C19 Practical Electricity

Learning objectives

(a) Heating effect of electricity

By Conservation Of Energy

• Electrical energy à Thermal energy (kettles, ovens and heaters)

• Electrical energy àThermal energy of filament à light (filament glows)

(b) Calculating amount of electrical energy used

Recall: V= I=

Combine the equations W=

Substitute V = IR

Substitute I = V/R

Power = Rate at which work is done (amount of electrical energy used per second)

Unit: J/s or Watt (W)

P= P= P=

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Joule and kilowatt-hour

Calculate the amount of work done (in Joules) by a 1000 W appliance in 1.0 hour

W = P ´ t = 1000 W ´ 1 hour ´ 60 min ´ 60 s = 3600000 J

A simpler unit, the kilowatt-hour is used to replace Joules

W = P ´ t = 1.0 kW ´ 1.0 hour = 1.0 kWh

Therefore 1.0 kWh is equivalent to 3600000 J

Question 1

A 1.5 kW electrical heater is used to heat a large container of water for 2.0 hours. Calculate the amount of
electrical energy used by the heater in (a) J, (b) kWh.

(c) Cost of electricity = Energy (kWh) x unit cost

Question 2

If Singapore Power charges 26 cents for each kWh of electrical energy used, calculate the total cost of using
a 3.0 kW electrical kettle for 20 minutes and a 100 W filament bulb for 5.0 hours.

Question 3

(a) A 240 V mains power supply delivers a current of 9.0 A through an air-conditioner. Find the power
supplied in watts.

(b) An air-conditioner is used for 1.5 hours each day. Using the answer in (a), given that the electricity tariff
is $0.26 per kWh, calculate the cost of using the air-conditioner in a month (30 days).

Question 4

An electric iron with a heating element of resistance 60 Ω is connected to the 240 V mains. Calculate

(a) the electrical power produced in the heating element, and

(b) the amount of electrical energy consumed when operating the iron for 20 minutes.

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Question 5

A filament lamp, rated as 60 W, 240 V, is connected to a 240 V power supply. Find

(a) the current flowing through the lamp,

(b) the resistance of the filament, and

(c) the energy produced by the lamp when it is switched on for 8 hours.

(d) Dangers of electricity

(1) Damaged insulation
a. Insulating materials become __________ with time and use.
b. Bending and twisting of electrical cables may cause the electrical insulation to crack and break,
thus __________ the conducting wires inside.
c. An __________ live wire can cause severe electric shock (high current and voltage) to the user
when touched, leading to serious injuries or even death.
(2) Overheating of cables
v ______________ of cables occurs when an unusually _________ current flows through the
conducting wires.
v A ___________wire has a higher resistance compared to a thick wire. Therefore, it will produce
more __________________ that will damage the insulation and may cause a fire.

(3) Damp conditions

d. For example, if a hair dryer connected to the main power falls into a bathtub while a person is
bathing, the person may get electrocuted as water is an electrical conductor.
e. The water provides a __________________________ for a large current to flow.

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Household wiring

Electrical supply to households (240 V ac 50 Hz)

(e) Safety features

(1) Consumer unit circuit breakers

These are safety devices that can ________________ the electrical supply when there is ____________
current in the circuit.

v Two circuit breakers that can be found near the front door of a house:
(a) The Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
(b) The Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB – no longer in use) or the Residual Current Detector (RCD)

v The MCB prevents excessive current flow through the circuit by tripping or breaking it.
v The RCD detects small current leakages from the live wire to the earth wire. When this happens, the
current in the live wire will be greater than the neutral wire, causing the RCD to ‘trip’.

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(2) Fuses
v A fuse is a safety device included in an electrical circuit to prevent excessive current flow.
v It consists of a short thin piece of wire, which becomes hot and melts when the current flowing
through it is greater than its rated value.
v Fuses should have a current rating just slightly higher than the current an electrical appliance will
use. For example a 5 A fuse is used for a lighting circuit that uses 4 A.
v A fuse should be connected to the live wire so that the appliance will not remain live after the
fuse has melted due to a current surge.
v Before you change a fuse, always switch off the mains power supply.

