PORTFOLIO PART 1 (WEEKS 1-6)

IHTE-7100 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR

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1.1

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION
Lecture learning diary

Human Centered Design: It is the methodology where the design is based upon consideration human characteristics. In this model, Designer needs to study about the human needs and values. This is not an easy task since human being is quite complicated and their need and values differ from one to another. Guidelines for Human Centered Design: The First Priority: Basic Human Needs Diverse Learning and Teaching Styles Characteristics of Human-Centered Guidelines: Healthful Stimulating Balancing Community and Solitude Adaptable Balancing Community and Solitude Psychology: Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the behavior and mental processes Perception Cognition Learning and memory Motivation and emotion Personalitu Interpersonal relationship

Customer needs: While Designing a production a service generally Team prioritizes internal needs rather than customer needs. Sometime Team fails to update assumptions about customer needs and make wrong decision. Designer shouldnot forget that customers have conflicting and competing needs as well. Hence key to successful design is always talk directly to the customers never assume you know their needs

Find below some basic Costumer needs Safety and confort Information Security and privacy Acceptance by others Recognition from others Personal Growth

Developmental psychology: In this development of human mind through life time is studied and similarities and difference are among people are studied. Personality psychology: Patterns of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates from one person to another Motivation :Motivation is a general term for a group of phenomena that affects the nature, strength and persistence of and individuals behaviour. Emotion: Emotion refers to behaviours, physiological responses and feelings evoked by stimuli Biological psychology: Study focuses on biological bases of behaviour and mental states Nervous system Senses Internal secretion is responsible for chemical and hormonal regulation Biological needs

1.2

Reading materials

The title The joy of sex psychology in itself was intimidating. The article presented here is trying to make its point about the importance of psychology to the designers and usability specialists. The author put forward the question about psychology being just an occult model and theories that dont translate to the real world but can be used as a tool to design user friendly interface. Psychology, by definitions, is the study of behavior. Hence, when psychology and design are mixed then the principles and data that governs the behavior of humans under various conditions can be utilized efficiently. To illustrate an example, the author presents us a very common yet undermined procedure of the need to double click where a single click would have just sufficed. This is because the user feels positively reinforced when they double click a mouse. The author gives an example of herself, whereby she had the impression of the pointer not pointing to the target or the intended action required a double click. This led to double clicking being a

habit that can also be superstitious behavior, which is very hard to break. This is called variable ratio reinforcement schedule in a behavioral psychologists language. Psychology not just presents a snapshot of human behavior but also attempts to describe how behavior, capabilities, and limitations change over the life span. To second her views the author presents a case of her 79 years old father-in-law who was unable to select an electronic greeting card because of the layout in the web page. The author argues that it may be entertaining for younger, skilled users but may be a barrier for older, less skilled users as they are easily distracted by irrelevant information. For learning, memory, and information processing weve been using the principles of Psychology for so long that everyone fails to recognize where these ideas have been generated from. Example is the difference between a good and a bad user manual. The thin line that separates a user manual from being good to bad is the writers knowledge. The apt areas where paragraphs are to be used than a list of steps, or the number of steps and the way they are grouped in a procedure have been defined by psychologists on numerous occasions and we have been using design guidelines and principles based on these investigations. But we simply fail to recognize the importance of psychology in design. Even today psychologists continue to contribute in the knowledge on layout of information on screen and further help us to determine the use of color and texture in a friendly user interface. An example of technology that failed to address the design guidelines presented by psychologists is the Interactive Voice Response (IVR) application which had overly long menus, severe memory loads placed on callers, and general confusion because auditory way finding was different from visual way finding. This is an example of a bad design. Psychologists guide the ways in which we approach the design process and increase our creativity. The author portrays the way in which invariant combinations of variables in the optical array can naturally invite, or even demand, particular goaldirected behaviors. A chair, a park bench, and a tree stump, because of a particular set of elements each possess, all afford sittability. The author terms this as the concept of affordances according to JJ Gibson (An Ecological Approach to Visual Perception and The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems). The author emphasize on the fact to understand the bigger picture rather than just the user interface in a computer screen. When an interface is to be designed, the designer should be focused not just on the immediate environment but the organization or even the world at large. The look and feel of the interface should be appalling not just to the obvious users but also to those without a real understanding. The integration of psychology within a user interface design and usability group brings a far richer skill set and greater knowledge that would eventually make a design successful. The positive strides made in the field of imaging technology and computing speed is providing us with new discoveries, concepts, and data at a breakneck pace. Previously, weve been obsessed with the sense of vision when it came to design

