Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Prof. Dan FLORICAU Universit POLITEHNICA de Bucarest Universit POLITEHNICA de Bucarest
11
Mtallurgie
Laminoir
Propulsion marine
22
E + iload
Besoins applicatifs: Besoins applicatifs: -augmentation de la puissance -augmentation de la puissance -augmentation de la tension -augmentation de la tension -augmentation des performances -augmentation des performances
33
Wind energy
44
55
paisseur
Augmentation tenue en tension (+) Diminution des performances (-)
Surface
Augmentation courant (+) Performances quivalentes (=)
66 44
Intrts
Augmentation puissance Augmentation des performances Meilleure modularit Plus de degr de libert
Inconvnients
Rpartition des contraintes Autoriser lutilisation des degrs de libert
77 55
Intrts
Augmentation de la tension Calibre interrupteurs plus petit Macro composants plus performants Augmentation Fd
Inconvnients
Rpartition des contraintes dynamiques Pas damlioration des formes dondes
88
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E V ripple = E F ripple = Fd F ripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2 ?? quilibrage
Rpartition des contraintes dynamique
uAO
10*iload
E/2
99
10 10
Intrts
Augmentation du courant trait
Inconvnients
Pad damlioration des performances Pas damlioration des formes dondes
11 11
E/2
iload
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E V ripple = E F ripple = Fd F ripple = Fd V max IGBT = E V max IGBT = E
E/2
quilibrage
Macro-composant
12 12
Structure 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980) Structure 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980)
Cellules de conversion superposes
Contraintes en tension sur les interrupteurs
S1, S2c
uk
ik
E/2
S1c+ S2
uk
13 13
S1c+S interrupteur 4 quadrants Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) S1c+S22 interrupteur 4 quadrants ? Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) ?
Cellules de conversion superposes
E/2 10*iload uAO
+ + E O
S1 S1c A S2
iload
E/2
S2c
iload>0, iload<0
Sr>0 Sr<0
S1 O S1c S2 S2c A
iload
+ + E O
S1 S1c A S2 S2c
iload
iload>0, iload<0 Niveaux de tension: -E/2, 0
+ E
14 13 14 13
Duty cycle 1
T1
-1
vAO [u.r.]
Dure de conduction
T2
Sd1
Sr
Sd2
15 15
Analyse FFT de la tension de sortie pour 3L-SC Analyse FFT de la tension de sortie pour 3L-SC
Spectre de la tension de sortie 2N:
uAO E/2 10*iload
Fs=50Hz Fd=1kHz
iload
Fs=50Hz Fd=1kHz
Imax =
E/2 E = 4 L Fd 8 L Fd
16 16
Stratgie de commande:
Duty cycle 1
iload
-1 0 vAO [u.r.] 1
Dure de conduction
T1
tous les interrupteurs de la structure sont dimensionns pour E/2 3 cellules de commutation
Cellule 2: S2-S2c
2 3
Dure de conduction
T2
Cellule 3: S3-S3c
Dure de conduction
T3
17 17
iload>0, iload<0
Sr>0
Sr<0
iload>0, iload<0
O + E S2c
+ E
Sd2 N O-
Sr
O-
Tsw
S1c S2 S2c
Switching State N O O+ P
-
0 VAO (b)
VDC/2
19 19
Calculus of total losses in power devices Calculus of total losses in power devices
The total losses (PX): The conduction losses (PcondX):
PX = PcondX + PswX
(1) (2)
where: vCE0, rdT, vD0 and rdD parameters of the transistors and diodes
(3)
+ rdD
condD 2 I rms
(4)
(5)
where, AswX, BswX, CswX and vdef constants taken from the IGBTs characteristics, sw ratio between the switching interval and the switching period for semiconductor device
Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 20 20
The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices: the the the the load is linear; load current is sinusoidal; current and voltage ripples are neglected; dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.
1 2
2 I sin(x ) f T1 (x ) dx =
I 2 M [( ) cos + sin ] 4
M 4 1 1 + cos + cos(2 ) 2 3 3
T1
1 2
2 I sin (x ) f T1 (x ) dx = I
)2
I swT1 = avg
1 2
2 I sin (x )dx =
I 2 (1 + cos()) 2
1 sin (2) + 2 2
IswT1 = rms
1 2
2I sin (x ) dx = I
)2
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-SC converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
21 21
Structure 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) Structure 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)
Principe de la structure: Association srie directe Ajout 2 diodes clamp pour fixer la tension aux bornes des interrupteurs S1 et S2c lors de la conduction de S2 et S1c Fractionner la tension dentre
S1
+ Du O Dd S2 A
Duty cycle 1 2 1
Cellule 1: S1-S1c
iload R L
-1
Dure de conduction
T1
+ E S2c S1c
1 vAO [u.r.]
