Pre-Calculus Book Solution Manual

Answers to Selected Exercises
A Student’s Solutions Manual to accompany this textbook 1 8

35 24x 3/2 37 39 41 4x 2 y 4
is available from your college bookstore. The guide contains 9a4 x 1/2
detailed solutions to approximately one-half of the exercises, 4
as well as strategies for solving other exercises in the text. 43 45 1 47 共x4 y兲1/4 49 共a b兲2/3
x 3y 2
51 共x 2 y 2兲1/2 53 (a) 4x 兹x (b) 8x 兹x
55 (a) 8 兹 3
y (b) 兹 3
8y 57 9
CHAPTER 1 1 3 3y3 2a2
59 2兹 2 5
61 兹4 63 2 65
EXERCISES 1.1 2 x b
1 (a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Negative 1 xy 3 x 4
67 兹6xy 69 兹 6y 71 兹 15x 2y 3
(d) Positive 2y2 3 3
3 (a) (b) (c) 苷 1 5 5x 5 2x 5 2 4
73 兹 20x 4y 2 75 2 77 2 兹 xy
5 (a) (b) (c) 2 y y
7 (a) x 0 (b) y 0 (c) q
79 3tv 2
81 兩 x 兩 y
3 2
83 x 兩 y 3 兩3
2
(d) 2 d 4 (e) t 5 (f) z 3 85 ; 共a 兲 a 苷 a

r 2 2r 共r 2兲
p 1 87 ; 共ab兲xy axybxy 苷 axb y

(g) 7 (h) 9 (i) 兩 x 兩 7
9
11
(a) 7
q
(b) 3
(a) 15 (b) 3 (c) 11
w
(c) 11 89 ;
c
冑冉冊
c
n 1

c1/n
n
1
兹c
1 1/n

11/n
13 (a) 4
(b) 4
(c) 1.5 兹2 91 (a) 1.5518 (b) 13.3905
15 (a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 12 (d) 8 93 (a) 2.0351 (b) 4.0717 95 $232,825.78
17 (a) 10 (b) 9 (c) 9 (d) 19 97 2.82 m 99 The 120-kg lifter
19 兩7 x兩 2 21 兩 3 x 兩 8 101 Height Weight Height Weight
23 兩x 4兩 3 25 x 3 27 2 x
29 ba 31 x 2 4 33 苷 35 苷 64 137 72 168
37 苷 39 苷 41 (a) 8.1736 (b) 14.1428 65 141 73 172
43 (a) 6.557 101 (b) 6.708 101
66 145 74 176
45 Construct a right triangle with sides of lengths 兹2
and 1. The hypotenuse will have length 兹3. Next, 67 148 75 180
construct a right triangle with sides of lengths 兹3 68 152 76 184
and 兹2. The hypotenuse will have length 兹5.
47 The large rectangle has area a共b c兲. The sum of 69 156 77 188
the areas of the two small rectangles is ab ac. 70 160 78 192
49 (a) 4.27 105 (b) 9.3 108 (c) 8.1 108
71 164 79 196
51 (a) 830,000 (b) 0.000 000 000 002 9
(c) 564,000,000
53 1.7 1024 55 5.87 1012 EXERCISES 1.3
57 1.678 1024 g 59 4.1472 106 frames 1 6u2 13u 12 3 4y 2 3x 5 4x 2 49y 2
61 (a) 201.6 lb (b) 32.256 tons 7 9x 12xy 4y
2 2
9 xy
11 x 3 6x 2y 12xy 2 8y 3 13 共8x 7兲共x 3兲
EXERCISES 1.2 15 Irreducible 17 共6x 5兲2 19 x 2共x 2兲共x 2兲
16 9 47 243 1 21 共2x y 2兲共4x 2 2xy 2 y 4兲
1 3 5 7 9
81 8 3 1 25 23 共7x y 3兲共49x 2 7xy 3 y 6兲
6 9 25 3共x 3兲共x 3兲共x 1兲
11 8x9 13 15 2a14 17
x 2 27 共a b兲共a b兲共a2 ab b2兲共a2 ab b2兲
12u11 4 9y 6 81 6 29 共x 2 3y兲共x 2 3y兲
19 21 23 25 y
v2 xy x8 64 y5 x 12s 7
31 2 33 35
s6 20y y 5y 25 x1 共3s 1兲2
27 29 3 31 9x 10y 14 33 10a2
4r 8 x 5x 2 2 4共2t 5兲 2共2x 3兲
37 39 41
x3 t2 3x 4
A1
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A2 Answers to Selec ted Exercises
2x 1 11u2 18u 5 x5 (b) y 2x 兹8x 2 1

43 45 47
x u共3u 1兲共x 2兲2 47 (a) 0; –4,500,000 (b) 2.13 107
rs DL 1 AP
49 ab 51 x y 53 2 55 2x h 3 49 K 51 Q 53 r
r s2 ET N1
冑
Pt
5 3x 3xh h2
2
p共1 S兲 fp 2K
57 59 55 q 57 q 59 v
共x 1兲共a 1兲 x 3共x h兲3 S共1 p兲 pf m
t 10兹t 25 兹a 兹
3 2 3
ab 兹 3 2
b
h 兹
h 2
A
2 2
61 63 61 r 63 C 2 兹R2 d2
t 25 ab 2
1 2 65 120 mo (or 10 yr)

65 67
共a b兲共兹a 兹b 兲兹2共x h兲 1 兹2x 1 67 (a) After 64 sec (b) 96 m and 128 m, respectively
69 3x4/3 x1/3 7x2/3 71 x1 4x3 4x5 69 1237.5 ft 71 7 ft
1 x5 1 x2 73 (a) 40.96°F (b) 6909 ft 75 37°F
73 3
75 77 共3x 2兲3共36x 2 37x 6兲 77 (a) 206.25 ft (b) 40 mi兾hr
x x 1/2
共2x 1兲2共8x 2 x 24兲共3x 1兲5共39x 89兲 79 (a) d 100 兹20t 2 4t 1 (b) 3:30 P.M.
79 81
共x 2 4兲1/2 共2x 5兲1/2 81 $175 83 (a) 1 cm (b) cm3