and usability. Understanding of the structure and functioning of the nervous system of both humans and animals has contributed to evolutionary, if not revolutionary, designs in computer science, especially, in design. The author presents the fact of a cat that will not react to a bird unless it both sees and hears the bird. Neither the visual nor the auditory stimulus alone is sufficient. In order to design a good design one should always consider visual, auditory and multi-modally aspects. The author termed these as the biological psychology and physiological psychology. The author is trying to convey a message that the concerned party for user interface design and usability should be ideas derived from a broad and diverse range of sources. We should focus more on the bigger picture rather than the immediate environment as the design that has been created might be used by users from different backgrounds and with different knowledge and skill sets. A study on the biological and physiological psychology enriches the way the designers design.

1.3

Discussion task

Has technology only improved the quality of life? Give examples in which technology has brought some negative aspects to peoples life and action or technology has been even harmful for humans. In todays world, Advancement of technology has affected human life in both aspects. In one hand, it has made our life easier and comfortable but on other side we cannot forget about its adverse effects. So technological advancement has not only improved the quality of life but also increase serious issue in human life and society. There are several examples about the adverse effects of technology. First of all, development of high end weapons had increased the risk of human life. It is well known to all of us that thousands of civilian has lost their life with those so called Hi-tech weapon. Secondly, With Internet everyone can enjoy the unparalleled richness of global information resources including textual, audio, graphic information. However we cannot oversee its downfall like pornography which is providing wrong information and develop wrong perception about sex to the public basically the teenagers. In addition Advancements in technology have also greatly affected certain sectors of the industry and have even forced certain businesses to shut down for good because there is no more demand for that type of work. For example, Big Newspapers Company have been forced to either lay off a percentage of their work force or shut down altogether because news is readily available for free on the internet. People are getting lazy, unsocial with the technological advancement they love watch movie or use internet that to spend some quality time with friends and family. Finally, we cannot negate modern technology for many of its achievements and advancements, but we should forget that it has affected and continues to affect society and people in general in a negative way as well.

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Voluntary course feedback

It would be much helpful if elaborate definitions of the covered topics are provided.

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2.1

WEEK 2: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Lecture learning diary

Development Psychology:Development Psychology is study of similarities and difference of the human mind among different person in the process of development of their mind in their different stage of life. Factors influencing development Interaction of heritance and environment The person can learn different things in different (good and bad) environment . But how well he will learn will limits by its genes. Even in good environment he need special gene to be genius. Childs own actions and innate activity Earlier it was believed that child born with empty mind and has no skillor idea. But it has been discovered a new born baby has some sort of knowledge to learn positive feeling from others Environment Factor : Environment has very huge impact upon human development process along with its mind. Physics: Artifacts and nature around people effects its psychology development Social: The social life and the people around him also effects its psychology development Symbolic: Picture and language also play significant role in human psychology development.

Heritage Factor: Heritage also plays a big role which effect human psychology development with the factors such as Inherent temperament differences, Physical development and Sensitive periods A new born baby has also some reflexes (like sucking reflex). In order to develop it need to have some opportunity and practice.In addition a baby has its innate tendency to learn language and social skills. Childhood Development: For a children to develop properly a secure attachment is essential. (example of monkey in Harlows experiment). Experience and maturation of nervous system determine development.

