WELCOME

TO

RIGGING & LIFTING

Safety Awareness Course

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 Lifting Equipment
A. Lifting Appliances
Any mechanical device capable of raising or lowering a load.
Cranes, Fork lifts, Lifts, Suspended cradles, Powered hoists, Manual Hoists, Beam
trolleys, etc.

B. Lifting Gear
Any device whatsoever which is used or designed to connect a load to a lifting
appliances which does not form part of the load.
Wire rope slings, chain slings, hooks and fittings, swivels, shackles, eye bolts, etc.

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LIFTING GEARS

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 Working Load Limit (WLL)
The maximum load which an item of lifting equipment is designed to
raise, lower or suspend. The WLL does not account for particular
service conditions which may affect the final rating of the equipment.

The WLL as determined by the manufacturer must NEVER be

purposely exceeded.

Safe Working Load (SWL)

The maximum load (as certified by a competent person) which an item
of lifting equipment may raise, lower or suspend under particular
service conditions, eg. The SWL can be Lower than the WLL
The SWL as determined by the competent person must NEVER be
purposely exceeded.
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Colour Code

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 General Safety Requirements

 Always wear protective clothing.

 Always wear gloves when slinging and change them when they
are damaged or worn out.
 A lot of material you will be handling will either be rough or sharp.
Always watch for these hazards.
 Never exceed the SWL of item of lifting tackle.

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 SLINGS

WEB SLING CHAIN SLING WIRE ROPE

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 WEB SLINGS
Made Of Nylon, Polyester or Polypropylene

 The width and softness mean less tendency to crush

fragile objects, to mark or scratch finely machined,
highly polished or painted surfaces.
 The flexibility helps to mould themselves to the
shape of the load.
 They are not affected by moisture and certain
chemicals.
 They are non-sparking and can be used safely in
explosive atmospheres.
 They minimise twisting and spinning during lifting.
 Inspect visually before use. Check for colour coding.

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 CHAIN SLINGS
 Inspect the chain before use.
 Never use a chain in which the links are locked, stretched, or are
without free movement.
 Never hammer a chain or hook into position.
 Never use an excessively pitted, corroded or worn sling.
 Do not carry a load on the point of the hook or insert the point into a
chain link.
 Do not drag a sling from beneath a load.
 Do not allow loads to fall on to a sling.
 Do not cross, twist, kink or knot a sling.
 Do not drag a sling along the ground.
 Do not use a sling over sharp corners without protective padding.
 Do not insert bolts or spikes to shorten slings.
 Avoid sudden jerks when lifting, take up the slack then apply the load
slowly.

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 WIRE ROPE SLINGS

 Mechanical Damage.
 Wire Fracture.
 Core break-up.
 Core Protrusion.
 Wear and deformation at parts badly kinked.
 Broken outer and inner wires at ferrule.
 Splits in ferrule.
 Neck breaks - Broken strands and wires at neck shank.
 Kinking.
 Inspect visually before use. Check for colour coding.

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 Wire Rope
• The rope must possess sufficient
strength to take maximum load.
• The rope must withstand repeated Strand
Wire
bending without failure of the wires
from fatigue.
• The rope must resist abrasion and Core
corrosion.
• The rope must withstand distortion
and crushing.
• The rope must resist rotation.
Wire rope

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Typical Example of Wire Rope Deterioration

Substantial wear severe internal

corrosion

Mechanical damage due to rope

movement over sharp edge
protection whilst under load.

Localised wear due to abrasion on

supporting structure.

Severe corrosion.

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Typical Example of Wire Rope Deterioration

Internal corrosion whilst external surface

shows little evidence of deterioration.

Break up of IWRC resulting from high

stress application.

Looped wires as a result of torsional

imbalance and/ or shock loading

Protrusion of rope centre resulting from

build up of turn.

Multistrand rope bird caged due to

torsional imbalance.

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 Safety Factor and Safe Working Load

Why do we need a safety factors when using wire ropes?

1. Inaccuracies in load weight
Many load weights given to operators and riggers are merely estimates.

2.Shock loading
Shock loading is a fact of life and this can exert forces on a cable far greater
than the actual load being lifted.

3.Wear
Reduced capacity of the sling due to wear.
4.Bending
Reduced strength due to bending over sheaves, around a corner etc.
End fittings and attachments are not as strong as the cable itself.

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 S.W.L = Catalogue Breaking Strength
Safety Factor

Safe working load is the maximum

load that can be placed on a cable. It
must never be exceeded.

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 o
30
o
6 TON 60 6TON
Sling Angles 1 TON 1TON
o
90
0.7T 0.7T
o
120

0.58 Ton o
0.58 Ton
170
0.52T
0.52Ton

1 Ton Load
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 Lifting Accidents
Caused By :  Misuse
 Abuse
 Neglect
Unsafe Working and Accidents
By Operator or Supervisor
Results from:-
 Lacking of training or Knowledge.

 Poor maintenance.

 Correct plant or equipment not being available.

 Misuse of plant or equipment.

 Hurry to get the job done.

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 Safe Systems of Work
Effectively Communicated:
 Planning and suitable cranes.
 Maintenance and testing of equipment.
 Supervision of work.
 Test certificates and documents.
 Prevention of unauthorised use.
 Safety of all persons.

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 Stability
A Crane Must have a stable and level Base
Ground Must be able to Carry:
 Severe static and dynamic loads.
 Weight of the crane weight of the load.
 Wind stresses.
 Shock loading.