8
27x 2 24x 2 4x共1 x 2兲 85 h ⬇ 97% of L
83 85
共6x 1兲4 共x 2 2兲4 87 There are two possible routes, corresponding to
x 12
2
6共3 2x兲 x ⬇ 0.6743 mi and x ⬇ 2.2887 mi.
87 89
共x 2 4兲4/3 共4x 2 9兲3/2 89 共4兲 91 (a) 共2兲 (b) 860 min
91
x Y1 Y2 EXERCISES 1.5
1 0.6923 0.6923 1 2 4i 3 12 5i 5 41 11i
7 29 22i 9 21 20i 11 24 7i
2 26.12 26.12
13 25 15 (a) i (b) 1 17 (a) i (b) 1
3 8.0392 8.0392 3 3 1 34 40
19 i 21 i 23 i
4 5.8794 5.8794 10 5 2 53 53
5 5.3268 5.3268 2 4
25 i 27 142 65i 29 2 14i
7 7
Might be equal 19 30 21
31 i 33 i 35 x 4, y 1
93 Area of I is 共x y兲x, area of II is 共x y兲y, and 13 13 2
A x 2 y 2 共x y兲x 共x y兲y 37 x 3, y 4 39 3 2i 41 6 i
苷共x y兲共x y兲. 5 1 1 1
43 兹55 i 45 兹47 i
95 (a) 1525.7; 1454.7 2 2 8 8
(b) As people age, they require fewer calories. 5 25 15
Coefficients of w and h are positive because large 47 4, 2 2 兹3 i 49 , 兹3 i
2 26 26
people require more calories. 3
51 5, 5i 53 2i, i
2
EXERCISES 1.4 3 1
24 3 55 0, 兹7 i
1 1 3 5 2 2
29 61 57 z w 共a bi兲共c di兲
7 All real numbers except 2 9 No solution 苷共a c兲共b d兲i 共a c兲共b d兲i
11 ,
2 1
13
2
15
3
17 3 兹17 苷共a bi兲共c di兲 z w
3 5 3 5 59 z w 共a bi兲共c di兲
19 3 兹6 21 (x 6)(x 5) 苷共ac bd兲共ad bc兲i
2 苷共ac bd兲共ad bc兲i
23 (2x 3)(6x 1) 25 , 2 27 No solution
3 苷 ac adi bd bci
2 57 苷 a共c di兲 bi共c di兲
29 , 2 31 0, 25 33 35 9 苷共a bi兲共c di兲 z w
3 5
1 8 61 If z z, then a bi a bi and hence bi bi,
37 兹70 10 兹19 39 2, 3 41 , 8 or 2bi 0. Thus, b 0 and z a is real.
10 27
43 (a) 8 (b) 8 (c) No real solutions (d) 625 Conversely, if z is real, then b 0 and hence
(e) No real solutions z a 0i a 0i a 0i z.
y 兹2y 2 1
45 (a) x
2
Answers to Selec ted Exercises A3
EXERCISES 1.6 x3 1 ab 1
33 34 35
1 共, 2兲 ( x2 1 ab x3
2 0 2共5x 2 x 4兲 5 3
3 关2, 5兲 36 37 38 5,
] ) 共6x 1兲共4 x 兲
2/3 2 2
6 2
2 0 5 2 1 5
5 5 x 4 7 共12, 兲 9 关12, 22兲 39 兹10 40 , 兹3
冉冊冉冊
3 3 2
2 4 1 2 3
11 , 13 , 41 兹11, 42 , 2 43 4, 3
3 3
冉冊
2 5 2
15 All real numbers except 1
冉冊
1 1 2
44 , 45 2 46 5 47 ,
2 4 9 5
冉冊冉冊冉冊
17 共3.01, 2.99兲 19 ,
傼 [4, 兲
3 11 9 3 7
21 共, 兲 23 共, 3兲傼共3, 兲 25 共4, 4兲 48 , 49 , 50 7,
冉冊冉册
4 4 10 2
27 ,
1 1
3 2
29 共2, 3兲 31 ,
5
2
傼关1, 兲 51 共, 1兲傼共5, 兲冉册
52 ,
11
傼关7, 兲
冉冊
3
33 ,
4 4
5 5
37 共2, 0兲傼共0, 1兴
35 共, 2兲傼共2, 1兲傼兵0其
39 共2, 2兴傼共5, 兲
53 冉 ,
3
2
傼冊冉冊
2
5
, 54 关3, 6兴
冉冊
共, 2兲傼兵0其傼关3, 兲 56 共3, 1兲傼共1, 2兴
冉冊
55
3 7 3
41 共, 3兲傼共0, 3兲 43 , 57 , 傼共2, 9兲 58 共, 5兲傼关2, 5兲
2 3
冉册冉冊
2
7 5 共1, 兲 60 共0, 1兲傼共2, 3兲
45 共, 1兲傼 2, 47 1, 傼关2, 5兴 59
2 3 2 CB3
49 共1, 0兲傼共1, 兲 61 C 62 D
PN1 (A E)3
冑
51 (a) 8, 2 (b) 8 x 2
(c) 共, 8兲傼共2, 兲 8FVL
63 R 4
2
P
53 兩 w 141 兩 2 55 4 p 6 57 6 yr
3
hR 兹12
hV 3
2h2R2
1 64 r
59 sec 61 0 v 30 2
h
2 9 2 9 48
63 (a) 5 ft 8 in. (b) 65.52 h 66.48 65 39 80i 66 i 67 i
85 85 53 53
65 关2, 1兲傼共1, 2兲傼共3, 3.5兴 68 2 6i 69 11.055% 70 60.3 g
71 6 oz of vegetables and 4 oz of meat
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES b3 72 80 gal of 20% solution and 40 gal of 50% solution
1 x 3 2 共x 2兲共x 3兲 3 73 260 kg 74 1 hr 40 min
a8
p8 x 3z 16x 2 b6 y x2 75 (a) d 兹2900t 2 200t 4
4 5 6 7 8
2q y10 z 4y 6 a 2
x 2y 5 2兹19,603
(b) t ⬇ 1.97, or approximately
1 兹t 145
9 3xyz 兹 x z 3 2
10 2ab 兹ac 11 12 c2d 4 11:58 A.M.
t
2x x 6兹x 9 76 There are two arrangements: 40 ft 25 ft and
13 14 15 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 50 ft 20 ft.
y3 9x
16 x 2 20x 3 17 12a2 ab 35b2 77 (a) 2 兹2 ft (b) 2 ft 78 4 p 8
18 16r 24r s 9s
4 2 2
19 169a4 25b2 79 Over $100,000 80 T 279.57 K
20 8a 12a b 6ab b3
3 2 2 81 36 to 38 trees兾acre 82 $990 to $1040 83 共3兲
21 81x 4 72x 2y 2 16y 4
22 a2 b2 c2 d 2 2共ab ac ad bc bd cd兲 CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
23 10w共6x 5兲 24 共4a2 3b2兲2 1 0.1%
25 8共x 2y兲共x 2xy 4y 2兲
2 2 Either a 0 or b 0
26 u3v共v u兲共v2 uv u2兲 3 Add and subtract 10x; x 5 兹10x are the factors.
27 共 p4 q4兲共 p2 q2兲共 p q兲共 p q兲 28 x 2共x 6兲2 4 The first expression can be evaluated at x 1.
29 共x 7 7y兲共x 7 7y兲 5 They get close to the ratio of leading coefficients as x
30 共x 2兲共x 2兲2共x 2 2x 4兲 gets larger.
81 5x 2 6x 20 7 If x is the age and y is the height, show that the final value
31
共4x 5兲共10x 1兲
32
x共x 2兲2 is 100x y.
b
8 Vout 13 Vin 9 No 10 CHAPTER 2
2a
ac bd ad bc EXERCISES 2.1
11 (a) 2 i (b) Yes y
a2 b2 a b2 1
(c) a and b cannot both be 0
13 a 0, D 0: x 僆⺢;
a 0, D 0: 共, x1兴傼关x2 , 兲; D
F
C
a 0, D 0: 兵其; E
b x
a 0, D 0 : x ; B A
2a
a 0, D 0: 关x1, x2兴
14 (a) 11,006 ft
1
(b) h 共2497D 497G 64,000兲 3 The line bisecting quadrants I and III
6 y
16 1兾101000; cx 2兾c must be nonnegative
17 (a) 10945 (b) 1.88
18 1 gallon ⬇ 0.13368 ft3; 586.85 ft2
C
A B
CHAPTER 1 TEST x
D
x
1 Positive 2 5 3 x2 3 4 492 sec E
y
x2yz 12 xy
5 6 兹x 7 3
9 兹 3xy2
8 x3 x2 x 10 9 32x6 10 共2x 3兲共x 5兲 5 A共3, 3兲, B共3, 3兲, C共3, 3兲, D共3, 3兲, E共1, 0兲, F共0, 3兲
11 3x共x 3兲共x 3兲 12 共4x 1兲共16x2 4x 1兲 7 (a) The line parallel to the y-axis that intersects the
13 共兹3 x 兹3 5 兲共兹3 x2 兹3 5x 兹3 25 兲 x-axis at 共2, 0兲
14 共2x 3y兲共x 2兲 15 共x31 1兲共x62 x31 1兲 (b) The line parallel to the x-axis that intersects the
3x 11 y-axis at 共0, 5兲
16 17 x y 18 2x h 7
x (c) All points to the right of and on the y-axis
19 6h共兹x h 兹x 兲 20 共x 2兲2共x 3兲3共7x 1兲 (d) All points in quadrants I and III
(e) All points below the x-axis
2x共 3 x2 兲 22 5A
22 x 23 B (f) All points on the y-axis
冉冊
共 x2 3 兲3
21
5 2A 3
1
兹15y 9 (a) 兹29 (b) 5,
$2000 25 x 26 x y z 3 2
冉冊
24
3
28 a 0, b 1 9
27 after 9 and 11 seconds 11 (a) 兹41 (b) , 2
1 2
29 4, 2 2 兹3 i 30 x 兹A2 B2r2 13 (a) 4 (b) 共5, 3兲
B
0, 2, 5, 8 32 7.7% 33 440 months 15 d共A, C兲2 d共A, B兲2 d共B, C兲2; area 20
冋册冉册
31
17 d共A, B兲 d共B, C兲 d共C, D兲 d共D, A兲 and
13 19 3
34 , 35 , 傼 [1, 兲 d共A, C兲2 d共A, B兲2 d共B, C兲2
2 2 2 19 共13, 28兲 21 d共A, C兲 d共B, C兲兹58
36 {1} 傼 (4, 7兲傼 (7, 兲 37 共1, 3兲 23 5x 2y 3
38 5 width 9 25 兹x 2 y 2 5; a circle of radius 5 with center at
the origin
27 共 0, 3 兹11 兲, 共 0, 3 兹11 兲 29 共2, 1兲
2
31 a or a 4
5
33 Let M be the midpoint of the hypotenuse. Show that
1
d共A, M兲 d共B, M兲 d共O, M兲兹a2 b2.
2
Answers to Selected Exercises A5
35 37 (a) 13 0; 0 15 2; 8
y y
x
关10, 10兴 by 关10, 10兴关1982, 2012兴 by
关80 103, 120 103, 10 103兴
(b) The number is increasing.
17 0; 0 19 16; 4
EXERCISES 2.2 y y
Exer. 1–20: x-intercept(s) is listed, followed by y-intercept(s).
1 1.5; 3 3 2; 2
y y
x x
x x
21 (a) 5, 7 (b) 9, 11 (c) 13