Mahlers Separation-Individual Theory: Normal Autistic Phase (First Week) : The infant is detached and self-absorbed. Spends most of his/her time sleeping Normal Symbiotic Phase (Lasts until about 5 months of age). The child feels its relation with its caretaker as is now aware of his/her mother. There is no sense of individuality. Separation-Individuation Phase In this phase infant develops its individualism. In this phase psychological growth takes place from example ego. Practicing (9-about 16 months): In this phase a infant learn how to crawl and so on Rapprochement 1524 months: In this phase child become close to its mother. It realizes that his physical mobility demonstrates psychic separateness from his mother Up to Three years: In this phase child learn about the positive image of care taker and experience their affection. Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mahler#SeparationIndividuation_Theory_of_child_development Cognitive Development: About 1 year: In this phase, child has learn the mental image of the various objects and understands its picture. 3-6 years: In this phase children try to immiate. They imagine of playing and use speech for planning their actions Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development: Sensorimotor Phase: This phase last for 0-2 years movement and senses. and infant learn through

Preoperational phase: This phase last for 2-6 years and Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period. During this stage, children also become increasingly adept at using s. Concrete operational phase: This phase last for 7-11 years in this phase children begin to think logically about certain events. Formal operational phase: The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. The ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during this phase. Children at this phase are often able to plan an organized approach to solving a problem.

Erik Eriksons theory on social development oral-sensory stage(0-1 Year):In this stage infant develop trust (or mistrust) with caretaker. Muscular-Anal stage (1-3 years): In this stage the task is to achieve a degree of autonomy while minimizing shame and doubt. In this phase the child will develop both self-control and self-esteem. Locomotors stage (3-6 years): In this stage children take Initiative and learn new skills and feel purposeful with no guilt for wrong doing. Latency stage (6-12 years): In this stage, children will develop knowledge for industry and make border social circle in school and should learn meaning of success in any discipline. Adolescence (12-18 years): In this stage person will try to figure out own identity i.e. ego identity and see a place in society and avoid role confusion. In addition peer relationship and group behavior is learnt here. Young adulthood (18-40 years): In this stage, characteristic of people differ from one to another. Here people try to find some intimacy. Mostly people have some sort of relationship by this time people should have already gain some level of confidence on themselves decide for the future. If not successful they will left in isolation. Middle adulthood (40-65 years): In this stage, People try to cultivate the proper balance of generativity and stagnation. Also during this time, a person is enjoying raising their children and participating in activities that gives them a sense of purpose Maturity (65 - ): In this stage, people look back to see what he had achieved and feel great and sense of integrity success and feel sense of despair for failure. Finally accept ones life Things to consider while designing for children are new and different they can learn from they can relate to they can use to confront real fears and in some way resolve them are well done technically that are easy to use that are, to some extent, forbidden and/or secret. that are, above all, fun

Things to consider while designing for Adults Blue and Green color should not be used Big dont and picture with contrast should be kept Big Targets to avoid Cursor positioning problem Implement recognition than recalling

2.2

Reading materials

The total number of elderly person is expected to exceed to one billion by year 2020. So while designing the website we should not forget such a huge population. As we know as the age increases, decline in the Vision is the most common physiological change. In addition hearing loss, psychomotor impairments, as well as reduced attention, memory and learning abilities are also reduced. So scientists have developed a universal design which recognizes values of board range of human abilities their skill and requirements to meet the requirements of maximum people. Such Website design for adults have different requirement that that for elders. It is still failing in simple guidelines such as providing large and highly contrasted text. A new set of Age-Centered Research web design has been published which are given below: Target Design: Provide larger targets visible to elder peoples. Use of Graphics: Image should be simple and have alt tags Navigation: Clear, Extra and bolder navigation should be provided Browser Window Features: Avoid scroll bars, Avoid pop ups Content Layout Design: Simple language and important information should be highlighted Links: There should be differentiation between visited and unvisited links; Links should be in a bulleted list. User Cognitive Design: Reduce the demand on working memory and provide enough time to read Use of color and Background: Blue and green tones should be avoided. Content should not all be in color alone Text Design: avoid moving text, line spacing should maintain. Should have bold headlines Search Engine: Search should deal with simple spelling errors