Symbol for a fuse

Question 6
A hot water heater is rated 2880 W, 240 V. Calculate the operating current and suggest a suitable rating for
a fuse to protect the heater from overheating.

(f) Earthing

v The earth wire (green and yellow) is a low-resistance wire and is usually connected to the
metal casing of the appliance.
v Earthing prevents users from getting an electric shock if the live wire is not properly connected and
touches the metal casing of the appliance.

(g) Double insulation

v This is a safety feature in an electrical appliance that can replace the earth wire.
v Devices that have double insulation normally use a 2-pin plug as only live and neutral wires are
required.
v The inner layer (functional insulation) is made of a material that is both an electrical and thermal
insulator.
v The outer layer (protective insulation) normally forms part of the case of the appliance.

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h. Live, Neutral and Earth wires

Under normal operating conditions, the voltage of each of the wires is as follows:

Live wire – ____________________

Neutral wire – _________________

Earth wire – __________________

i. 3 pin plug

• A fused plug is used to connect appliances to the mains supply via the power socket.

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 • Inside the plug, there is a cartridge fuse that blows and breaks the circuit when excessive current
flows in the appliance.
• Potential of live wire is always high (240 V).
• Potential of neutral wire is always zero (grounded).
• Current through live and neutral wire is always the same when appliance is working normally.
• The Earth wire connects the metal casing of the appliance to the ground. It protects the user from
an electric shock when there is a short circuit.
• You will need to remember the colours and names of the 3 wires.

j. Position of switches, fuses and circuit breakers – always wired into the live conductor.

L L

N
N

A fault in the appliance leads to a short circuit causing the current to increase. This melts the fuse and opens
the circuit and the appliance stops working. (in the case of a circuit breaker, it trips and opens the circuit)

What will happen, however, if the fuse or circuit breaker is connected to the neutral wire?

If the fuse is in the neutral wire, the current stops if there is a fault in the appliance. But the appliance is still
connected to the live wire so if you are to touch the appliance now, current will flow through your body
instead. You will get an electric shock which could be fatal. The fuse must be in the live wire so that it
isolates the appliance from the high voltage mains in the event of a fault.

Position of the switch in a circuit

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Question 7

An electrical safety expert is inspecting a laundry. The main workroom has a very hot and damp atmosphere.
The expert recommends that normal domestic light switches, as shown in the Fig are replaced.

(a) Explain why this recommendation is made.

(b) Suggest how the lights should be switched on and off.

Question 8

An electric fire operating from the 240 V mains is connected to a 3-pin socket by a 3-pin plug containing a
fuse. The fire (which has a metal case and a reflector) has two heating elements; one rated 1.0 kW and the
other 1.5 kW, and also a 25 W lamp. The lamp is connected so that it lights when the appliance is plugged
in. There are two switches, A and B on the fire. Neither element heats up unless switch A is on. When switch
B is off, only the 1.0 kW element heats up; when switch B is on, both elements heat up.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the connections in the fused plug, and to the heating elements and
lamp. Mark clearly the positions of the two switches A and B.

(b) Calculate the current when only the lamp is on,

(c) Determine the maximum power of the appliance;

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(d) Calculate the energy (in kWh) consumed when the 1.0 kW element and lamp are in used for 8.0 hours.

(e) Describe how a ‘short circuit’ may arise in the electric circuit and how, if a ‘short circuit’ occurs, the fuse
in the plug prevents the continued flow of current.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 9

The diagram below shows the live, neutral and earth wires of a household electricity supply. Also shown is
an electric kettle.

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the kettle should be connected to the supply. Include a
switch and a fuse in your drawing.