23 (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) (e)
25 27
1
5 0; 0 7 2 兹2; 1 y y
y y
x
x x
x
29 31
y y
9 0; 0 11 5; 兹5
y y
x x
x x
33 35 87
y y
x x
关0, 4兴 by 关0, 4兴
89 (a) 1126 ft/sec (b) 42°C
37 共x 2兲2 共 y 3兲2 25 39 冉冊x

1
4
2
y2 5
41 共x 4兲2 共y 6兲2 74
43 共x 3兲2 共y 6兲2 9
45 共x 2兲2 共y 2兲2 4
47 共x 1兲2 共y 2兲2 49 C共2, 3兲; r 7
34 关50, 50, 10兴 by 关900, 1200, 100兴
1
51 C共0, 2兲; r 兹11 53 C共3, 1兲; r 兹70
2 EXERCISES 2.3
55 C共2, 1兲; r 0 (a point) 3
1 m 3 m0
57 Not a circle, since r 2 cannot equal 4 4
59 y 兹25 x 2 ; y 兹25 x 2 ; x 兹25 y 2 ; y y
x 兹25 y 2
B A
61 y 1 兹49 共x 2兲2;
A
y 1 兹49 共x 2兲2;
x 2 兹49 共 y 1兲2; x 2 兹49 共 y 1兲2 x x
63 (x 3)2 (y 2)2 42 65 y 兹42 x 2
67 (a) Inside (b) On (c) Outside B
69 (a) 2 (b) 3 兹5
71 共x 2兲2 共 y 3兲2 25 73 兹5
75 共, 3兲傼共2, 兲 77 共1, 0兲傼共0, 1兲 79 共2兲 5 m is undefined y
81 1.2, 0.5, 1.6
B
关6, 6兴 by 关4, 4兴
83 共0.6, 0.8兲, 共0.6, 0.8兲
7 The slopes of opposite sides are equal.
9 The slopes of opposite sides are equal, and the slopes of
two adjacent sides are negative reciprocals.
11 共12, 0兲
13 15
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴 y y
y 2x
85 共0.999, 0.968兲, y 3x m 1
共0.251, 0.032兲 mq
m Q
y ~ x y sx P
x x
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴
5 65 (a) Yes: the creature at x 3 (b) No

17 y 3 (x 2)
4 67 34.95 mi兾hr 69 a 0.321; b 0.9425
19 y 71 共19, 13兲
关30, 3, 2兴 by 关2, 20, 2兴