User Feedback & Support: Provide a site map, help tutorial should be provided In another paper, the website requirement of child of different age band is given T age group of 2-5 is limited by physical capabilities and has minimum tolerance. In addition their skills are not fine-tuned. So for these age group Stories, activities, and games should be simple to access. Visual images should be clear and bright and attractive. The application should have relatively shorter time. Age group of 6-9 is drawn to activities from which they can learn, have fun, and gain in self-esteem through accomplishment and positive reinforcement. Since they have enough manual skill and hand to eye coordination to operate computer they love fill in the blanks, write the story ending and so on. Their enhanced mental capacity allows for playing memory games. Hence children of this age band love novel and challenge in their internet activity. Age Group of age 10-14 has developed the cognitive power and manipulative skills to employ all aspects of internet programs. In this age band they aspect fun from application. Application should able to provide social learning opportunity. They love to chat and know the peers and their primary discussion will be about the relationship. The games for tween should have higher level of difficulty and excitement. So the application should call upon to use their logic, strategy and abstract thinking

2.3

Discussion task

Think about Eriksons theory of development, and consider in which developmental stage you are at the moment. How this stage appears in your life, and what features of other stages you can find from yourself? (See Eriksons theory for example: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html) Currently, I am in young adulthood. I been here passing several stage of life. In my life, there is not much up and downs and I feel I have cleared in every stage in a normal way. In this stage, as a normal process I am enjoying my relation with my friends and family. I am and planning for the better future and I am lucky to have my soul mate. Rather than spending life in isolation I prefer to live social circle enjoying life and performing my duties. I feel that I got some characteristic of latency stage since I am still learning the meaning of success in professional manner. I may have leant meaning success in general. But I need to learn the meaning of success in life and success in industry. In addition, I am university student still exploring knowledge for the better future and better life. I feel, I have some characteristic of Adolescence as well since I am still confuse my identity in society and plan for future. I need to identify my role and responsibility to society. I am socializing with many people in the * university and learn how to behave in group of friends of similar or different interest. In addition to this I got some generativity of the middle adulthood stage. I am planning for extension of love into

the future I am planning to get engaged once I complete my degree. To sum up, I would conclude by telling that I am in the young adulthood stage as per Erik Erikson theory of social development and posses some characteristic of the other stage as well.

2.4

Voluntary course feedback

Confusion is age band in slide and link provided (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html) for Erik Eriksons theory on social development.

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WEEK 3: PERSONALITY
Lecture learning diary

Personality: Personality is defined as the pattern of thought, emotion and behavior that make up an individual personal style to deal with physical and social environment. Personality is based on biological component. Innate Temperament Differences. Easy Temperament (40%): Difficult Temperament (10%) Slow to warm up Temperament (15%)

Identity: Personality reflects the person identity by how he represent to other Personal Identity: The person identity can be defined in term of attributes or personal relationship. Social Identity: Social Identity can be defined by general attributes of group of people. Trait Approach: The personality of the person can be determined by the answer of personality question of that person. Five Trait Factors: Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness

Accessing Personality: The personality of a person can be accessed or judge with several of methods. Interview Questionnaires Projective Measure

Sentence Completion: This is method of accessing personality of person through combination of questionnaire and a projective technique which can perform quite easily and analyze and -return more inner though of people than direct question it is used for consumer research, to get feedback and is less likely to me culturally biased. Eg: People who dont smoke are Happier Wise Crazy Foolish

Teenagers who start to smoke are..