(b) Explain why the Earth pin of a three-pin plug is longer than the other two pins.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(c) If the live or neutral wire touches the casing, the kettle stops working. Explain if this statement is
correct.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(d) Non-renewable and renewable energy sources

(h) Renewable resource – able to be replaced at a sustainable rate (wind, solar heating, biomass,
geothermal, wave power, photovoltaic)
(i) Non renewable – cannot be replaced at a sustainable rate (nuclear, fossil fuel)

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Solar energy in Singapore

This solar irradiance map shows the amount of solar power across the island which is affected by amount of
sunlight, cloud movement and shade (PV = photovoltaic)

Hydroelectric Power Plant

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Energy source Efficiency Cost per kWh Environmental impact

Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming

Relatively low
Natural gas stations ~ 45% Chemical pollution during mining and burning (acid rain)
Fuel is relatively cheap
Fossil fuel Higher in co-gen stations Extraction/mining can damage the environment and be
Established technologies – power hazardous to health
stations, transport and storage systems Leakage from oil tankers or oil pipelines can cause
considerable harm to the environment

Dangerous and long-lasting radioactive waste products

Overall efficiency not very high
due to costs involved
Nuclear energy Cost of cleaning up is massive No greenhouse gases emitted during normal operation

High cost of PV cells and maintenance

Does not produce greenhouse gases
Solar energy Dependent on amount of PV cells have a lifespan of 20 years
Large areas needed for solar power stations
sunlight, cloud cover, shade Requires back up energy supply

Dependent on amount of wind Does not produce greenhouse gases

Wind energy Requires back up energy supply
Requires large land area which may affect ecosystems

Environment will be affected and the natural habitat of plants

and animals may be destroyed

Hydroelectric Cost of transportation due to remote If dam bursts it can cause considerable damage
Relatively high efficiency
generation locations of HEP stations
Does not produce greenhouse gases

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 Chapter 20
Notes
Magnetism
_____

Laws of magnetism
Magnets attract magnetic materials
 Magnetic materials are materials that can be attracted to a magnet
 Non-magnetic materials are materials that cannot be attracted to a
magnet
 Magnets have two poles
 Magnetic effects are strongest at the poles
 A freely suspended magnet comes to rest in the north-south direction
 The end of the bar magnet that points to the North Pole of the Earth is
called the north-seeking pole / north pole / N pole
 The end of the bar magnet that points to the South Pole of the Earth is
called the south-seeking pole / south pole / S pole
 This property allows magnetics to be used as compasses
 Like poles repel, unlike poles attract [Law of magnetic poles]
 South pole of one magnet will attract north pole of another magnet
 North pole of one magnet will repel north pole of another magnet
 Chapter 21 Electromagnetism

(a) Magnetic field patterns due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids

Recall: Use the right hand grip rule to determine direction of magnetic field/magnetic poles on a solenoid

Magnetic field due to currents in straight wire Magnetic field due to current in solenoid

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 Effect of reversing direction of current and increasing current strength

Top View of currents

Strength of a magnetic field around a current carrying wire depends on:

 The strength of the current and the distance from the wire.

 Take note that the spacing between consecutive circles increases, this shows that the
magnetic weakens as distance increases
Magnetic field of a solenoid and a single loop

Magnetic field around a solenoid Magnetic field around a single loop

Determine the direction of the magnetic field inside outside each of the following diagrams. Use a ‘dot’ or
‘cross’ to represent the direction of the field.

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Draw the magnetic field pattern around and inside the solenoids.

(b) Describe how the circuit breaker works

(c) Describe experiments that shows force on (i) current carrying conductor in a magnetic field (ii)
moving charged particles in a magnetic field (Motor Effect)

(i) Current carrying conductor

 A force is exerted on a current carrying conductor when it is placed perpendicular to a

magnetic field.
 The magnetic field set up by the current in the wire interacts with the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet, causing a force to be exerted on the wire.

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 (ii) Force on a beam of charged particles in a magnetic field (replace current carrying conductor with
a moving charged particle)

(d) Deducing direction of force, current and magnetic field – use Fleming’s Left Hand rule

Fleming’s left hand rule shows that

when a current (second finger) is
perpendicular to the magnetic field it is
placed in (first finger), a force is
exerted on the current carrying
conductor (thumb)

Predict the direction of the force acting

on each charge moving through the
magnetic fields as shown.

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Using a catapult field to illustrate the motor effect

The closely packed magnetic field lines below the wire in Fig 3 indicates that the magnetic field in that
region is stronger. Therefore, a net upward force will be exerted on the wire

Question 1

(a) A wire is wound around a soft-iron core forming a solenoid, as shown in the figure.