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 Control of Lifting Operations
Duties of Appointed Person

 Assess the work to be done.

 Ensure all tests, inspections, examinations and
maintenance have been carried out.
 Have the authority to carry out duties and to stop the
operation if there is, likely to be danger.

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 Loads

Must be:
 Correctly slung.
 Made secure.
 Clear of obstacles.
 Palletised loads netted.
 Loose materials lifted in a container.

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Duties of a Rigger / Crane Signalman

Responsible for:
 Attaching and detaching load.
 The use of correct lifting gear.
 Initiating and directing safe movement of Crane.
 Remain in full view of the crane operator.
 Keep the load and equipment in full view.
 Stay safely out of range of the load.
 Keep in constant communication with the crane operator.
 Direct the load so it never passes over anyone.
 Stop operations if unauthorised persons enter the crane’s operating
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Crane Signals

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 TWELVE STEPS THAT LEAD TO AN ACCIDENT
 Operating equipment without proper training and authorisation.
 No securing equipment or work space against unexpected movement,
as in shoring up a trench.
 Operating equipment at any speed, without regard recommendations.
 Not signalling or warning your co-workers of heavy equipment
movement or other potentially dangerous situations.
 Disconnecting hazard lights and audible warning devices.
 Using tools and equipment even if you know they’ re not working
properly.
 Ignoring safety assessment procedures, especially checklist.
 Avoiding or delaying calibration, repair, adjustment, or any scheduled
services on your tools and equipment.
 Hitching a ride on heavy moving equipment.
 Ignoring body position recommendations appropriate for the task.
 Initiating horseplay on the job site.
 Not wearing PPE HSE
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 Lifting
Operation

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 Definitions
• Crane – Consists of a rotating structure for lifting and
lowering horizontally on rubber tires or crawler treads
• Hoist - Used to lift and lower load.
• Boom – An inclined spar, strut, or other long member
supporting the hoisting tackle
• Boom stops – A device used to limit the angle of the boom at
its highest position
• Brake – To slow or stop motion by friction or power
• Block – Sheaves or grooved pulleys in a frame with hook, eye
and strap
• Jib – Extension attached to the boom point to provide added
boom length for lifting specified loads.

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Types of Cranes
• Mobile
• Hydraulic
• Overhead
• Gantry
• Tower

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 Lifting Operation
Planning Before Start-Up
• Level the crane and ensure support surface is firm and able to
support the load
• Contact power line owners and determine precautions. Know the
location and voltage of overhead power lines.
• Know the basic crane capacities, limitations, and job site
restrictions, such as the location of power lines, unstable soil, or
high winds.
• Make other personnel aware of hoisting activities.
• Barricade areas within swing radius.
• Ensure proper maintenance and inspections.
• Determine safe areas to store materials and place machinery.
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 What to Inspect
• Correct air pressure and no leaks
• Tires properly inflated
• Clearance for tail swing
• Wire rope wear
• Physical damage to crane
• Loose or missing hardware, nuts, or
bolts
• Fluid leaks
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 Sheaves

The grooves must be smooth and free from surface

defects which could cause rope damage
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Worn Part

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Remove From Service

Crushed Rope

Broken Strands

Immediately remove damaged or

defective slings from service
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 Crane Hazards
• Improper load • Working too close to
rating power lines
• Excessive speeds • Improper exhaust
• No hand signals system
• Inadequate • Shattered windows
inspection and
maintenance • No steps/guardrails
• Unguarded parts walkways
• Unguarded swing • No boom angle
radius indicator
• Not using outriggers

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 Competent Person
The competent person must
inspect all machinery and
equipment prior to each
use, and during use, to
make sure it is in safe
operating condition.

If it needs fixing, take it out

of service and don’t use it Broken
until it is fixed
Track

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 Load Capacity - Speed - Warnings
• Make sure the crane
operator can see the:
– Rated Load
Capacities
– Operating Speeds
– Special Hazard
Warning or Instruction
Load Rating Chart
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 Know the Weight of the Load
• Refer to shipping ticket or other
documentation
• Ensure lift calculations are correct
• Ensure load is within load chart rating for
boom length and load radius of crane
• Crane is rated by the maximum weight it will
lift at a minimum radius and minimum boom
length – the further from its centerpoint, the
less it will lift
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 Load Limiting Factors
• Not level
• Wind
• Side loads
• On its wheels
• Lifting over the side
• Use of extensions, jibs and other
attachments
• Limits of wire rope, slings and lifting
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Mobile Cranes – Lifting Principles
• Center of Gravity
• Leverage
• Stability
• Structural Integrity

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 Lifting Operation
General Guidelines: Place pads or mats under the
outriggers when setting crane on
Stand clear of all suspended unstable or heavily saturated
loads. ground.
Inspect each rigging device before Consider the weather conditions
use. (wind speed and direction) before
Never exceed the rated capacity hoisting loads.
of rigging. Be aware of where you place your
Tag lines must accompany loads hands, fingers, or body when
that you can’t maintain contact receiving a load.
with during lift. Never place your body between
load and fixed object.

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SAFETY PROCEDURES:
Set up a crane barricade around the lifting area in order to keep unauthorized
personnel away from the hazards.
Always use taglines - rope not metal or cable extension.
Keeping control of the load at all times is essential.
Never stand under a load
– do not come into the “Barricaded area”.
Do not lift materials in high wind or severe weather.
Make sure the rigger is trained and certified.

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 Improper Load

Improper loads or speeds can result

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Improper Load

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 The End

Questions?

Thank you and Stay Safe!

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