Finnish Mentality Withdrawn, introvert Melancholic Untalkative Prejudiced Shy Reliable Persistent

Personality Design Issue: A good designer Should know the how she/she is differ from other. Should able to identify the potential personality difference among users Should analyze how user are reacting the design.

3.2

Reading materials

In the reading material, it presents the different definition of personality by different researcher. It is understood that different people have different approach to react with the situation which varies characterized the individual and varies person to person. But Psychology would take different approach while defining personality. Personality is a particular pattern or behavior and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another. The purpose of psychologists who study personality is to identify the root causes of individual differences in behavior which led to two specific developments in the science of personality psychology. According to the Greek physician Galen the body consists of four humors or fluids namely yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood and personality of person depends upon their dominance. Later in 1990 Tooby and Cosmides states that personality is pass from one generation by the means of gene. Later it was theorized that people or individuals cannot be categorized into personality types but can be categorized according to their personality trait. A personality trait is an enduring personal characteristic that reveals itself in a particular pattern of behavior in different situations Goldberg, in 1993, described that trait theories of personality do not pretend to be all-encompassing explanations of behavior, but rather they are still at the stage of discovering, describing and naming the regular patterns of behavior that people exhibit. Many scientists have research many regarding the personality of the human. The most robust model to that is being used by many of scientist is an extension of Allports work, which was developed by Tupes and Christal (1961), replicated by Norman (1963), led to the five-factor model (McCrae and Costa, 1985, 1987, 1990) which consisted of: 1. Neuroticism 2. Extraversion 3. Openness 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness

3.3

Discussion task

Do you consider yourself an extrovert or introvert? Consider and state arguments for, how this personality type can affect persons ability and willingness to adopt new technology. You can also test your personality here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/index_surveys.shtml Your

I consider myself to be an introvert person. As every coin has two sides, there are both pros and cons in being an introvert person. Among the pros, I would also like to consider technology. Most people may argue that an introvert person does not have an idea about the outside world. As per my experience, my answer to that question would be the internet. During the early 80s the internet was a big hit, in the 90s there was the internet bubble burst that changed the face of the world. It has inspired me since I was introduced to me during my teenage phase. I am usually in my room with my laptop browsing the internet about various things. From documentaries, articles, newsletters to news and sports, I learn almost everything from internet. The internet helps us to keep updated with almost anything. One thing that Ive learned is the internet is one of the most useful tutors when you need help. I am really interested in software technology. I wanted to learn new technologies available not only in software but also other fields like the digital world. I would regularly tune into various sites to learn about the technological advancement. I follow various sites and blogs with a hope to learn and adopt new things. When it comes to software I want to try my hands on various programming language. In order to learn new things the right way you need to devote a lot of time. Being introvert is not as bad as everyone describes them to be. Ive learned various new things sitting in my laptop browsing the internet. I can devote a lot of time in learning new things. There are people with different interests. Successful people have always devoted a lot of time in gaining knowledge. Hence, I can say according to what Ive learned from my personal experience being introvert I can dedicate my time in learning new things related to technology. As we all know The Technology is changing by the moment. Hence, if one is really interested in learning new things then he/she must devote a lot of time. Sitting in my room with my laptop for a long time has really helped me to adopt new technology. And that is an opinion of an introvert.

3.4

Voluntary course feedback

In this chapter I am not able to understand the innate temperament difference and its type.

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4.1

WEEK 4: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Lecture learning diary

Biological Psychology: The biological psychology is depends upon the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Neuropsychology: Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of central nervous brain system Psychophysiology: is the branch of psychology that is concerned with study of how psychological activities produce physiological responses. Physiological psychology: is the branch of psychology that is concerned with study of physiological mechanisms which lead to psychological activity Biological bases of behavior Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Internal secretion is responsible for chemical and hormonal activities.

Central nervous system Roles: Process the information that is provided by human senses. It Plan coordinates control and executes behavior and stores information. Human brain Chemical and electrical communications of neurons are responsible for functioning of brain. Processing and transmission of cellular signal are performed by neurons.

