LESSON

PREPARED BY: GE MATHEMATICS GROUP

It obtains data from the
records of government
agency authorized by law to
keep such data or information
and made these available to
researchers.
Examples:
• Registration of birth
• Registration of
marriage
• Registration of
death
 It is the
technique in
which data
particularly those
pertaining to the
behaviors of
individuals or
group of
individuals during
the given
situation.
•To notice using a full
range of
appropriate
senses. To see, hear,
feel, taste, and
smell.

•This is also used

when the
respondents cannot
read nor write.
It involves the collection and classification of data.

It involves the analysis and interpretation of data.

• A bowler wants to find his bowling
average for the past 10 games.
• A teacher wishes to determine the
percentage of students who passed the
examination.
• A manager would like to predict based on previous
years’ sales, the sales performance of a company
for the next five years.
• A politician would like to estimate, based on an
opinion poll, his chance for winning in the
upcoming senatorial election.
Points of discussion:

Explain whether the

figure is an example of
descriptive statistics or
inferential statistics.
Points of discussion:

How did they come up

with this kind of
information?
Example:
a. The scores of entire students of Senior High
School in EAC-Cavite.
b. All children of any age who have older or
younger siblings in Barangay Lucsuhin.
A sample is a set of individuals selected
from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research
study.
Example:
a. The scores of 50 students of Senior High
School in EAC-Cavite.
b. The 40 children who actually participated in
one specific study about siblings in Barangay
Lucsuhin.
Practice:
Identify the population and the sample.

In a recent survey, 614 small business

owners in the National Capital Region were
asked whether they thought their company’s
Facebook presence was valuable.
Answer:

Population: The set of all business owners

in the National Capital Region.

Sample: The participating 614 business

owners in the National Capital Region.
Sample Size
Data are measurements or observations. A
data set is a collection of measurements or
observations.
A datum is a single measurement or
observation and is commonly called a score
or raw score.
The measurements that are made on the subjects
of an experiment are also called data.
Usually data consist of the measurements of the
dependent variable or of other subject
characteristics, such as age, gender, number of
subjects, and so on. The data as originally
measured are often referred to as raw or original
scores.
 Types of Data

Qualitative Data:
Data that deal
with categories or
attributes

Quantitative Data:
Data that deal
Types of Data – Examples
Qualitative Data:
(1)Color of skin
(2) Courses in Computer Engineering

Quantitative Data:
(3)Number of units in one semester
(4)Grade point average
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DATA
Discrete Data
Data that are obtained by
counting

Continuous Data
Data that are obtained by
measuring
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DATA – EXAMPLES

Discrete Data
(1) number of students in the classroom
(2) number of cars in the parking lot

Continuous Data
(2) area of a mango farm in Pampanga
(2) volume of water in a pool in
Pansol, Laguna
 Classification of Quantitative Data
Continuous Data
It can assume any of an infinite number of values and can
be
associated with points on a continuous line interval.

Example: Height, weight, volume

Discrete Data
It results from either a finite number of possible values or
a
countable number of possible values.
Example: number of students, number of books, and number
of patients.
Parameter is a value, usually a numerical
value that describes a population.
A parameter is usually derived from
measurements of the individuals in the
population.
A statistic is a value, usually a numerical value
that describes a sample.
A statistic is usually derived from
measurements of the individuals in the
sample.
 A recent survey of approximately
400,000 employers reported that the
average starting salary for marketing
majors is Php23,000.
 A quantitative variable has a value or
numerical measurement for which
operation can be applied.

For example: age, height, and weight are

quantitative.
- Nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio (Interval
and ratio are sometimes called continuous
or scale).
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal
- labels qualitative data into mutually exclusive categories
Ordinal
- ranks qualitative data according to its degree
Interval
- numerical data that has order and its differences can be determined;
do not have a “true” zero
Ratio
- numerical data that has order, differences can be determined and
has
a “true” zero
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT NOMINAL EXAMPLES
(1) What is your civil status? (2) Where do you live?
 Single  Caloocan
 Married  Las Piñas
 Separated  Makati
 Malabon
 Annulled
 Mandaluyong
 Manila
 Marikina
 Muntinlupa
 Parañaque
 Pasay
 Pasig
 Quezon City
 San Juan
 Taguig
 Valenzuela
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT ORDINAL EXAMPLES

(1) How satisfied are you with our food service?

 Extremely Satisfied
 Very Satisfied
 Satisfied
 Dissatisfied
 Very Dissatisfied
 Extremely Dissatisfied
(2) What is your level of anxiety?
 Low
 Average
 High
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT INTERVAL AND RATIO EXAMPLES

Interval
- Temperature

Ratio
- Speed
- Height
- Weight
 At this level of measurement, the numbers in
the variable are used only to classify the data.
Words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be
used.

Examples:
Religious affiliation, School type, or Course.
Points of discussion:
Two data sets are shown. Which data set consists of data at the nominal
level? Which data set consists of data at the ordinal level? Explain your
reasoning
At this level of measurement, the numbers tell the distances
between the measurements in addition to the classification
and ordering.
Examples:
Temperature, the distance between 380C is and 400C is the
same as the distance between 330C and 350C.
00C does not mean there is no temperature, it is just a
freezing point.
Has an absolute zero that is meaningful

Examples:
Can construct a meaningful ratio (fraction),
for example, number of clients in past six
months