There is a gap in the core. The solenoid is connected in series with a 12 V battery and a variable resistor.
The resistance of the solenoid is 0.30  and the variable resistor is set so that it has a resistance of 4.5 .

(i) Calculate the current in the solenoid.

(ii) The current in the solenoid magnetises the soft-iron core. Explain how the electric circuit is used
to increase the strength of the magnetic field.

(iii) The figure below shows a horizontal, current-carrying wire PQ in the gap.

1. The magnetic field in the gap is uniform and vertically upwards. The current in PQ is from left to
right. Describe the effect of the magnetic field on PQ.

2. State the effect on PQ of increasing the strength of the magnetic field in the gap.

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(b) The starter motor in a car is powered by a 12 V battery that is positioned next to the motor. The current
in the motor is 75 A.
(i) Calculate the power supplied by the battery.

(ii) Suggest and explain why the wires that connect the motor to the battery are very thick.

Question 2

The figure shows the coil of a loudspeaker attached to a cardboard cone. One pole of a stationary cylindrical
magnet lies near to the coil.

There is an alternating current in the coil of the loudspeaker. A student hears the note produced.

(a) (i) Explain why the cone of the loudspeaker vibrates.

(ii) Explain how the vibrating cone produces sound waves in the air.

(b) A stronger cylindrical magnet is now used. State the difference in the note heard.

Motor effect and Loudspeaker

Current through coil produces a changing magnetic

field

This magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of

the permanent magnet causing a force to act on the
cone

As the alternating current in the coil changes direction

and magnitude, the speaker cone moves back and
forth

The loudness of the sound depends on the current

The pitch of the sound depends on the frequency of the

alternating current

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(e) Force exerted on parallel current carrying conductors

Magnetic field of one conductor interacts with the magnetic field of the other conductor, causing a force to
be exerted on both conductors (Newton’s third law)

The direction of the force between parallel current-carrying conductors is:

 Repulsive if the currents are in opposite directions

 Attractive if the currents are in the same direction

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(f) Force on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field

To increase the turning effect

 Increase number of turns on the coil

 Increase the magnitude of the current
 Increase the strength of the permanent magnet

(g) Electric motor (D.C. motor)

A force acts on both sides of the coil but in

opposite directions because the current is in
opposite directions. These two forces produce a
turning effect which turns the coil anticlockwise.
The centre of the coil is connected to an axle
which can be used to do work e.g. spin the
blades of a fan.

Motors change electrical energy into mechanical energy (kinetic or potential).

They consist of magnets fixed to the casing of the motor (stator) so they remain stationary and a rotating
armature on which the coils of wire are wound.

When a current flows through the coils, the interaction between the magnetic field due to the current and
the fixed magnet causes the armature to rotate. (Fleming’s left hand rule)

(a) Which way does the coil rotate as seen

from X?
(b) Identify the parts A to F.

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(h) Action of a split ring commutator

A split ring commutator acts as a switching

device to change the direction of the current
in the coil every half rotation so that the
direction of the moment remains constant.

Current flows in the direction ABCD Commutator and coil rotates by 90°
Upward force acts on D No current flows into coil due to split in commutator

Commutator and coil continue moving due to Current flows in the direction DCBA
inertia Downward force acts on D.
Current reverses direction and flows in the direction Direction of moment remains as anticlockwise
DCBA throughout
Downward force acts on D

The turning effect can be increased by increasing number of turns on the coil, placing a soft iron core in
the centre of the coil, increasing current and using stronger magnets (e.g. electromagnet)

Winding the coils on a soft iron cylinder

transfers the magnetic field more
efficiently from the permanent magnet
to the coils than an air core.

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Extension:

(Recall: Moment = Force × perpendicular distance)

Magnetic force = BIl (B = magnetic field strength, I = current, l = length of coil perpendicular to magnetic field)

Formula can be simplified to Moment = nBIA (n = number of turns, A = area of coil)

Question 3

The figure shows several stages in the rotation of the coil in a simple motor.

(a) Describe how the moment on the coil changes as it rotates from position A to D.

(b) Sketch a graph to represent the change in moment.

(c) At which point in the rotation of the coil must the current flowing through it change direction? Explain
your answer.

