REVIEWER ON PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 A research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data.
 Uses numbers in stating generalization about a given problem or inquiry.
Strengths
 Findings/conclusion of a quantitative research can be generalized data is relatively easy
to analyze.
 Data can be very consistent, precise, and reliable.
 It can be generally completed in less time than qualitative.
 Quantitative experiments filter out external factors, if properly designed, and so the
results gained can be seen, as real and unbiased.
Weaknesses
 Target population may not be well represented.
 Quantitative can be costly, difficult, and time-consuming- difficult because most
researchers are non-mathematicians.
 Data is hard to analyze
 Limited control in response
 Data reveals what and to what extent but not so much on the why and how

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE REESEARCH

Correlational - Studying relationship. Aims to describe and measure the degree of association
between two or more variables or sets of scores.
Descriptive - Describing characteristics. Aims to accurately describe the facts and characteristics
of a given population, situation, or phenomenon.
Experimental - Manipulating conditions and studying effects. Tests an idea to determine
whether it influences an outcome.

RESEARCH TITLE
o Use an accurate description of the subject and scope of the study
o Do not use abbreviations
o Do not include words like "the study of "analysis of” “an investigation of”
o Include main independent and dependent variables
o Proper grammar and punctuation\
o Capitalize all nouns, pronouns...
 o State in a declarative form
o Year of the study should not be included unless historical
o Use current terminology
o 5-15 words
o Common name instead of chemical formula
o Italicize full scientific names
o Not casual, or informal, or does not contain humor

Steps in writing
 Determine what is that you wish to accomplish
 Include important keywords and variables
 Shorten the title by eliminating unnecessary words
 Correct grammar and punctuation
 Observe proper formatting

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

-Where you inform the reader of the context of the study.
-Justify the need to conduct a research study about the topic selected by establishing the research gap.
Background of the study should answer the following questions:
1. What is already known about the topic?
2. What is not known about the topic?
3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
4. What is the rationale of your study?

RESEARCH GAP
 An under or unexplored area of a topic that requires further exploration.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 Quantitative research problem deals more with the precision and specificity of the problem.
 Help clarify and specify the research problem
 Specify the method of collecting and analyzing data, and the type of data to be collected when
exploring a quantitative research problem.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH QUESTIONS

FEASIBLE. Is it possible?
CLEAR. Clarity of how the questions is stated lead to agreement of meaning of the
readers of your study.
SIGNIFICANT. Ask if it is relevant or important to ask.
ETHICAL Always consider the welfare of people, animals, or whosoever are involved in
your study.
FOMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Can be classified as (General or Specific). General is derived from the research problem while
specific are anchored on the general research problem.
Should consider the design of your quantitative research.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - focus on observing, describing. and
reporting factors or aspects of the research problem.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH - aim to determine the relationships
among two or more variables in your research problem.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR EX POST FACTO RESEARCH- attempt to identify causes of the
phenomenon in the context of your research problem.
RESEARCH QUESTION FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH-
suggest that answers to these questions are brought about by manipulation or control of a certain variable
during the conduct of the study.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

 Topic of the study- variables to be included or excluded
 Objective of the study or problems to be addressed- why are you doing this study?
 Time frame in which the study will be conducted- when are you going to conduct this study?
 The locale or area where the study will be conducted- where are you going to gather your data?
 Other parameters
 Method and Research Instrument- how are you going to collect the data?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION - scope specifies the coverage of your study such as varieties,
population or participant, and timeline. Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not
included or easier to answer questions which are related or not related to your study.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DELIMITATION AND LIMITATION
Delimitation of the study describes the various limitations that arose during the design and
conduct of the study. Variables not included on your study are also determined by delimitation of your
study.
Limitation of the study are those variables included in your study. Limitation of the study is the
identified scope of the study.

TYPES OF VARIABLES
Continuous Variables - can take infinite number on the value that can occur within the population.
a.) INTERVAL VARIABLES- difference between two data values that gives credible meaning. Hold no
true zero and can represent value below zero.
b.) RATIO VARIABLES-has values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers. Cannot be
below zero.
Discrete Variables- categorical or classificatory variable. (sex, blood group, number of children in
family, number of trees.
a) NOMINAL VARIABLE- cannot be ordered in any way (religion, eye color, biological sex)
b) ORDINAL VARIABLE- can be ordered from greatest to smallest. (Socio economic status)

KINDS OF VARIABLES
Independent Variable- responsible for conditions that influence, affect, or change the dependent
variable.
Dependent Variable- depends on independent
Intervening or Mediating Variable- variables that stand between the independent and dependent.
Control Variable- must be hold constant during an experiment.
Confounding Variable-not actually measured observed in a study.

TWO RESEARCH APPROACH

1. Qualitative Research
2. Quantitative Research