Cellule 2: S2-S2c
Dure de conduction
T2
VAO = E/2
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 F ripple = Fd F ripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
VAO = -E/2
VAO = 0
23 23
Le zro volt par les diodes: 2 cas possible Le zro volt par les diodes: 2 cas possible
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c E + S2c S1c S2 A iload O Dd Du S2 A iload
S2 A
iload
iload>0
S1 + -
iload<0
24 24
Structure = 2 cellules de base + Cells) Cellule 3L-NPC = 2 SC (Stacked diodes Structure 3L- cellules de base + 22diodes clamp Cellule 3L-NPC 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) clamp
Cellule 3L-NPC
E/2
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c S2 A iload
uAO
10*iload
E/2
Sr>0
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c S2 A
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c S2 A
Sr<0
iload
iload
Duty cycle 1
T1
-1
vAO [u.r.]
Dure de conduction
T2
Sd1
Sr
Sd2
26 26
Analyse FFT de la tension de sortie pour 3L-NPC Analyse FFT de la tension de sortie pour 3L-NPC
Spectre de la tension de sortie 2N:
uAO E/2 10*iload
Fs=50Hz Fd=1kHz
iload
Fs=50Hz Fd=1kHz
Imax =
E/2 E = 4 L Fd 8 L Fd
27 27
S1 + Du O Dd + E S2c S1c S2 A
-1 0 Duty cycle 1
VDC/2 Sr
0
Sd1 O P O
Sd2 N O
iload
Sr -VDC/2
vAO [u.r.]
0 0 S1 S1c Ts
Ts/2
Ts
S2
Switching State N O P
VDC/2
28 28
S2 A
iload
The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices: the the the the load is linear; load current is sinusoidal; current and voltage ripples are neglected; dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.
1 2
2 I sin(x ) f T1 (x ) dx =
I 2 M [( ) cos + sin ] 4
M 4 1 1 + cos + cos(2 ) 2 3 3
T1
1 2
2 I sin (x ) f T1 (x ) dx = I
)2
I swT1 = avg
1 2
2 I sin (x )dx =
I 2 (1 + cos()) 2
1 sin (2) + 2 2
IswT1 = rms
1 2
2I sin (x ) dx = I
)2
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-NPC converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
29 29
(Flying Capacitor)
Principe de la structure:
Cellule de base
2L
+ E
iload
Association srie directe Ajout dune source flottante intermdiaire Fractionner la tension dentre par combinaison
+
2L
+ E iload
+ E/2
iload
On ajoute simplement une source intermdiaire pour fixer le potentiel aux bornes des interrupteurs de la structure
Cellule de base
3L
30 30
Vs = E
S1 + E C1 + E/2 C2 S2
S1 S2 + E/2 S1 S2 + E/2
Vs = E/2
iload
iload
+ E
iload
+ E
S1c
S2c
S1c
S2c
S1c
S2c
S1
S2 + E/2
S1
S2 + E/2
+ E
iload
+ E
iload
S1c
S2c
S1c
S2c
Vs = 0 31 31
Vs = E/2
E/2 + + E/2 S1c S2c C1 S1 + E/2 C2 S2
Vs = 0
E/2 + + E/2 S1 + E/2 S2
iload
E/2 + + E/2
S1 + E/2
S2
iload
iload
S1c
S2c
S1c
S2c
E/2 +
S1 +
S2
iload
E/2 + + E/2
S1 + E/2
S2
iload
+ E/2 S1c
E/2
S2c
S1c
S2c
Vs = 0
Vs = -E/2
32 32
Solution Alstom:
33 33
+ E
+ E/2
iload
S1 + E C1 + E/2 C2
S2
iload
3~
S1c
S2c
34 34
Stratgie MLI
E/2
E/2 + O + E/2 S1c S2c C1 S1 + E/2 C2 A S2
Sd2 O2 P O1
Sd1 O2 P
E/2
Sd2
Sd1
iload
Sr 0
0 Sr O 4 N O3 Tsw/2 N O4 Tsw
-E/2 S1
Tsw/2
Tsw
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 F ripple = Fd/2 F ripple = Fd/2 V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
0 VAO (b)
E/2
I max =
E/2 E = 4 L 2 Fd 16 L Fd
35 35
S2 + E/2
+ E
iload
C2
iload
+ E
iload
C1
S1c
S1c S2c
S1c S2c
Control actif
S2c
Jajoute une filtre auxiliaire Je fait rien (-) quilibrage naturel LENT (-) Si pas de charge, pas dquilibrage (-) Si charge fortement inductive (machine) peu dharmonique Fd, donc quilibrage Trs Lent (+) ne ncessite rien dautre Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 (+) quilibrage naturel RAPIDE (+) Si pas de charge, quilibrage naturel quand mme (+) Si charge fortement inductive (machine), pas de problme (-) ncessite lajout dune filtre (par phase) Je mets en place un contrle actif (+) quilibrage contrle en boucle ferme RAPIDE (-) Si pas de charge, pas dquilibrage (-) La dynamique peut dpendre du niveau de courrant en sortie 36 36
S1 + E C1 + E/2 C2
S2
iload
Rf Lf Cf
Filtrage
Le facteur 4 sur londulation de courrant nous permet soit de diviser londulation par 4 ( mme inductance que le 2 niveaux) OU diviser linductance par 4 pour la mme ondulation
S1c
S2c
Condensateur Flottant
Tension E/2
C= Is 2 p Fd Vc max
Frquence de rsonance Fd
f =
1 L f C f
= 2 f d
Slectivit
z=
Rf 2
Cf Lf
< 0.1
37 37
2
0
2 1=3
2
0 1 -1 (c)
3 1
0
-1 (a)
vAO [u.r.]