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 Parts Function
Stator Stationary part of motor comprising electromagnets/permanent magnet
Protective covering used to house whole motor
Field winding Copper wire wound on stator used to produce magnetic field if permanent magnets
are not used
Armature core Attached to rotor (rotating part of motor)
(soft iron core) Made of iron and is used to concentrate the magnetic field to increase the turning
effect
Armature winding Copper wire wound on the rotor on which a force is exerted when current flows
Provides the turning effect by converting electrical energy to kinetic energy
Connected to the axle from which useful work is extracted (e.g. spinning a turbine or
fan blades)
Commutator Reverses direction of current flow every half revolution of the rotor
Brush Made of graphite or carbon
Makes sliding contact with commutator
Supplies current from external circuit to commutator to armature winding.

Question 4

The figure shows a type of motor. PQ and RS are solenoids. The solenoids and the coil ABCD are connected
in parallel to a battery.

a) Explain briefly how the motor works.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

b) State
(i) the polarity at end Q of the solenoid PQ;
(ii) the direction of current in the coil;
(iii) the direction of rotation of the coil as seen by the observer.

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c) Name the component E and explain its function.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

d) The motor can be modified and converted into a simple ammeter to allow it to measure the current
passing through. Suggest and explain briefly how this can be done.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

e) A student says that if the battery is replaced by a 50 Hz a.c supply, the coil will only oscillate to and
fro hence the motor will not function properly. Explain why the student is incorrect.
________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Properties of magnets
Induced magnetism
 Magnetic induction is the process whereby an object made of a
magnetic material becomes a magnet when it is near or in contact with
a magnet.
 Magnetic induction can occur with or without physical contact.
 When a paper clip is brought near a permanent magnet, it is attracted
to the magnet → paper clip becomes an induced magnet
 This induced magnet is able to attract other paper clips

Theory of Magnetism
 A bar magnet is made up of many ‘tiny magnets’ or magnetic
domains.

Magnetic Domains
 Magnets are made of atoms. Physicists believe that the orbiting motion
of electrons around the nucleus of an atom makes the atom an atomic
magnet.
 A magnetic domain consists of a group of atomic magnets pointing in
the same direction.

What happens during magnetisation

 In an unmagnetised material, the magnetic domains are randomly
aligned.
 During magnetisation, the magnetic domains become aligned.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

1. The magnetic domains in an

unmagnetised bar point in random
directions

2. There is no net magnetisation

because the domains cancel
one another out.

3. Magnetisation: magnetism is
induced by aligning the domains.

4. The magnetic domains point

in the same direction, producing a
net magnetisation.

5. Each arrow is arranged

directly behind the arrow in front of
it. Therefore, the N poles are
cancelled out by the adjacent S
poles.

6. The atomic magnets at the

ends are ‘free’. This produces the
effect of N or S poles at the ends.

7. The atomic magnets at the

ends tend to fan out due to
repulsion between the like poles.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Methods of magnetism and demagnetisation

Method 1: Stroking
1. An unmagnetised steel bar is stroked several times from one end to
the other, in one direction, with one of the poles of a permanent
magnet
2. The stroking magnet should be lifted sufficiently high above the steel
bar between successive strokes.
3. The pole produced at the end of the steel bar where the strokes finish
is opposite to the stroking pole used.

Single Stroke Double Stroke

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Method 2: Electrical method using a direct current

1. When a large current flows through coils of wire (a solenoid), a strong
magnetic field is produced
2. The magnetic field aligns the magnetic domains in the steel bar

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Demagnetising Magnets

Method 1: Heating
 Strongly heating a magnet and letting it cool in an east-west
orientation will cause the magnet to lose it magnetism. The atoms of
the magnet vibrate vigorously when heated, causing the magnetic
domains to lose their alignment.

Method 2: Hammering
 Hammering a magnet placed in east-west direction alters the
alignment of the magnetic domains, causing the magnet to lose its
magnetism.