73 共0.8, 0.6兲, 共4.8, 3.4兲, 共2, 5兲; right isosceles triangle
21 (a) x 3 (b) y 1 23 4x y 17
25 x 3y 7 27 11x 7y 9
29 5x 2y 17 31 5x 2y 29
3 1 11
33 y x 3 35 y x
4 3 3
37 5x 7y 15 39 y x
2 4 关15, 15兴 by 关10, 10兴
41 m , b 5 43 m , b 3 75 y 1.8x 0.22
3 3
y y
x x
关0, 5兴 by 关0, 10兴
77 (b) D 0.033Y 47.545
1 3
45 (a) y 3 (b) y x (c) y x1
2 2
(d) y 2 共x 3兲
x y
47 1 49 共x 3兲2 共 y 2兲2 49
3兾2 3
51 Approximately 23 weeks 关1900, 2010, 20兴 by 关15, 20兴
53 (a) 25.2 tons (b) As large as 3.4 tons (c) 17.96 m
5 (d) Record distance has increased approximately
55 (a) y x (b) 58 0.033 m/yr.
14
20
57 (a) W t 10 (b) 50 lb (c) 9 yr EXERCISES 2.4
3
(d) W 1 6, 4, 24 3 10, 20, 36
90 5 (a) 5a 2 (b) 5a 2 (c) 5a 2
(d) 5a 5h 2 (e) 5a 5h 4 (f) 5
7 (a) a2 3 (b) a2 3 (c) a2 3
(d) a2 2ah h2 3 (e) a2 h2 6
(f) 2a h
9 (a) a2 a 3 (b) a2 a 3 (c) a2 a 3
(d) a2 2ah h2 a h 3
10 (e) a2 h2 a h 6 (f) 2a h 1
1 12 t
4 1
11 (a) 2 (b) (c) 4a (d) 2a
a 4a2
8 7520
59 H T 2a a2 1 2兹a
3 3 13 (a) 2 (b) (c)
a 1 2a a1
61 (a) T 0.032t 13.5 (b) 16.86°C
兹2a3 2a
63 (a) E 0.55R 3600 (b) P 0.45R 3600 (d)
(c) $8000 a2 1
15 The graph is that of a function because it passes the verti- 43 (a) y (b) D 共, 兲,
cal line test. R 兵4其
17 D 关4, 1兴傼关2, 4兲; R 关3, 3兲 (c) Constant on
1
19 (a) 关3, 4兴 (b) 关2, 2兴 (c) 0 (d) 1, , 2 共, 兲
冉冊
2
1 x
(e) 1, 傼共2, 4兴
2
21 冋冊

7
2
, 23 关4, 4兴
25 All real numbers except 3, 0, and 3
27 冋冊
5
2
, 4 傼共4, 兲 29 共2, 兲 31 关3, 3兴
45 (a) y (b) D 关6, 6兴,
R 关6, 0兴
(c) Decreasing on
33 (a) D 关5, 3兲傼共1, 1兴傼共2, 4兴;
R 兵3其傼关1, 4兴关6, 0兴,
(b) Increasing on 关4, 3兲傼关3, 4兴; increasing on
x
decreasing on 关5, 4兴傼共2, 3兴; 关0, 6兴
constant on 共1, 1兴
35 y
2 47 h 2
x 1
3 49 2x h 51
兹x 3 兹a 3
1 3
53 f 共x兲 x 55 Yes 57 No 59 Yes
6 2
37 (a) y (b) D 共, 兲, 61 No 63 No 65 V共x兲 4x共15 x兲共10 x兲
R 共, 兲 500 100,000
(c) Decreasing on 67 (a) y共x兲 (b) C共x兲 300x 600
x x
共, 兲
69 S共h兲 6h 50
71 (a) y共t兲 2.5t 33
x (b) y The yearly
(10, 58) increase in height
(7, 50.5)
(6, 48)
39 (a) y (b) D 共, 兲,
R 共, 4兴 10
(c) Increasing on t
1
共, 0兴,
decreasing on
x
关0, 兲 (c) 58 in.
73 d共t兲 2兹t 2 2500
75 (a) y共h兲兹h2 2hr (b) 1280.6 mi
77 d共x兲兹90,400 x 2
79 (a) (b) 关0.75, 0.75兴
41 (a) y (b) D 关1, 兲,
(c) Decreasing on
R 关0, 兲
关2, 0.55兴 and
(c) Increasing on
on 关0.55, 2兴,
关1, 兲
increasing on
x 关0.55, 0.55兴
关2, 2兴 by 关2, 2兴
81 (a) (b) 关1.03, 1兴 21 23

(c) Increasing on y y
关0.7, 0兴 and
on 关1.06, 1.4兴,
decreasing on
关0, 1.06兴
x x
关0.7, 1.4, 0.5兴 by 关1.1, 1兴
83 (a) 8 (b) 8 (c) No real solutions (d) 625
(e) No real solutions
85 (a) 5985 (b) At most 95
3485 6,827,508
87 (a) f (x) x 25
7 7 y
关1990, 2010, 10兴 by 关10,000, 30,000, 10,000兴

(b) Average annual increase in the price paid for a
new car 27 共2, 4兲 29 共7, 3兲 31 共8, 2兲
(c) 2009 33 The graph of f is shifted 2 units to the right and 3 units up.
35 The graph of f is reflected about the y-axis and shifted
EXERCISES 2.5 4 units down.
1 f (2) 7, g(2) 6 37 The graph of f is compressed vertically by a factor of 2
3 Odd 5 Even 7 Neither 9 Even 11 Odd and reflected about the x-axis.
13 15 39 The graph of f is stretched horizontally by a factor of 3,
y y stretched vertically by a factor of 2, and reflected about
the x-axis.
41 (a) (b)
y y
x x
x x
17 19
y y
(c) (d)
y y
x x
x x
(e) (f) 51
y y y
x
x x
(g) (h) 53 (a) (b)

y y y y
x x x x
(i) (j) (c) (d)

y y y y
x x x x
(k) (l) (e)

y y y
x x x
43 (a) y f 共x 9兲 1 (b) y f 共x兲 55 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e)

(c) y f 共x 7兲 1 57 If x 0, two different points on the graph have
45 (a) y f 共x 4兲 (b) y f 共x兲 1 (c) y f 共x兲 x-coordinate x.
47 49 59 61
y y y y
x x x x
63 (c) x Y1 Y2
y
100 180 260
200 180 285
300 220 310
400 260 335
x
500 300 360
600 340 385
700 380 410
65 (a) D 关2, 6兴, R 关16, 8兴 800 420 435
(b) D 关4, 12兴, R 关4, 8兴 900 460 460
(c) D 关1, 9兴, R 关3, 9兴
1000 500 485
(d) D 关4, 4兴, R 关7, 5兴
(e) D 关6, 2兴, R 关4, 8兴 1100 540 510
(f) D 关2, 6兴, R 关8, 4兴 1200 580 535
(g) D 关6, 6兴, R 关4, 8兴
(d) I if x 僆关0, 900兲, II if x 900
(h) D 关2, 6兴, R 关0, 8兴
67 T共x兲再 0.15x if 0 x 20,000

