricate patterns and designs of Alpona, the use of light and shadow in landscape painting,
and the attention to detail in realistic painting. It is important to preserve and promote these art
forms for future generations as they form an integral part of Bengal's cultural heritage.

Activity Week 8:

Project 1: Mandana Paintings of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh by Oldest Tribal Communities

Introduction:
Mandana paintings are a traditional form of art that originated in the states of Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh in India. This art form is practiced by the oldest tribal communities in these
regions and is characterized by the use of intricate patterns and motifs that are drawn on the
walls and floors of homes and public spaces.

Objective:

The objective of this project is to learn about the Mandana paintings of Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh and their significance in the cultural heritage of India.

Methodology:

Research: The students will conduct research on the Mandana paintings of Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh, including their history, traditional techniques, and motifs.

Field trips: The students will visit communities in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh where
Mandana paintings are still practiced to learn about the techniques and motifs used in this art
form.

Painting workshop: The students will participate in a painting workshop where they will learn
how to create Mandana paintings using traditional techniques and materials.

Exhibition: The students will organize an exhibition of their Mandana paintings to showcase
their work and raise awareness about this traditional art form.

Outcomes:

Increased understanding of the Mandana paintings of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and their
significance in the cultural heritage of India.

Enhanced skills in painting and appreciation of traditional art forms.

Awareness and promotion of the Mandana paintings among the wider community.

Project 2: Student Presentations on Individual Artists

Introduction:
Artists have played a significant role in shaping the culture and history of the world. In this
project, students will research and present on individual artists of their choice, highlighting their
contributions to the world of art.

Objective:

The objective of this project is to learn about the lives and works of individual artists and their
impact on the art world.

Methodology:

Research: The students will select an artist of their choice and conduct research on their life,
works, and contribution to the art world.

Presentation: The students will create a multimedia presentation highlighting the key findings
from their research.

Discussion: After each presentation, the students will engage in a group discussion to share their
thoughts and insights on the artist's life and work.

Exhibition: The students will organize an exhibition of their favorite artworks by the artists they
have researched.

Outcomes:

Enhanced knowledge and understanding of the lives and works of individual artists.

Development of research and presentation skills.

Appreciation of diverse art forms and styles.

Conclusion:

These projects aim to promote and appreciate traditional art forms like Mandana paintings and
the contributions of individual artists to the world of art. Through research, field trips, and
presentations, students will develop an understanding and appreciation of the cultural heritage of
India and the diverse forms of art and creativity that it encompasses.

Project 3: Bengal's Floor Art - Alpona

Introduction:

Alpona is a traditional art form of Bengal, India, which involves creating intricate designs on the
floors and walls of homes and public spaces. This art form is usually practiced during festivals
and celebrations, and it is believed to bring good luck and prosperity.

Objective:

The objective of this project is to learn about the art form of Alpona and its significance in the
cultural heritage of Bengal.

Methodology:

Research: The students will conduct research on the history and traditional techniques of Alpona,
including the materials used and the motifs and designs.

Field trips: The students will visit communities in Bengal where Alpona is still practiced to learn
about the techniques and motifs used in this art form.

Alpona workshop: The students will participate in an Alpona workshop where they will learn
how to create Alpona designs using traditional techniques and materials.

Exhibition: The students will organize an exhibition of their Alpona designs to showcase their
work and raise awareness about this traditional art form.

Outcomes:

Enhanced knowledge and understanding of the art form of Alpona and its significance in the
cultural heritage of Bengal.

Development of skills in creating Alpona designs using traditional techniques and materials.

Awareness and promotion of Alpona among the wider community.

Project 4: European Influences (British) - Trends in Painting - Portrait, Landscape, and Realistic

Introduction:
The influence of British colonialism on Indian art is a well-documented topic, particularly in the
realm of painting. This project aims to explore the European influences on Indian painting and
the trends that emerged during this period.

Objective:

The objective of this project is to learn about the European influences on Indian painting during
the British colonial period and the trends that emerged during this time.

Methodology:

Research: The students will conduct research on the European influences on Indian painting
during the British colonial period, including the introduction of new techniques, styles, and
materials.

