Department of Education – Division of Cavite Province

TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL

Paradahan I, Tanza, Cavite

Prepared by:
JOSEPH M. MERADORA, LPT
Math Teacher
 Learning Activity Sheet No. 1:
Four levels of measurement of data
LECTURE: Four levels of measurement of data.
Data

Qualitative Quantitative
(Categorical) (Numerical)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

No ordering Ordered categories No True zero True zero exist
Why Study Statistics?
Why Study Statistics?
1. Numerical information is everywhere
2. Statistical techniques are used to make
decisions that affect our daily lives
3. The knowledge of statistical methods will help
you understand how decisions are made and
give you a better understanding of how they
affect you.
Population versus Sample

 A population is a collection of all possible

individuals, objects, or measurements of
interest.

 A sample is a portion, or part, of the

population of interest
Why take a sample instead of studying every
member of the population?

1.Expensive cost of census.

2.Not possible to test or inspect all members
of a population being studied.
Selection method:
Probability Sampling vs Non Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling, individuals are selected randomly,
 Non-probability sampling, selection is based on
accessibility or the researcher's judgment/Judgmental
/Purposive Sampling.

Bias: Probability sampling is less prone to bias due to its

random nature, while non-probability sampling can be more
vulnerable.
Factors to consider in choosing a statistical
technique.
 The nature and level of measurement of the
data collected
 Number of Variables involved in the
investigation
 The research question
Guide for Choosing Statistical Techniques.

1. Univariate techniques are used to investigate

one variable at a time
2. Bivariate techniques are used to investigate
two variables at time.
3. Multivariate techniques are used to analyze
more than two variables simultaneously.
Types of Variables

Qualitative or Attribute variable - the

characteristic being studied is nonnumeric.

Quantitative variable - information is reported

numerically.
What are 4 levels of measurement?

1. Nominal or Classificatory Data

Categories (No ordering and direction)

Examples: Sex, Gender, Marital Status, Type of

Car owned, religious affiliation and Ethnic
background.
What are 4 levels of measurement?

2. Ordinal or Ranking Data

Ordered categories, Ranking, or Scaling

Examples: Hardness of rocks, beauty, military

ranks, and service quality rating.
What are 4 levels of measurement?

3. Interval Data
Differences between measurement but no true
zero.
*A true zero refers to a scale where 0 indicates the absence of something.

Examples: Temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit,

standardized exam scores, IQ, and Year
What are 4 levels of measurement?

4. Ratio Data
Differences between measurement true zero
exist.
*A true zero refers to a scale where 0 indicates the absence of something.

Examples: Height, Age, Weekly Food Spending,

speed, height, mass or weight, and Kelvin
temperature (-273.15 Degrees Celsius)
Four levels of measurement of data.
Data

Qualitative Quantitative
(Categorical) (Numerical)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

No ordering Ordered categories No True zero True zero exist
ACTIVITY 1: Four levels of measurement of data
Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal,
ordinal, interval, ratio) is the most appropriate.
1. Types of movies (drama, comedy,
adventure, documentary, etc.)
2. Evaluations of service received at
a restaurant (very poor, poor, good,
very good)
 3. Which level of measurement
represents data with categories or
labels, but no inherent order or
ranking?
4. Amount of proteins in a soup
5. Amount of calories in a biscuit
6. Calendar year
7. Students' scores on a biology test
8. The time it takes to finish an
exam.
9. Hair color
10. The temperature in this room.