EXERCISES 2.6
再
0.20x 1000 if x 20,000 1 y a共x 3兲2 1 3 y ax 2 2
1.20x if 0 x 10,000 5 f 共x兲共x 2兲 1
2
7 f 共x兲 2共x 4兲2 3
69 R共x兲 1.50x 3000 if 10,000 x 15,000 9 f 共x兲 3共x 1兲2 2
1.80x 7500 if x 15,000 3
11 f 共x兲共x 6兲2 7
71 共3.12, 22兲 4
73 共, 3兲傼共3, 1.87兲傼共4.13, 兲 13 (a) 0, 6 (c) y
75 (b) Min: f 共3兲 9
关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

(3, 9)
77
3 5
15 (a) , (c) y
4 3
共 2411 , 841
(b) Max: f
11
24

841
48 冉冊 48 兲
关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

79
关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴
再
81 (a) $300, $360
180 if 0 x 200
(b) C1共x兲
180 0.40共x 200兲 if x 200
C2共x兲 235 0.25x for x 0
4 55 (a) R共x兲 200x共90 x兲

17 (a) 19 (a) None
(b) $45
冉冊
3 R
500,000
4
(b) Min: f 0 (b) Min: f 共2兲 5 (45, 405,000)
3
(c) (c)
y y 300,000
100,000
共d, 0兲 (2, 5)
10 30 50 70 90 x
2 57 共0.57, 0.64兲,
共0.02, 0.27兲,
2 x x 共0.81, 0.41兲
21 (a) 4 兹3 ⬇ 5.73, 2.27 (b) Max: f 共4兲 6

(c) y
(4, 6) 关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴
59 Smaller values of a result
in a wider parabola; larger
values of a result in a
x narrower parabola.
关8, 4兴 by 关1, 7兴
1 5 61 (b) f 共x兲 0.17共x 7兲2 0.77
23 y 共x 4兲2 1 25 y 共x 2兲2 5
8 16
1
27 y (x 2)(x 4)
2
1
29 y 3共x 0兲2 2 31 y 共x 3兲2 1
9
1
33 y 共x 1兲 4
2
35 6.125 37 24.72 km
4
关0, 13兴 by 关0, 8兴
39 10.5 lb 41 (a) 424 ft (b) 100 ft 43 20 and 20 (c) 2.3 in.
冉冊
⎭
3 3 4 ⎪
45 (a) y共x兲 250 x (b) A共x兲 x 250 x x 80 ⎪if 800 x 500
4 4 25 ⎪
2 1 2 ⎬
(c) 166 ft by 125 ft 63 (a) f 共x兲 x 40 if 500 x 500
⎪
冉冊
3 6250 ⎪
4 9 2 4 ⎪
47 y x 3 x 80 ⎫if 500 x 800
27 2 25
1 2 (b)
49 (a) y x 10 (b) 282 ft 51 2 ft
500
53 500 pairs
关800, 800, 100兴 by 关100, 200, 100兴
4 2 8 1
65 (a) f 共x兲 x x 31 (a) ; all nonzero real numbers
225 3 x6
(b) 1
(b) 6; all nonzero real numbers
x
1
33 (a) ; all real numbers except 4 and 5
5x
2x 5 7
(b) ; all real numbers except 2 and
3x 7 3
关0, 180, 50兴 by 关0, 120, 50兴 35 3 兹2
(c) 37 (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 6 (d) 5 (e) Not possible
39 20兹x 2 1 41 Odd 43 40.16
45 A共t兲 25
t 2 47 r共t兲 9兹 3
t
49 h共t兲 5兹t 8t2
51 d共t兲兹90,400 共500 150t兲2

Exer. 53–60: Answers are not unique.
关0, 600, 50兴 by 关0, 400, 50兴 53 u x 2 5x, y u1/3 55 u x 3, y u6
The value of k affects both the height and the distance 57 u x 2x 5, y u
4 2 5
1 u2
traveled by a factor of . 59 u 兹x 4, y 61 5 1013
k u2
63 (a) Y1 x, graph Y3 2Y2
EXERCISES 2.7
2
1 (a) 15 (b) 3 (c) 54 (d)
3
x2 2
3 (a) 3x 2 1; 3 x 2; 2x 4 3x 2 2;
2x 2 1
1
(b) ⺢ (c) All real numbers except 兹2
2
关12, 12, 2兴 by 关16, 8, 2兴
5 (a) 2 兹x 5; 0; x 5; 1 (b) 关5, 兲 (c) 共5, 兲
(b) Y1 0.5x, graph Y2
3x 2 6x x 2 14x 2x 2
7 (a) ; ; ;
共x 4兲共x 5兲共x 4兲共x 5兲共x 4兲共x 5兲
2共x 5兲
x4
(b) All real numbers except 5 and 4
(c) All real numbers except 5, 0, and 4
9 (a) 2x 2 1 (b) 4x 2 4x 1 (c) 4x 3
(d) x 4 关12, 12, 2兴 by 关16, 8, 2兴
11 (a) 6x 3 (b) 6x 11 (c) 9 (d) 7 (c) Y1 x 3, graph Y3 Y2 1
13 (a) 75x 2 4 (b) 15x 2 20 (c) 304 (d) 155
15 (a) 8x 2 2x 5 (b) 4x 2 6x 9 (c) 31
(d) 45
17 (a) 8x 3 20x (b) 128x 3 20x (c) 24
(d) 3396
19 (a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 7
21 (a) x 2 3 兹x 2; 关2, 兲
关12, 12, 2兴 by 关6, 10, 2兴
(b) 兹x 2 3x 2; 共, 1兴傼关2, 兲 (d) Y1 x 2, graph Y3 Y2 3
23 (a) 3x 4; 关0, 兲
(b) 兹3x 2 12; 共, 2兴傼关2, 兲
25 (a) 兹兹x 5 2; 关1, 兲
(b) 兹兹x 2 5; 关2, 兲
27 (a) 兹3 兹x 2 16; 关5, 4兴傼关4, 5兴
(b) 兹x 13; 共, 13兴
29 (a) x; ⺢ (b) x; ⺢关12, 12, 2兴 by 关6, 10, 2兴
(e) Y1 x, graph Y2 1 1 x