Analysis: The students will analyze different trends in Indian painting during this period,
including portrait, landscape, and realistic styles.

Discussion: After analyzing the trends in Indian painting, the students will engage in a group
discussion to share their thoughts and insights on the impact of British colonialism on Indian art.

Exhibition: The students will organize an exhibition of their favorite paintings from the British
colonial period to showcase the different trends and styles.

Outcomes:

Enhanced knowledge and understanding of the European influences on Indian painting during
the British colonial period.

Development of critical analysis skills in analyzing different trends and styles in painting.

Appreciation of the diverse art forms that emerged during the colonial period in India.

Conclusion:

These projects aim to promote and appreciate the diverse art forms and cultural heritage of India.
Through research, field trips, and exhibitions, students will develop an understanding and
appreciation of the various art forms and creativity that exist in India. These projects also aim to
develop skills in research, critical analysis, and presentation, which will benefit the students in
their future academic and professional pursuits.
Activity Week 9:

Introduction:

The art of Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu, India, is a rich and complex tradition that dates back
to the 7th century. This project aims to analyze the recurrent themes and styles in the selected
illustrations of Mahabalipuram.

Objective:

The objective of this project is to study the art and architecture of Mahabalipuram and analyze
the recurrent themes and styles in the selected illustrations.

Methodology:
Visit to Mahabalipuram: The students will visit Mahabalipuram to study the art and architecture
of this ancient city. They will take photographs and notes of the selected illustrations.
Research: The students will conduct research on the history and cultural significance of
Mahabalipuram, including the art and architecture of the city.
Analysis of selected illustrations: The students will analyze the selected illustrations from
Mahabalipuram, identifying the recurrent themes and styles in the artwork.

Presentation: The students will present their findings and analysis of the recurrent themes and
styles in the selected illustrations of Mahabalipuram.

Outcomes:
Enhanced knowledge and understanding of the art and architecture of Mahabalipuram.
Development of critical analysis skills in identifying and analyzing the recurrent themes and
styles in the artwork.
Appreciation of the cultural significance and beauty of Mahabalipuram.

Conclusion:

This project provides an opportunity for students to explore the rich artistic and cultural heritage
of Mahabalipuram. Through research, field trips, and analysis of the selected illustrations,
students will develop an understanding and appreciation of the recurrent themes and styles in the
artwork. This project also aims to develop skills in research, critical analysis, and presentation,
which will benefit the students in their future academic and professional pursuits. The findings of
this project will contribute to the scholarship on Mahabalipuram and enrich our understanding of
the art and architecture of this ancient city.

The selected illustrations for analysis are:

Arjuna’s Penance: This is a large relief carving on a rock surface. The illustration depicts the
penance of Arjuna, one of the heroes of the Indian epic, Mahabharata. The illustration shows
Arjuna standing on one leg and meditating while animals, gods, and celestial beings surround
him.

Five Rathas: These are a group of monolithic rock-cut temples, each designed in a different style.
The temples are named after the five Pandava brothers from the Mahabharata. The illustrations
on the temples depict various scenes from Hindu mythology.

Shore Temple: This is a complex of three temples, situated on the shore of the Bay of Bengal.
The temples are carved out of granite and are dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu. The illustrations on
the temple walls depict scenes from the life of Vishnu and Shiva.

Recurrent Themes:

Mythological Themes: One of the recurrent themes in the artwork of Mahabalipuram is the
depiction of scenes from Hindu mythology. The illustrations on the Five Rathas and the Shore
Temple depict scenes from the life of Vishnu, Shiva, and other Hindu deities. The illustrations on
Arjuna’s Penance show the penance of Arjuna, which is also a mythological theme.

Natural Forms: Another recurrent theme in the artwork of Mahabalipuram is the depiction of
natural forms, such as animals and trees. These natural forms are often used as decorative motifs
in the artwork, as seen in the illustrations on the Five Rathas and the Shore Temple.