Brain Lobes Parietal lobe: Parietal lobe is responsible for integrating sensory information from different modalities Frontal lobe: Frontal lobe is responsible for planning, coordinating, controlling and executing behavior Occipital lobe: Occipital lobe is for responsible Visual processing

Temporal lobe: Temporal lobe:is responsible Hippocampus involved in memory formation

for Auditory processing +

Cerebellum lobe: Cerebellum lobe is responsible for Sensory perception and motor output Vision: The image is formed when the lens of eye focuses the light from outside world into photoreceptive cells of retina and respond by producing neural impulse. There are two kind of receptor one is rods which is active in dim light and another is cones which is active in bright light. Perception: is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. This is not an automatic brain process but the active sampling of structured light. Color Vision: The color vision on the eye is based on the wavelength of light. Human eye as three type of cone photoreceptor and are sensitive to different wavelength. Short: Blue Medium: Bluish-Green Long: Yellowish-Green

Type of color Blindness Total Red-green Blue-Yellow.

Limbic system: it is involved in motivation, emotion and its association with long term memory and is highly connected with brain Autonomic Nervous System: Autonomic nervous system is the part of nervous system which controls biological homeostasis. Autonomic Nervous System is branched into sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic (Accelerating) Nervous System: It is responsible for creating fight or flight reactions in a stress situation, divert blood flow away from digestive system and skin, Increase heart rate, enhance blood flow to muscles and lungs and widen the pupils and allow more eight in eyes.

Parasympathetic (Slowing) Nervous System: It is responsible for rest and digest situation Stress, increase blood flow to digestive organ, stimulates salivary gland secretion and cause constriction of pupil in eye. Stress: Stress can be caused for following reasons A physiological adaptation: Reaction to experienced treat situation like pain, heat, life events. Limbic system activation: Due to secretion of stress hormone. Sympathetic nervous system activation.

4.2

Reading materials

Basically Human mind perform two functions one is controlling the movements off the muscles and regulating the physiological function of the body. The first role includes perceiving events, planning, learning, planning and acting where other includes maintaining body temperature, blood pressure and so on. Human become aware of environment through five major senses. Three areas of cerebral cortex receive information from sensory organs. Primary Visual Cortex: Receives visual information. Primary auditory Cortex: Receives audio information. Primary Somatosensory Cortex: Receives information about taste and other senses. The three reason of primary sensory cortex in each hemisphere receive information from opposite side of the body. The region of the cerebral cortex most directly involved in the control of movement is primary motor cortex. The region of cerebral cortex expect primary sensory and motor cortex is responsible for perceiving, learning, remembering, planning and acting. The cerebral cortex is divided into four areas or lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. Temporal Sequencing of events: Each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions, the sensory association cortex. Lateralisation of function Though, two cerebral hemispheres cooperate with each other but they perform different task. It is commonly suggested that the left hand side of brain is used for analysis of information where as right hand side of brain is used the putting things together Vision: The primary role of occipital lobes and lower part of temporal lobe is seeing.

4.3

Discussion task

Answer based on the teaching materials. What are the tasks of the nervous system? (Mention at least two.) The roles of nervous system are Process the information that is provided by human senses. It Plan coordinates control and executes behavior and stores information.

Explain in your on words, what are the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system? What are their main tasks? Sympathetic (Accelerating) Nervous System: It is responsible for creating fight or flight reactions in a stress situation, divert blood flow away from digestive system and skin, Increase heart rate, enhance blood flow to muscles and lungs and widen the pupils and allow more eight in eyes. Parasympathetic (Slowing) Nervous System: It is responsible for rest and digest situation Stress, increase blood flow to digestive organ, stimulates salivary gland secretion and cause constriction of pupil in eye.