19 (a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
2 兹2 兹3 x
x x2 x2
(e) (f) (g)
兹x 3 兹x 2 3 x3
20 Positive 21 Negative
22 (a)
4
3 冋冊
, ; 关0, 兲
关12, 12, 2兴 by 关8, 8, 2兴 (b) All real numbers except 4; 共0, 兲
(f) Y1 x, graph Y3 Y2 1
23 2a h 1 24
共a h 4兲共a 4兲
5 4
25 f 共x兲 x
3 3
26 (a) Odd (b) Neither (c) Even
Exer. 27–40: x-intercept(s) is listed, followed by y-intercept(s).
27 5; none 28 None; 3.5
y y
关12, 12, 2兴 by 关8, 8, 2兴
(g) Y1 abs x, graph Y2
x x
关12, 12, 2兴 by 关8, 8, 2兴 4

(h) Y1 x, graph Y3 abs Y2 29 1.6; 4 30 4; 3
y y
x x
关2, 6兴 by 关0, 8兴
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW EXERCISES

31 0; 0 32 0; 0
1 The points in quadrants II and IV y y
2 d共A, B兲2 d共A, C兲2 d共B, C兲2; area 10
3 (a) 兹265
13
(b) , 1
2 冉 (c) 共11, 23兲冊
4 共0, 3兲, 共0, 13兲 5 2 a 1
6 共x 7兲2 共 y 4兲2 162 x x
7 共x 3兲2 共 y 2兲2 169
13
8 x 2 兹7 y2 9
17
2
10 The slope of AD and BC is .
3
11 (a) 18x 6y 7 (b) 2x 6y 3
8
12 y x 5 13 共x 5兲2 共 y 1兲2 81
3
14 x y 3 15 4x y 19
16 2x 3y 5 17 C共0, 6兲; r 兹5
1
18 C共3, 2兲; r 兹11
2
33 1; 1 34 1; 1 44 (a) y (b) D ⺢;
y y R 兵1000其
(c) Constant on
共, 兲
500
500 x
x x
45 (a) y (b) D ⺢;
35 4; 4 36 None; 8 R 关0, 兲
y y (c) Decreasing on
共, 3兴,
increasing on
x 关3, 兲
x 46 (a) y (b) D 共兹10, 兹10 兲;

R 共兹10, 0 兲
37 0, 8; 0 38 3; 3
y y (c) Decreasing on
关兹10, 0 兴, increas-
ing on 关 0, 兹10 兴
x
x x
47 (a) y (b) D 关1, 兲;

R 共, 1兴
39 3 兹2; 7 40 3, 1; 3 (c) Decreasing on
y y
关1, 兲
x x
48 (a) y (b) D 共, 2兴;

R 关0, 兲
41 共兹8, 兹8 兲 (c) Decreasing on
42 The graph of y f 共x 2兲 is the graph of y f 共x兲共, 2兴
shifted to the right 2 units and reflected about the x-axis.
43 (a) y (b) D ⺢; R ⺢ x
(c) Decreasing on
共, 兲
49 (a) y (b) D ⺢; (c) (d)

y y
R 共 , 9兴
(c) Increasing on
共 , 0兴,
decreasing on
关0, 兲 x
x
x
50 (a) y (b) D ⺢; (e) (f)
R 关7, 兲 y y
(c) Decreasing on
共 , 3兴,
increasing on
关3, 兲 x x
51 (a) y (b) D ⺢; 54 (a) (b)

y y
R 关0, 兲
(c) Decreasing on
共 , 0兴,
increasing on
x
关0, 2兴, x x
constant on
关2, 兲
52 (a) y
(c) (d)
y y
x
x x
(b) D ⺢; R 兵. . . , 3, 1, 1, 3, . . .其

(e) (f)
(c) Constant on 关n, n 1兲, where n is any integer y y
53 (a) (b)
y y
x x
x x
(g) 200
(c) ⬇ 9.1 ft
y 7
⎭
⎬ 0.00361x if 0 x 5000
84 B(x) ⎪ 0.00417x 2.8 if x 5000
1
85 y (x 4.475)2 1
x 4.4752
86 (a) y 12 x (b) A x(12 x)
18
87 hr after 1:00 P.M., or about 2:23 P.M.
13
55 2x 5y 10 56 共x 2兲2 共 y 1兲2 25 1 1
1 88 Radius of semicircle is mi; length of rectangle is mi.
57 y 共x 2兲2 4 58 y 兩 x 2 兩 1 8
8
2 89 (a) 1 sec (b) 4 ft
59 Min: f 共4兲 2 60 Max: f 共3兲 6 (c) On the moon, 6 sec and 24 ft
61 Max: f 共4兲 20 62 Min: f 共4兲 108 90 (a) 共87.5, 17.5兲 (b) 30.625 units
3
63 f 共x兲 2共x 3兲2 4 64 y 共x 3兲2 2
4 CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
65 (a) 关0, 3兴 (b) 共0, 3兴 66 (a) 3 (b) 兹11 1 1
2 (a) g共x兲 x 3 (b) g共x兲 x 3
67 (a) 18x 2 9x 1 (b) 6x 2 15x 5 2 2
68 (a) 冑 3 2x 2
x2
(b)
1
3x 2
4 2ax ah b
1
(c) g共x兲 x 7 (d) g共x兲 x
2
1
2
69 (a) 兹28 x; 关3, 28兴
5 mPQ; the slope of the tangent line at P
冉冉冊冉冊冊
(b) 兹兹25 x 2 3; 关4, 4兴
1 m m m m
70 (a) ; all real numbers except 3 and 0 6 R共x3, y3兲 1 x1 x2, 1 y1 y2
x3 n n n n
6x 4 2 7 h ad 2
8 f 共x兲 40 20冀x兾15冁
(b) ; all real numbers except and 0
x 3 0.4996 兹共0.4996兲2 4共0.0833兲共3.5491 D兲
9 x
u x 2 5x, y 兹 3
u
再
71 2共0.0833兲
72 Between 36.1 ft and 60.1 ft 0.132共x 1兲2 0.7 if 1 x 6
(a) 253.42 ft (b) 2028 10 (b) f 共x兲
73 0.517x 7.102 if 6 x 12
1 (c)
74 (a) V 6000t 179,000 (b) 2
3
9
75 (a) F C 32 (b) 1.8°F
5
3 3
76 (a) C1共x兲 x (b) C2共x兲 x 120 (c) 8800
20 22
3
77 (a) y共x兲 x (b) C共x兲 180x
2 关0.5, 12.5, 0.5兴 by 关0, 5兴
d(t) 兹102 (20 22t)2
冉冊
78
4 4 CHAPTER 2 TEST
79 (a) y共x兲 x 20 (b) V共x兲 4x x 20 1 x 37, y 16 2 a 0 or a 6
5 5
3
共r3 16兲 3 共x 4兲2 共y 5兲2 41
80 C共r兲 4 y-intercept: 10; x-intercept: 8
10r
(a) V 10t 4 7
81 5 y x 6 y x 14
(b) V 200h2 for 0 h 6; 5 2
V 7200 3200共h 6兲 for 6 h 9 7 T 共x兲 0.88x 9.9 8 共, 2兲傼共2, 0]
(c) h
t
冑 for 0 t 720; h 6
t 720 9 2a h 5; 2a h 7
10 S 共V兲 V 8 兹V/2, or V 4 兹2V
再
for 11 (6, 3)
20 320
1.20x if 0 x 1000
720 t 1680 12 C 共x兲
1 5 1 1.80x 600 if x 1000
82 (a) r x (b) y x3 13 y a 共x 2兲2 1; a 0 14 27
2 4
48
81
bh 1 15 16 250; 100 17 [3, 兲
83 (a) y共h兲 (b) V共h兲
h共a2 ab b2兲 8
ab 3
18 C 共y 共t兲兲 25t 10t 10; $9000
2
CHAPTER 3 23 f 共x兲 0 if 2 x 3 25 f 共x兲 0 if x 2,