Narrative Style: The artwork of Mahabalipuram often uses a narrative style to depict scenes from
Hindu mythology. The illustrations on the Five Rathas and the Shore Temple are good examples
of this style, as they depict multiple scenes in a sequential manner.

Styles:

Monolithic Style: The monolithic style is a prominent style in the artwork of Mahabalipuram.
The Five Rathas are a good example of this style, as each temple is carved out of a single block
of stone. The monolithic style is characterized by the use of large, solid forms and simple, clean
lines.

Relief Carving: Relief carving is another style that is commonly used in the artwork of
Mahabalipuram. Arjuna’s Penance is a good example of this style, as the illustration is carved
into the surface of a large rock. Relief carving is characterized by the use of a shallow, three-
dimensional space and a high level of detail.

Dravidian Style: The Dravidian style is a regional style that is prevalent in the architecture and
artwork of southern India. The Shore Temple is a good example of this style, as it is
characterized by a pyramidal tower, intricately carved pillars, and a highly decorative façade.

Conclusion:

The artwork of Mahabalipuram is a rich and complex tradition that showcases the beauty and
cultural significance of this ancient city. The recurrent themes and styles in the selected
illustrations reflect the rich history and mythology of the region. The use of natural forms and
narrative style in the artwork adds to its visual appeal and makes it accessible to a wide audience.
The monolithic, relief carving, and Dravidian styles are all prominent in the artwork of
Mahabalipuram, highlighting the diversity and richness of the artistic traditions of southern
India. Overall, this project provides a valuable opportunity for students to explore and appreciate
the art and architecture of Mahabalipuram and contribute to the scholarship on this ancient city.

Conclusion:

Indian art is a vast and diverse field that encompasses a range of styles, techniques, and
mediums. Studying Indian art can help students develop a deeper understanding of Indian
culture, history, and tradition.

The project report provides a comprehensive overview of the art and culture of ancient and
modern India, with a focus on different types of paintings, sculptures, and floor art. The report is
divided into five sections, with each section covering specific topics related to Indian art and
culture.

In the first section, the report discusses the Indus Valley civilization paintings on pottery,
sculpture during the Harappan period, and Kolam, the traditional floor drawing of South India.
The section also covers the Nationalist School of Bengal Art and its contribution to Indian art.

The second section of the report focuses on the works of Raj-Ravi Verma, cave paintings from
different parts of India, Terra Cota, daily life and Kolam, and matching pictures with artists. The
section also covers Mysore and Tanjore Art, the paintings of the Ajanta and Ellora caves, rock-
cut sculpture, and beliefs behind Kolam.
The third section of the report covers folk art such as Thanjavur and Madhubani paintings,
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism in sculptures, and Kalamezhuthu in Kerala. The section also
discusses Indian village life and nationalist themes, and student presentations on individual
artists.

The fourth section of the report discusses influential factors giving rise to modern art, Kalamkari
paintings, bronze sculptures in India, Bengal’s floor art-Alpona, European influences, and trends
in painting. The section also covers concepts and motifs behind modern art and attempting
simple Kalamkari/Madhubani paintings using natural colors.

The final section of the report focuses on Mughal paintings, Pattachitra paintings, festival-
specific floor art across India, British Gothic, and Indo Saracenic. The section also covers
cultural stonework in India in the form of primitive cupule art, festival-specific floor art across
India, and the collection and display of paintings by various artists.

Overall, the project report provides a comprehensive overview of Indian art and culture, tracing
its development from ancient times to modern times. The report covers a wide range of topics
and themes, including mythology, religion, folklore, village life, nationalism, and modern art.
References
[1] Metcalf, Thomas R. “The Mastery of the Past: The British and India’s Historic
Architecture; New Delhi: The Beginning of the End; Conclusion.” An Imperial Vision-Indian
Architecture and Britain’s Raj.
Anonymous

[2] S. Muthiah, "Madras, Its Past and Its Present", Affiliated East-West Press, New Delhi,
1995, ISBN 81- 85938-24-5

[3] Thames, Hudson “Islamic Art and Architecture from Isfahan to the TajMahal”, 2009.

[4] [Link] Saracenic_architecture