Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n
a n d Ty p e s o f
Da t a
Module 2
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CONCEPTS
01 02 03
Elements Variable Data
Entitieson which data A variable is some It is the observed
is collected. characteristic of a valueof variable.
elements (population
or sample).
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VARIABLES
Company Stock Exchange Annual Sales ($M) Earnings per share ($)
Dataram NQ 73.10 0.86
Energy South N 74.00 1.67
ELEMENTS Keystone N 365.70 0.86
Land Care NQ 111.40 0.33
Psyche medics N 17.60 0.13
DATA
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TYPES OF
DATA
DISCLAIMER
If you know what types of data you have, then you know
which math and statsoperations you're allowed to use on
your data.
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All d a t a t h a t we c o l l e c t
ar e e i t her me a s u r e d o r
ar e a n obs e r ve d f e a t ur e
of i nt e r e s t .
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At the highest level of
classification
Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
• Qualitative data give us • Quantitative data is
information about the information about quantities
qualities of things. of things.
• They are observed, not • It can be measured .
measured . • Described in terms of
• They are labelled with names numbers .
/ placed in categories . • Quantitative data are also
• Qualitative data are also called Numerical data.
known as Categorical data.
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DISCLAIMER!!
Qualitative Data
The one exception is when
categories have been numbered for
practical purposes, such as Typesof
Animals [1, 2, 3] instead of [Pig,
Sheep, Cow]. In this case, the
numbers must be treated as the
names of the categories - you're
not allowed to do any
calculations with them!
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Quantitative Data
● Discrete Data
It is the information that can only take certain values and
can't be made more precise. Theyare called discrete data
because they have fixed points and measures in-
between do not exist . Counted data are also discrete
data.
● Continuous Data
It is the data that can take any value, usuallywithin certain
limits, and could be divided into finer and finer parts
(smallerfractions).
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Types of
Data
On the basis of Scale & Measurement
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Qualitative/ Quantitative/
Categorical Data Numerical Data
01 03
NOMINAL DATA INTERVAL DATA
Categories without any It is measured numerical data where
specific order or ranking . intervals or differences between values
of interval data are consistent and
meaningful, but no meaningful zero .
02 04
ORDINAL DATA RATIO DATA
Categories with a It is measured numerical data
meaningful order or that has equal distances
ranking but with undefined between adjacent values and
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intervals between them. a meaningful zero .
01
Nominal Data
Characteristics, Examples, Calculations, Statistics
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Nominal Data
Characteristics
1. Cannotbe measured.
2. Cannotbe ordered.
3. Can only be categorized.
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02
Ordinal Data
Characteristics, Examples, Calculations, Statistics
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Ordinal Data
Characteristics
1. Cannotbe measured.
2. Can be categorized.
3. Can be ordered as well.
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03
Interval Data
Characteristics, Examples, Calculations, Statistics
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Interval Data
Characteristics
1. Can be measured.
2. Can be ordered.
3. Degree of difference
betweenitemsis meaningful.
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04
Ratio Data
Characteristics, Examples, Calculations, Statistics
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Ratio Data
Characteristics
1. Can be measured and
ordered.
2. Degree of difference
betweenitemsis meaningful.
3. There is non- arbitrary zero
points i.e. it cannot have
negativevalues.
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CRUX!!
Interval Ordinal Nominal
Data Data Data
• Values are real • Values must represent • Values are the arbitrary
numbers. the ranked order of numbers that represent
• All calculations are the data. categories.
valid. • Calculations based on • Only calculations based on
• Data may be treated as an ordering process the frequencies or
ordinal or nominal. are valid. percentages of occurrence
• Data may be treated are valid.
as nominal but not as • Data maynot be treated as
interval. ordinal or interval.
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The placement office at a university regularly
surveys the graduates 1 year after graduation
and asks for the following information. For
each, determine the type of data (nominal,
ordinal or interval).
a. What is your occupation?
b. What is your income?
c. What degree did you obtain? For each of the following examples of data,
d. What is the amount of your student loan? determine the type.
e. How would you rate the quality of a. The weekly closing price of the stock of
instruction? [Link].
(excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) b. The month of highest vacancy rate at a La
Quinta motel.
c. The size of soft drink (small, medium, or large)
ordered by a sample of McDonald’s customers.
d. The number of Toyotas imported monthly by
the United States over the last 5 years.
e. The marks achieved by the students in a
statistics course final exam marked out of 100.
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A survey of taxpayers who complete their own tax
returns were asked the following questions.
Determine the type of data each question produces.
a. Did you use software?
b. How long did it take you to complete this year’s
return?
c. Rate the ease with which you completed this
year’s return (very easy, quite easy, neither easy
or difficult, quite difficult, very difficult)
Residents of condominiums were recently surveyed and
asked a series of questions. Identify the type of data for
each question.
a. What is your age?
b. On what floor is your condominium?
c. Do you own or rent?
d. How large is your condominium (in square feet)?
e. Does your condominium have a pool?
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Types of
Data
On the basis of Collection
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Features Primary Data Secondary Data
Data collected directly from Data obtained from existing
Definition
original sources. sources.
Original and firsthand Already collected and
Nature
information. processed by others.
Collection Specific to the researcher's Collected for a different
Purpose objectives. purpose by others.
Method of Surveys, interviews, Literature reviews,
Collection experiments, observations. databases, official records.
Researcher has control Limited control; relies on
Control
over the process. available data.
Generally less time-
Typically more time-
Cost and Time consuming and cost-
consuming and costly.
effective.
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Features Primary Data Secondary Data
May have varying degrees of
Usually more accurate and
Accuracy accuracy, depending on the
relevant to the study.
source.
Original and unique to the Not original; already available
Originality
study. for public use.
Researcher can tailor data Limited flexibility as data is
Flexibility
collection methods. pre-existing.
Surveys conducted by a Census data, government
Examples company for product reports, academic research
feedback. papers.
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Types of
Variables
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When Nominal data are When Interval data are
used in analysis, they used in analysis, they
are called Nominal are called Interval
Variables Variables
Nominal Interval
Variable Data
02 04
01 03
Ordinal Ratio
Variable Variables
When Ordinal data are When Ratio data are
used in analysis, they used in analysis, they
are called Ordinal are called Ratio
Variables Variables
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Methods of
Data
Collection
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Collecting Nominal Data
01 02 03 04
Multiple
Choice Dichotomous Open ended
Checklists Questions
Questions Questions
Use multiple-choice Create lists of Ask questions that can Include open-ended
questions with non- categories, and only be answered with questions where
ordinal response individuals can check or two options (yes/no, respondents can
options. mark the applicable true/false) provide non-
categories. ordered categorical
responses.
Collecting Ordinal Data
01 02 03 04
Likert Likelihood
Ranking Grading
Scale Scaling
A Likert scale is a rating Under this its is asked to It estimatethe likelihood It includes
scale used to measure respondents to rank a or probability of an assigning grades
opinions, attitudes, or list of related items event occurring on a or performance
behaviors. based on a specific scale. levels.
criterion.
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