or x 4, f 共x兲 0 if f 共x兲 0 if x 2
EXERCISES 3.1 x 2 or 3 x 4 or 兩 x 兩 2
1 (a) (b) y y
y y
x
x
x x
27 f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2 or 29 f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2,
3 (a) (b)
y y 兩 x 兩兹2, f 共x兲 0 if f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2,
兹2 兩 x 兩 2 x 苷 0, x 苷 1
y y
x x 3
1 x
1
x 1
5 f 共3兲 2 0, f 共4兲 10 0
7 f 共2兲 5 0, f 共3兲 5 0
9 f 共2兲 33 0, f 共1兲 2 0
11 (a) C (b) D (c) B (d) A 31 y
13 (a) As x → , f(x) → . As x → , f(x) → .
(b) As x → , f(x) → . As x → , f(x) → .
(c) As x → , f(x) → . x
(d) As x → , f(x) → .
15 f 共x兲 0 if x 2, 17 f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2,
f 共x兲 0 if x 2 f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2
y y
33 (a) y
x x
a
19 f 共x兲 0 if 兩 x 兩 2, 21 f 共x兲 0 if x 2 or
x
f 共x兲 0 if 0 兩 x 兩 2 0 x 4, f 共x兲 0 if b c
y 2 x 0 or x 4 (b) abc (c) 共, a兲傼共b, c兲 (d) 关a, b兴傼关c, 兲
y 35 If n is even, then 共x兲n x n and hence f 共x兲 f 共x兲.
Thus, f is an even function.
4
37 39 4
10 3
x
5 x
41 P共x兲 0 on P (3) (4)

共 51 兹15, 0 兲 and 共 15 兹15, 兲;
P共x兲 0 on
共 , 51 兹15 兲 and 共 0, 15 兹15 兲
x
关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴

(b) (1) As x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches ;
43 (b) V共x兲 0 on 共0, 10兲 45 (a) T 0 for 0 t 12; as x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches .
and 共15, 兲; T 0 for 12 t 24 (2) As x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches ;
allowable values (b) as x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches .
for x are in 共0, 10兲. T (3) As x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches ;
V as x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches .
(4) As x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches ;
as x approaches , f 共x兲 approaches .
10
(c) For the cubic function f 共x兲 ax 3 bx 2 cx d
6 t with a 0, f 共x兲 approaches as x approaches and
f 共x兲 approaches as x approaches . With a 0,
200
f 共x兲 approaches as x approaches and f 共x兲
2 x approaches as x approaches .
53 1.89, 0.49, 1.20
(c) T 共6兲 32.4 32,
T 共7兲 29.75 32
47 (a) N共t兲 0 for 0 t 5 (b) The population
N becomes extinct after
5 years.
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴
100 55 1.88, 0.35, 1.53
1 t
49 (a) 关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴

57 共0.56, 兲
x f 共x兲 g共x兲 h共x兲 k共x兲
60 25,920,000 25,902,001 25,937,999 26,135,880
40 5,120,000 5,112,001 5,127,999 5,183,920
20 320,000 318,001 321,999 327,960
20 320,000 318,001 321,999 312,040
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴
40 5,120,000 5,112,001 5,127,999 5,056,080
59 共 , 2.24兲傼共2.24, 兲
60 25,920,000 25,902,001 25,937,999 25,704,120
(b) They become similar. (c) 2x 4
51 (a) (1) (2)
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴
关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴
A20 Answers to Selected Exercises
61 共1.29, 0.77兲, 11 3x 6 27x 5 81x 4 81x 3

共0.085, 2.66兲, y
共1.36, 0.42兲
1 x
10
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关2, 4兴

63 (a) It has increased.
13 f 共x兲
7
9
共x 1兲 x
3
2 冉冊
共x 3兲
15 f 共x兲 1共x 1兲2共x 3兲
2
关1970, 2010, 10兴 by 关20, 45, 5兴 17 (multiplicity 1); 0 (multiplicity 2);
3
(b) y 0.59x 23.5; linear 5
(multiplicity 3)
2
EXERCISES 3.2 3
3 1 19 (multiplicity 2); 0 (multiplicity 3)
1 2x 2 x 3; 4x 3 x; x 4 3 2
2 2 21 兹3 (each of multiplicity 3)
5 0; 7x 2 7 5; 29 9 16 11 7 23 4 (multiplicity 3); 3 (multiplicity 2); 3 (multiplicity 5)
13 f 共3兲 0 15 f 共2兲 0 17 f (3) 0 25 4i, 3 (each of multiplicity 1)
19 x 3 3x 2 10x 21 x3 x2 9x 9 27 f 共x兲共x 3兲2共x 2兲共x 1兲
23 x 4 2x 3 9x 2 2x 8 25 2x2 x 6; 7 29 f 共x兲共x 2兲3共x 1兲
27 x 3x 1; 8
2
31 f 共x兲共x 1兲5共x 1兲
29 3x4 6x3 12x2 18x 36; 65
31 4x3 2x2 4x 2; 0 33 73 Exer. 33–40: The types of possible solutions are listed in the
4 order positive, negative, nonreal complex.
35 0.0824 37 39 8 7 兹3 41 f 共2兲 0 33 3, 0, 0 or 1, 0, 2 35 0, 1, 2
3
43 f冉冊 1
2
0 45 3, 5 47 f 共c兲 0 49 14
37 2, 2, 0; 2, 0, 2; 0, 2, 2; 0, 0, 4
39 2, 3, 0; 2, 1, 2; 0, 3, 2; 0, 1, 4
41 Upper, 5; lower, 2 43 Upper, 2; lower, 2
51 If f 共x兲 x y and n is even, then f 共y兲 0.
n n
45 Upper, 3; lower, 3
(a) V
x 2共6 x兲
冉冊
53 1
1 1 47 f 共x兲共x 1兲2共x 1兲共x 2兲3
(b)
2
共 5 兹45 兲, 2 共 7 兹45 兲 4
49 (a) f 共x兲 a共x 3兲3共x 1兲共x 2兲2 (b) 108
55 (a) A 8x 2x 3 (b) 兹13 1 ⬇ 2.61 51 f 共x兲共x 4兲共x 2兲共x 1.5兲2共x 3兲
57 9.55 53 No 55 Yes: 1.5共x 2兲共x 5.2兲共x 10.1兲
59 0.75, 1.96 5
57 f 共t兲 t共t 5兲共t 19兲共t 24兲
3528
EXERCISES 3.3 59 As the multiplicity
1 4x 3 16x 2 4x 24 3 3x 3 3x 2 36x increases, the graph
5 2x 6x 8x 24
3 2
becomes more
7 3x 3 3x horizontal at 共0.5, 0).
9 x 4 2x 3 23x 2 24x 144
y
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴
61 1.2 (multiplicity 2);
1.1 (multiplicity 1)
20
1 x
关3, 3兴 by 关3, 1兴
63 2023 共when t ⬇ 43.2兲 EXERCISES 3.5

