-is the branch of mathematics

which deals with the collection,

organization and interpretation
of data.
STATISTIC – refers to a numerical datum.
1. It summarizes data for public use.
2. It aids in decision making:
- Provides comparison
- Explains action that has taken place
- Justifies a claim or assertion
- Predicts future outcome
- Estimates unknown quantities
 1. STATISTICAL METHODS OF
APPLIED STATISTICS
- It refers to procedures and
technique in the collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
 2. STATISTICAL THEORY OF
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS
- It deals with the development and
exposition of theories that serve as
bases of statistical methods.
 DESCRIPTIVE VS. INFERENTIAL

• Descriptive Statistics
-collecting and describing data.

• Inferential Statistics
-making decisions based on sample data.
 EXAMPLE
DESCRIPTIVE
A bowler wants to find his bowling average
for the past 12 games.

INFERENTIAL
A bowler wants to estimate his chance of
winning a game based on his current season
averages and the averages of his opponents
 Descriptive Statistics
•Collect Data e.g. Survey

•Present Data e.g. Tables and Graphs

•Characterize Data e.g. Mean

 Inferential Statistics

•Estimation
•Hypothesis
Testing

Making decisions concerning a

population based on sample results.
 POPULATION and SAMPLE
POPULATION- collection of all the
elements under the consideration in a
statistical study.
SAMPLE- is a part or subset of the
population from which the information
is collected
PARAMETER- numerical characteristic of the
population
STATISTIC- numerical characteristic of the
sample
A Characteristic of a:
Population is a
Parameter
Sample is a
Statistic.
VARIABLES
- It is a characteristics or
attribute of persons or objects
which can be assume different
values or labels for different
person or objects under
consideration.
1. Age of high school students.
2. Gender of those who took the
entrance examination.
3. Grades in Statistics.
4. Type of Family
5. Job satisfaction of professors in
UCC.
 DATA
-it is any set of observation.
Types of Data
Data

Categorical Numerical

Discrete Continuous
CATEGORICAL (qualitative)
-are data which can be
classified into groups or categories.
Examples:
1. Attitudes of workers in a
company towards their
superiors.
2. Perceptions of BSAT students
about their professors.
3.Socio-economic status of families
in your neighborhood
4. Level of stress suffered by
takers of battery examinations.
5. Level of reading ability of Grade
VI pupils in a private school in your
municipality
NUMERICAL(quantitative)
- values of variables expressed
in numerical terms.
Examples:
1.Number of rooms and hospital
admissions.
2. Monthly income of families in
your barangay.
3. Scores in the battery test.
4. Age of fathers in Caloocan City.
5. Number of cumlaude graduated
in UCC.
 DISCRETE VS. CONTINUOUS
VARIABLE
DISCRETE - if a variable can assume
a finite number of possible
values within a limited range
of values.
- there are gaps or spaces
between possible values.
Example:
Number of females in a family of 5. There are
only 6 possible values that the variable can
assume, namely;0,1,2,3,4,5.
CONTINUOUS - a variable which can take
an infinite number of
possible values within a
range.
- we can represent the values
of a continuous variable by
a solid line connecting the
points.
Example:
Amount of time spent on housework in a week.
Levels of Measurement

. Nominal
. Ordinal
. Interval
. Ratio
NOMINAL LEVEL(Classificatory
Scale)
- weakest level of measurement
where numbers or symbols are
used simply for categorizing
subjects into different groups

Example: Gender M- Male F- Female

 ORDINAL( Ranking Scale)

- It contains the property of the

nominal level, and in addition, the
numbers assigned to categories of
any variable may be ranked or
ordered in some low-high manner
Example:
Year Level 1-1st yr 2- 2nd yr 3- 3rd yr 4-4th yr
 INTERVAL Level

- Must have a common and

constant unit of measurements.

Example:
TIME I.Q.
PH level Temperature
 RATIO Level

- The ratio level of measurement

contains all the properties of the
interval level . It also has true zero
point

Age( in years) and number of correct answers

in exam
 Data Sources
Primary Secondary
Data Collection Data Compilation

Print or Electronic
Observation Survey

Experimentation
 Exercise
For each of the following random variables
determine whether the variable is categorical or
numerical. If the variable is numerical, determine
whether it is discrete or continuous.

1. Attitudes of workers in a company towards

their superiors.
2. Personality traits of teachers in your school
3. Study habits of the students
4.Level of involvement of families in your
school.
5. Morale of the workers in a factory
6. Scores in a test
7. Average of the final grades of students in
all their subjects.
8. Vehicle that pass given point from 12:00 to
1:00 pm
9. Heights of all 15-year old students in your
school.
10. Weights of junior students in your school.
 WHY A MANAGER NEEDS TO KNOW
ABOUT STATISTICS
To know how to properly present and
describe information.
To know how to draw conclusions about
large populations based only on
information obtained from samples
To know how to improve processes
To know how to obtain reliable forecasts.