-1 (b)
1 vAO [u.r.]
vAO [u.r.]
MLI 1 Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = Fd FFripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
MLI 2 Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = Fd FFripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
MLI 3 Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = Fd/2 FFripple = Fd/2 V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
MLI 1 MLI 2
I max =
E/2 E = 4 L Fd 8 L Fd
MLI 3
I max =
E/2 E = 4 L 2 Fd 16 L Fd
38 38
carrier H O+ P O+
carrier L N
Sr*
S2 A
iload R L
(a)
S2 S2c S3 0 0 S1 S1c
V* -E/2
O-
O-
Tsw/2
Tsw
Tsw/2
Tsw
0 VAO (b)
E/2
-1
(b)
vAO [u.r.]
(a)
Voltage levels: 0; E/2
39 39
E/2
uAO 10*iload
-E/2
Sr>0
S1 + S1c O S3 + E S3c S2c E S2 A iload R L + + S1c O S3 S3c S2c S1 S2 A iload R L
Sr<0
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = Fd FFripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
E S1 + S1c O S3 + S3c S2c S2 A iload R L E + S3 S3c S2c + S1c O S1 S2 A iload R L
uAO=E/2
uAO=0
uAO=0
uAO=-E/2 40 40
3L-ANPC: MLI 1
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-1 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz) Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 41 41
f T1 (x ) = M sin x, x [0, ]
I conT1 = avg 1 2
2 I sin(x ) f T1 (x ) dx =
I 2 M [( ) cos + sin ] 4
M 4 1 1 + cos + cos(2 ) 2 3 3
T1
I conT1 = rms
1 2
2 I sin (x ) f T1 (x ) dx = I
)2
IswT1 = rms
1 2
2I sin (x ) dx = I
)2
1 sin (2) + 2 2
1 I swT1 = avg 2
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-1 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
42 42
2
S2 A
2
0 1
iload R L
Sr<0
1=3
-1 vAO [u.r.]
Sr>0
S1
S1 + S1c
iload R L
S2 O E/2 A
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = Fd FFripple = Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
iload R L
S3 + E S3c S2c
43 43
Sr>0
E/2 Sr O+ P 0 Sd1 O+
Sr<0
0 Sd2 N OSr -E/2 O-
S1
Ts
Ts
E/2
0 VAO (b)
E/2
44 44
E/2
uAO 10*iload
-E/2
uAO=E/2
S1 + S1c O S3 + E S3c S2c A iload R L S2
uAO=0
S1 + S1c O S3 + E S3c S2c A iload R L
E + -
uAO=0
S2
+ S1c O S3 S3c S2c A iload R L
E + S3 S3c
uAO=-E/2
S1 + S1c O A iload R L S2c S2
S1
S2
45 45
3L-ANPC: MLI 2
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-2(VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz) Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 46 46
f T1 (x ) = M sin x, x [0, ]
I conT1 = avg 1 2
2 I sin(x ) f T1 (x ) dx =
I 2 M [( ) cos + sin ] 4
M 4 1 1 + cos + cos(2 ) 2 3 3
T1
I conT1 = rms
1 2
2 I sin (x ) f T1 (x ) dx = I
)2
IswT1 = rms
1 2
2I sin (x ) dx = I
)2
1 sin (2) + 2 2
1 I swT1 = avg 2
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-2 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
47 47
Duty cycle
2 1
Sr<0
-1 0
Sr>0
1
vAO [u.r.]
