PRACTICAL RESEARCH II: REVIEWER

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH II

 Research and Learning- Things inseparable from one another.

 Wernher Von Braun said, “Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m
doing.”

RESEARCH

- Steps used to collect and analyze information to increase understanding.

Involves Three (3) Important Steps:

1. Pose a Question.
2. Collect data to answer the question.
3. Present an answer to the question.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Testing Theories and hypothesis. Exploring of ideas; Formulates theories
and hypothesis.
2. Analyzed through math and Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing,
statistical analysis. and interpreting.
3. Numbers, graphs, and tables. Narrative/ words
4. Many Respondents Few Respondents.
5. Close-ended questions Open-ended questions
6. KEY TERMS: KEY TERMS:
 Testing
 Measurement  Subjectivity
 Objectivity  Understanding
 Replicability  Context
 Complexity
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

- Systematic empirical investigation of phenomena with the use of computational

techniques.
- Numbers and its relationship with events.
- Only measurable data are being gathered and analyzed.

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

- Tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements, and other equipment to collect

numerical data.

TYPE OF DATA

- Tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.

APPROACH

- Quantitative research is objective in approach.

- Seeks precise measurement and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry.

QUANTITATIVE DATA

- Information about quantities.

- Information that can be measured and written down in numbers.

o Quantitative data defines whereas qualitative data describes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. OBJECTIVE
- Seeks accurate measurements and analysis of target concepts.
2. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Research questions are well-defined for which objective answers sought.
3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
- Able to collect measurable characteristics of population.
4. NUMERICAL DATA
- Data are in forms of numbers and statistics.
5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES
- Normal population distribution id preferred.
6. REPLICATION
- Studies can be repeated to verify the correctness of the result.
7. FUTURE OUTCOME
- Using mathematical calculations and computers.

STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is objective.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilitated sophisticated analysis and allows you to
comprehend a huge amount of viral statistics data.
3. Numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.
4. Can be replicable.

WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Requires a large number of respondents.

2. It is costly.
3. The information contextual factors to help interpret the results are usually ignored.
4. Many information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments.
5. Questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
 UNITS AND VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE DATA

UNITS/ CASES

- The people or things we collect data on or from.

VARIABLES

- The data that we collect from the units.

- Any characteristics of the units that we are interested in and want to collect.

o The label variable refers to the fact that these data will differ between units.
o For example, achievement will differ between pupils and schools, gender will differ
between pupils and schools, gender will differ between pupils, and so on.

VARIABLES

VARIABLE

- Central concept of research whose VALUE CHANGES.

- Numerical/Categorical.

A. Continuous Variable
- Infinite number
- Variable is obtained by MEASURING.
- Can be categorized as either interval or ratio variables.
o INFINITE: Age, height, and temperature.
o MEASURED: height of students in class, weight of students in class, time it takes
to go to school.

INTERVAL VARIABLE

- Difference between two variables does have meaning.

- Makes sense and can be interpreted.
- One of the most used data types.
 EXAMPLES: The difference between a temperature of 60 degrees and 50 degrees is
the same difference as between 30 degrees and 20 degrees.

RATIO VARIABLE

- Possess the properties of interval and has a clear definition of zero.

- Relationship of two variables.
EXAMPLES: Height, weight, and distance.

B. Discrete Variable
- Categorical variable that has a LIMITED number. (Cannot be formed into fraction.)
- Obtained by COUNTING.
EXAMPLES: your age can be 17.5 years old, so it is continuous variable but your
parents cannot have 4.5 children so it is discrete variable.
CANNOT BE DIVIDED INTO FRACTIONS: sex, blood group, and number of children in
the family.
COUNTING EXAMPLES: number of students present, number of red marbles in a jar,
students grade level.

NOMINAL VARIABLE

- No quantitative value.
- Numbers serve as “tags” or “labels”.
- Subtype of nominal scale with two categories is called DICHOTOMOUS.
EXAMPLES:
1. Please select the degree of discomfort of the disease:
1- Mild
2- Moderate
3- Severe
2. What is your gender?
M- Male
F- Female

ORDINAL VARIABLES

- Has two or more categories which CAN BE RANKED.

- A rank from highest to lowest (vice versa).

EXAMPLES:

1. Rate your knowledge of excel according to the ff. scale.

 - Advanced
- Intermediate
- Basic
- Novice
- Zero
2. Which of the ff. bets describes your current level of financial happiness?
- Very happy
- Happy
- Unhappy
- Very unhappy

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

- Describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or a

phenomenon.
- Seeks to descried the current status of an unidentified variable, provide systematic
information about a phenomenon and observes the subjects without intervention.
- Not usually begin with a hypothesis.
- Come up with a hypothesis after collecting data.
EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH TOPIC: A description of how first grade
students spend their time during summer.
EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION: How many calories do Filipinos
consume per day? VARIABLE: daily calorie intake.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

- Determine the extent relationship between two variables using statistical data.
- Aims to investigate and explain the nature of the relationship between variables.
- Aims to find whether there is either:
POSITIVE CORRELATION
o Both variables change in the same direction
o As height increases, weight also increases

NEGATIVE CORRELATION

o The variable change in opposite directions

o As coffee consumption increases, tiredness decreases.

ZERO CORRELATION
o There is no relationship between variables.
o Coffee consumption is not correlated with height.
EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH TOPICS:
1. The relationship between self-esteem and intelligence.
2. The relationship between smoking and lung diseases.

EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What Is the relationship between gender and attitudes toward music piracy
among adolescents? DEPENDENT VARIABLE: attitudes toward music
privacy INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: gender
GROUP: adolescents