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Causal Research Design Classification

Causal research uses experimental design to determine "if-then" relationships and make claims about causality, unlike other non-experimental designs that can only find associations. There are three key conditions for determining causality: covariation between variables, proper time ordering, and ruling out other possible causes. Experimental designs involve manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous variables. Common experimental designs include pre-experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, and statistical designs that allow for statistical analysis and control of external factors. Limitations of experiments include time/cost requirements and difficulty administering experiments without interference.

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438 views13 pages

Causal Research Design Classification

Causal research uses experimental design to determine "if-then" relationships and make claims about causality, unlike other non-experimental designs that can only find associations. There are three key conditions for determining causality: covariation between variables, proper time ordering, and ruling out other possible causes. Experimental designs involve manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous variables. Common experimental designs include pre-experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, and statistical designs that allow for statistical analysis and control of external factors. Limitations of experiments include time/cost requirements and difficulty administering experiments without interference.

Uploaded by

rahulmitta
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Research Design Causal Research

PHASE II: Design the research

Marketing Research Stp 3: Select the research design

Research design Research method

Exploratory

Descriptive

Causal

Qualitative

Quantitative

Quantitative

Research technique

Focus groups Depth interviews Projective techniques

Surveys Observation

Experimental; field vs. lab

CAUSAL RESEARCH
Essentially used to determine if-then relationships and make inductions This is distinct from associations Because of the use of experimental design, causal research is the only design that can make inferences on causality

CAUSAL RESEARCH
Which of the following situations requires causal research and which is testing associations? To determine whether advertising increased awareness How are advertising and awareness related?

Conditions for Causality


X and Y must co-vary.

The time order of occurrence condition

The absence of other possible causal factors

Variables Used in Experimental Designs


Type of Variable Independent variable Comments Also called predictor or treatment variable (X). Manipulated by the researcher Assumed to be the causal factor.

Dependent variable

Also called criterion variable (Y). The measured outcome or effect change on specified test subjects that is derived from manipulating the independent variable(s).

Variables Used in Experimental Designs

Type of Variable

Comments

Extraneous variables

Uncontrollable variables can have a confounding impact on the dependent variable

A Classification of Experimental Designs

Experimental Designs

Pre-experimental One-Shot Case Study One Group Pretest-Posttest Static Group

True Experimental Pretest-Posttest Control Group Posttest: Only Control Group

Quasi Experimental Time Series Multiple Time Series

Statistical Randomized Blocks Latin Square Factorial Design

A Classification of Experimental Designs Pre-experimental designs


do not employ randomization procedures to control for extraneous factors:

One shot case study: X 01 One group pre-test post-test design: Static group: EG: X CG: 02 01 X 02

01

A Classification of Experimental Designs In true experimental designs


randomly assign test units to experimental groups and treatments to experimental groups:
Pretest-posttest control group design: X 02 EG: R 01 CG: R 03 04 Posttest-only control group design: EG : R X 01 CG : R 02

A Classification of Experimental Designs


Quasi-experimental designs
when the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments to test units but can still apply part of the apparatus of true experimentation:

Time series: 01 02 03 04 05

X 06 07 08 09 010

Multiple time series: EG : 01 02 03 04 05 CG : 01 02 03 04 05

X 06 07 08 09 010 06 07 08 09 010

A Classification of Experimental Designs

A statistical design is a series of basic experiments that allows for statistical control and analysis of external variables:
E.g., randomized block design, Latin square design, and factorial designs.

Limitations of Experimentation
Time consuming Expensive Difficult to administer Competitor interference.

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