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5.1

WEEK 5: EMOTION AND MOTIVATION

Lecture learning diary

Emotion: Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience that creates readiness to act e.g.: Facial Expression, Subjective experience etc. Emotion begins with cognitive appraisal. Normally emotion has clear cause. Moods: Moods can be defined as free- floating and diffuce affective sates and has short span. Emotion Meaning in life: It can be used for communicate e.g. smile Approach to the study of emotion: Biological: In this area emotions are studied as relating pyshiological changes and brain structure. Cognitive: evaluation and interpretation is considered during the study. Social Learning: Emotions expression and its recognition can be learned and influenced by individual culture.

Expression of Emotions: Face Bodily Gestures Words Interpreting emotion requires empathy.

Basic emotions: Joy Sadness Anger Fear Surprise Disgust

5.2

Reading materials

In the reading material ATTRACTIVE THINGS WORK BETTER, the writer had presented his experiment of attractive ATM machine in Japan and Israel has been presented. According to this article, aesthetics in product design makes people feel good which in result better learning of the products. Emotion, mood plays vital role for the act or how the people behave in a given scenario, the people who are in good emotional state respond the problem in better way than the people whose is in negative emotional state. Positive emotional state people search for the better alternatives where people with negative emotional state go deep inside the problem and try to be concentrated which is less likely to return the positive result. As mentioned, human beings have three level of PROCESSING capabilities: VISCERAL: The visceral level is fast: it makes rapid judgments of what is good or bad, safe or dangerous, and sends appropriate signals to the muscles and alerts the rest of the brain BEHAVIORAL: The behavioral level is not conscious, which is why you can successfully drive your automobile subconsciously at the behavioral level while consciously thinking of something else at the reflective level REFLECTIVE: This is the home of reflection, of conscious thought, of the learning of new concepts and generalizations of the world Emotion also affects the creativity of a person. Positive emotion can increase creativity hence it is good for the designer to be relaxed during the brainstorming. It is always a good practice to warm up brainstorming session with jokes, games. Negative comment or criticism should not be allowed which will increase the anxiety. After the creative brainstorm session, designer should get the idea into practice and hence concentration is required. For the concentration designer should raise anxiety which can be achieved by giving early deadline. Visceral level processing results give rise to cope with different scenario and result positive or negative effects. All those pre wired scenarios should can be processed by our brain. Hence Designer should use this knowledge of brain to make design more effective. Emotion traits mood personalities are the different aspects in which human mind works. So a good designer must think of these characters of human mind.

5.3

Discussion task

Give an example of technology that arouses emotions in user. How can the users different emotions, such as joy and fear, be taken account in design? Technology has been used by human for various aspect of human life from daily work to the entertainment and so on making human highly depend upon the technology for various aspect of life. As every sector of human life, emotions are also affected by the technology. Emotion like fear, excitement, happy can be used

to designing the product. For instance the rollercoaster, 3d movies and simulators can change and effect the human emotion. People are more likely to be scared while riding the rollercoaster but still human prefers take the challenge and feel the joy and excitement. So while designing the new service or product the designer should consider the human emotion and make proper use of it making the products interesting for the consumer.

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6.1

WEEK 6: COGNITION
Lecture learning diary

Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies human actively processes information including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information. Information processing can be seen as process: Perception, selecting information, decision making and so on. Computer metaphor of the mind: Working Memory of human can be treated as RAM of the Computer Long Term Memory of human can be treated as Hard Disk of the Computer Working Memory: This is responsible for selective processing the information that had been gathered by our human sense. These kind of memory are lost within 30 second rehearsal. According to Miller (1956) the capacity of memory units is 7+-2. According to Cowan (2001) the capacity of memory units is 4+-1. Baddeley's model of working memory: Central Executive

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Episodic Buffer Long Term Memory