Method 3: Electrical method using an alternating current

1. Place a magnet inside a solenoid in the east-west direction
2. Connect the solenoid to an alternating current (a.c.) current supply.
- (an alternating current is an electric current that varies its
direction many times per second)
3. Withdraw the magnet with the alternating current still flowing in the
solenoid, until it is some distance away.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Magnetic field pattern

 A magnetic field is the region surrounding a magnet, in which a body
of magnetic material experiences a magnetic force.
 A magnetic field is invisible, but can be visualized as imaginary
magnetic lines of force surrounding the magnet.
 These lines give the direction and strength of the field.
 The arrangement of a group of magnetic lines of force is called a
magnetic field pattern.
 The magnetic field pattern of a magnet can be revealed by
 Sprinkling iron filings around it

Magnetic field lines between magnets

Two unlike poles (N pole & S pole)

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Two like poles (2 N poles)

 Point X is a neutral point because fields from both magnets cancel

each other out at that point.
 A neutral is a point where the resultant magnetic field is zero.
 Therefore, the magnets produce no magnetic effect at X, as indicated
by the absence of magnetic field lines at that point.

Parallel bar magnets

 Magnetic field lines can never intersect.

 By convention, the magnetic field line is the path along which an
imaginary “free” North pole will move if placed along this line. If 2
magnetic field lines intersect, it would mean that 2 “free” North poles
would have attracted, which is against the law of magnetism. Hence,
magnetic field lines cannot intersect

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Magnetic shielding
 Magnetic fields may affect the proper functioning of equipment like
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and computer hard
drives.
 To prevent the surrounding magnetic fields from reaching the
sensitive areas of these equipment, we use magnetic shielding
 In magnetic shielding, thick sheets of soft magnetic materials like
iron are used to divert the magnetic fields that are present.
 They are able to do this because magnetic field lines tend to pass
within them

1. Magnetic field lines coming out of the N

pole ‘prefer’ to pass within the soft iron
sheet rather than through air
2. The field lines, after passing through
the soft iron, are ‘forced’ to come out
and enter the S pole of the magnet to
form closed loops
3. The region on this side of the soft iron
sheet is free from the magnetic field

 Magnetic shielding using a hollow iron

container.

 The region within the iron container

has no magnetic field.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass

 The lines can be investigated to find their path and direction using a
plotting compass.
1. Place a plotting compass at point A.
2. Note the direction it points at.
3. Mark a 2nd point next to the N-pole of the plotting
compass.
4. These steps are repeated as shown.
5. The points are all joined using a pencil.
6. All these steps are repeated for other points next to the
N-pole of the magnet.
.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Temporary magnets and permanent magnets

Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Material Soft Hard

Properties Difficult to
Easily magnetised
magnetise and
and demagnetised
demagnetise
Steel, alnico,
Examples Iron
neodymium

Used to make Temporary magnets Permanent magnets

Uses of permanent magnets

 Magnets are used in many devices
o Permanent magnets are used when a constant magnetic field is
needed
o Temporary magnets are used when a changing magnetic field is
needed
o The function of some devices (eg loudspeaker, moving-coil
ammeter) depend on the interaction of the magnetic fields of
permanent and temporary magnets
 Magnetic door catches
o Magnetic strips made of permanent magnets are fitted to the
door of a refrigerator.
o This ensures that the refrigerator is airtight when the door is
shut against the steel frame

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Uses of permanent and temporary magnets

 Moving-coil loudspeakers
1. A strong permanent magnet is used in the moving-coil
loudspeaker to provide a constant magnetic field
2. A core made of soft magnetic material placed inside a
current-carrying coil becomes a temporary magnet. The poles of
the temporary magnet change when the direction of the current
in the coils changes.
3. The loudspeaker diaphragm moves due to the alternating
attraction and repulsion between the temporary and permanent
magnets

 Moving-coil ammeters
1. A strong permanent magnet
is used in the moving-coil
ammeter.
2. A core made of soft
magnetic material is placed
inside a current-carrying
coil. When current flows
through the coil, the core
becomes a temporary
magnet and a turning force
is produced.
3. The pointer attached to the coil moves as the coil turns, and
shows the amount of current flowing through the ammeter.

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 Chapter 20: Magnetism

Uses of temporary magnets (electromagnets)

- E lectric-bell

Magnetic-relay

C ranes that help separate magnetic material and non-magnetic material

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