Properties: Properties: V ripple = E/2 V ripple = E/2 ripple = 2Fd FFripple = 2Fd V max IGBT = E/2 V max IGBT = E/2
48 48
Sr>0
E/2 Sr O1+ Sd1 P O2+ Sd2 P O1+
Sr<0
E/2 Sd1 Sd2
0 Sr
O 1N
O 2N
O 1-
49 49
MLI 3: Spectre de la tension de sortie Spectre de la tension de sortie 2N: Fs=50Hz Fd=1kHz
E/2 uAO 10*iload
50 50
3L-ANPC: MLI 3
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-3 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=500Hz) Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 51 51
f T1 (x ) = M sin x, x [0, ]
I conT1 = avg 1 2
2 I sin(x ) f T1 (x ) dx =
I 2 M [( ) cos + sin ] 4
M 4 1 1 + cos + cos(2 ) 2 3 3
T1
I conT1 = rms
1 2
2 I sin (x ) f T1 (x ) dx = I
)2
IswT1 = rms
1 2
2I sin (x ) dx = I
)2
1 sin (2) + 2 2
1 I swT1 = avg 2
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-3 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=500Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
52 52
MLI 2
Output Voltage (vA0) -VDC/2 0 VDC/2 Switching State N O O+ P
-
Fin Chapitre 4
MLI 3
The three PWM strategies differ by the type and by the number of zero switching states. The zero switching states can be used to distribute losses more evenly among the semiconductors. The intention is not to save total converter losses, but to distribute them equally. The commutations to or from the zero states determine the distribution of the switching losses. All commutations take place between one active switch and one diode. Even if more than two devices turn on or off, only one active switch and one diode experience essential switching losses. The distribution of conduction losses during the zero states can be controlled by the selection of the upper or lower ANPC path. The conduction losses in the states P and N cannot be influenced.
Output Voltage (vA0) -VDC/2 Switching State N O10 O2O1+ O2+ VDC/2 P Switch Sequence S1 0 0 0 0 1 1 S1c 1 0 1 1 0 0 S2 0 0 1 1 0 1 S2c 1 1 0 0 1 0 S3 0 1 0 0 1 1 S3c 1 0 1 0 0 0
53 53
3L-SC (1980)
VDC
+ + O A
iload
+ -
iload O A
VDC
iload
+ -
3L-FC (1991)
+ VDC
5L-ANPC Commutation Cell (Barbosa, 2005) 5L-ANPC Commutation Cell (Barbosa, 2005)
+ -
ANPC-3L (2001)
Fig. 13
VDC
iload O + A
+ -
iload
iload O + A
FC-3L (1992)
Fig. 14
+ VDC
VDC
Fig. 15
VDC/2 V* P1
carrier 2 P1 P2
carrier 1 P1 P2
VDC/4
VDC/4
O
+
V* P 1 0 S1 0
O P1 Tsw/2
P1 Tsw
R L
Fig. 16
S3c, 4c VAO
0 (a)
VDC/4
Fig. 17
(b)
56 56
carrier 4
carrier 3
N1 O-
N1 O-
N1
-VDC/4 V*
N2 N1 0 N1 Tsw/2
N2 N1 Tsw
VDC/4
-VDC/4
VAO (c)
VAO
VDC/4
Fig. 18
(d)
57 57
VDC=800V, ss=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9 VDC=800V, FF=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
58 58
S1 + Du O Dd + VDC S3c
Duty cycle
1
Duty cycle
2 1
0 1
3
0.5 -1 0
2 1 vAO [u.r.]
1
vAO [u.r.]
(a) PWM1
(b) PWM2 59 59
carrier H O+
P
0
O+
N
carrier L
+ -
S1 Du O Dd
iload<0
iload>0
S2 A S1c S3 S2c
V
Tsw
O-
O-
O + -
Tsw/2
-VDC/2
Tsw/2
Tsw
VDC
O state
S1 + Du O Dd S2 A S3
(a)
S3c
P state
S1 + Du O Dd S1c S3 S2 A iload>0
S1c
S3c
iload<0 S 2c
iload>0
N state
(b)
O- state
60 60
S1 Du S2
0 V* O1
O2 N
O1 N
iload>0 A S3 S2c
O + -
Dd
Tsw/2
Tsw
Tsw/2
Tsw
VDC
O1 state
(a)
O2 state
S1 iload>0 S2 A
S1 + Du O + Dd S2 iload>0 A S3 + VDC + -
Du O Dd S1c
S1c
S3
VDC/2
VDC/2 (b)
Voltage levels: -VDC/2; 0
VDC
S3c
iload<0 S 2c
O1- state
(b)
S3c
iload<0 S 2c
O2- state
(a)
61 61
3L-SNPC Structure
S1 + Du O Dd S1c S2
3L-SNPC
A iload S3 S2c R L
RL Load
R=16.7 L=6mH
+ VDC S3c
FPGA Card
Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008 Cours SOCS D. Floricau 2008
62 62
FIN
63 63