Phonological Loop

Phonological Loop: Stores limited number of sounds for short period of time. People can recall the number of item they are able to pronounce in 1.54 sec Visuospatial Sketchpad: Stores visual and spatial information. Central Executive: combines information from Phonological loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad and Episodic buffer. This section is not able to do complex task simultaneously. It is important for attention and selecting strategy what to do next. Episodic Buffer: This serves as temporary storehouse were we can we can gather and combine information from working and long term memory Long Term Memory: Long Term memory Explicit(Declarative) and implicit(Nondeclarative) can be of two type

In declarative memory, episodic memory refers to specific event of life where as semantic memory refers the idea of external world. Procedural Memory refers to use of objects and movement of the body and how to do something Long Term memory is improved through Deep processing of information By relating stimuli with own experience By applying the information to different situations Using different modalities With the help of Cues Recognition is easier than recalling Depth of processing helps in explicit memory task but has no impact on an implicit memory task Expertise improves memory: well-organized knowledge structure, vivid visual images, reorganizing material during learning

Memory retrieval

Mental models: is defined as how information is organized in memory. Novices and experts have different mental models. Mental Maps: Method of learning and organization of information Learning: It is the method to develop or to change the mental model. There are different methods of learning e.g. Mnemonics Emotion and memory: Strong emotion prohibits retrieval. Attention: This is a cognitive process where a human focus on one aspect ignoring all other environments. Selective attention: Concentrate on specific properties only Divided Attention: To divide attention in two aspects simultaneously. Characteristics of difficult problem Lack of clarity of the situation Multiple goals Complexity Time constrains

6.2

Reading materials

In this reading material cognitive load theory is discussed with good examples of computer game. The various techniques that need to be considered during a design of game are nicely presented. We know cognitive load should be considered as a prime factor while designing a game. For a good design, we should able to reduce various type of cognitive load. Intrinsic cognitive load can be reduced by implementing appropriate visual clues, signaling. If overload of signaling and visual representation is used it can increase a split-attention effect issue will arises which increase the extraneous cognitive load. Extraneous cognitive load is incidental or irrelevant information which disrupted the working memory. So it is good to reduce such load for user so that he or she can learn and adapt quickly. Modality effect or off-loading can provide probable solution for reducing the unwanted split-attention effect making a complicated game more understandable and easy to use. Later after many observations cognitive load theorists find out that the methods which have been implemented for reducing cognitive effect have lesser effect and eventually have negative effect to the users who have obtained high level of familiarity with the presented subject matter which is termed as expertise reversal effect. The information provided for reducing split-attention later becomes redundant. As the user gain knowledge about the presented material less information is required to gain understanding of similar product. Hence the accommodation made in the instructional design for progressive reducing the instructional control and increasing the learning control is fading technique. Another technique called progressive disclosure is developed which reveal only relevant information or select section of information over the time in a complex system. Fading and progressive disclosure technique can be implemented to design complex scenario by making it dynamic and flexible. Finally, we can conclude saying the cognitive load to user should be reduced as much as possible using various technique in order to make the games or product more usable and understandable.

6.3

Discussion task

Answer based on the teaching materials. Tell in your own words, what is the cognitive load?

How the cognitive load can be reduced by design? 1. Cognitive load can be reduced by 2. Modality effect: picture-and audio 3. Picture-superiority effect: Audible narration and prompts 4. Signaling effects :Cues and highlighting 5. Progressive disclosure: disclosure involves revealing only immediately relevant or requested sections of information at a time

Describe a situation from your own life, when the cognitive load was too high. I felt that cognitive load was too high while playing flight simulator. Since there are numbers of instrument which is presented and only few of them are really needed to operate the plane. I need lot of time to interact and to learn it and the simulator is provided lots of information of all instruments.

Picture scource: http://flyawaysimulation.com/ What has been your best learning experience? How this experience reflects your personal learning style (e.g. visual or auditive)? In my experience, I found modality technique quite useful during the learning cycle. This effect had been implemented in flight simulator where narrator provides the audio information and the instrument is highlighted visually. In this way i was able to learn with less cognitive load.