65 (a) (3) 1 (a) y (b) D all nonzero
real numbers; R D
(c) Decreasing on
共, 0兲 and on
共0, 兲
x
关0.5, 12.5兴 by 关30, 50, 5兴

(b) 4 x 5 and 10 x 11 (c) 4.02, 10.53
67 7.64 cm 69 12 cm 3 (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) (d) (e) 0
5 (a) As x → , f(x) → 0.
EXERCISES 3.4 (b) As x → , f(x) → 2.
1 x 2 6x 13 3 共x 2兲共x 2 4x 29兲 7 VA: x 3; HA: y 2; hole: 共 6, 22
3兲
5 x共x 1兲共x 6x 10兲
2
9 y 2(x 3)(x 2)
7 共x 2 8x 25兲共x 2 4x 5兲 f (x)
(x 1)(x 2)
9 x共x 2 4兲共x 2 2x 2兲
Exer. 11–16: Show that none of the possible rational roots y2
listed satisfy the equation. 3
1 x
11 1, 2, 3, 6 13 1, , 5
5 共2, s兲
15 1, 2
6 x1
1 1 3 3
17 (a) 1, , , 2, 3, , , 6
2 4 2 4
1 3
(b) (c) , 2, 11 y 13 y
2 2
x x
关6, 6兴 by 关1, 1兴
5
19 2, 1, 4 21 3, 2,
2
1
23 7, 兹2, 4 25 1 (multiplicity 2), , 3 15 y 17 y
2
2 1
27 3, , 0 (multiplicity 2),
3 2 (2, 1)
y2 y2
3 3 3
29 , 兹7 i
4 4 4
31 f 共x兲共3x 2兲共2x 1兲共x 1兲2共x 2兲 x x
33 f 共x兲 2共x 0.9兲共x 1.1兲共x 12.5兲
35 No. If i is a root, then i is also a root. Hence, the x w x w
polynomial would have factors x 1, x 1, x i, x i
and therefore would be of degree greater than 3.
37 Since n is odd and nonreal complex zeros occur in conju-
gate pairs for polynomials with real coefficients, there
must be at least one real zero.
39 (a) The two boxes correspond to x 5 and
x 5共 2 兹2 兲.
(b) The box corresponding to x 5
41 (c) In feet: 5, 12, and 13 43 (b) 4 ft
1 兹3
45 None 47 1.2, 0.8, i 49 10,200 m
2 2
19 y 21 y 1
39 y x 41 y x 2 1
2
y
x x
23 y 25 y 共兲
y q x
2x 3 1
43 f 共x兲 for x 苷 2 45 f 共x兲 for x 苷 1
x1 x1
y y
x x (2, 7)
共1, q兲
x x
27 y 29 y
x1
x 2
x2
5 y3 47 f 共x兲 x 1 for x 苷 2 49 f 共x兲 for x 苷 2
x x1
5 x y y
31 y 33 y
110
x (2, 0) x
(2, 3)
60
1 0
2
x x
2 2x 6x 2 6x 12
51 f 共x兲 53 f 共x兲 3
x5 x 7x 6
16
55 (a) h 1 (b) V共r兲
r 2h
共r 0.5兲2
35 37 y x 2
(c) Exclude r 0 and r 3.5.
y y
t
57 (a) V共t兲 50 5t, A共t兲 0.5t (b)
yx2 10t 100
(c) As t l , c共t兲 l 0.1 lb of salt per gal.
59 (a) 0 S 4000 (b) 4500 (c) 2000
(d) A 125% increase in S produces only a 12.5% increase
x x
in R.
61 None 63 x 0.999
关9, 3兴 by 关9, 3兴关0.7, 1.3, 0.1兴 by 关0.8, 1.2, 0.1兴
65 (a) The graph of g is the horizontal line y 1 with holes 3 3

21 (a) P k 兹l 兹2 (b)
(c) 兹10 sec
at x 0, 1, 2, 3. 4 4
(b) The graph of h is the graph of p with holes at x 0, 365
1, 2, 3. 23 (a) T kd 3/2 (b) (c) 223.2 days
共93兲3/2
132 48x 7
67 (a) y (b) 25 (a) V k 兹L (b) 兹2 (c) 63 mi兾hr
x4 2
25
27 (a) W kh3 (b) (c) 154 lb
27
29 (a) F kPr 4 (b) About 2.05 times as hard
31 Increases 250% 33 d is multiplied by 9.
10.1
(c) 35 y 1.2x 37 y 2
x
39 (a) k ⬇ 0.034 (b)
关2, 4兴 by 关0, 1000, 100兴

(d) x 4
关0, 75, 10兴 by 关0, 600, 100兴
(e) Regardless of the number of additional credit hours
obtained at 4.0, a cumulative GPA of 4.0 is not
attainable. CHAPTER 3 REVIEW EXERCISES
1 f 共x兲 0 if x 2, 2 f 共x兲 0 if x 兹
6
32
f 共x兲 0 if x 2 or x 兹 32, f 共x兲 0
6
EXERCISES 3.6 if 兹 6
32 x 兹 6
32
y
2 4 y
1 u kv; k 3 V kr3, k
5 3
s x2
5 r k ; k 14 ; k 27 7 yk
t z3
2 xy 10
9 z kx 2y 3; k 11 z k 3 ; k 2
49 兹w 10 x
k 兹x 40
13 q ; k 1.68 15 y k 3 ; k
xy z 3 x
17 (a) P kd (b) 59 (c) 295 lb兾ft2
(d) P (lb/ft2)
3 f 共x兲 0 if 2 x 1 4 f 共x兲 0 if 1 x 0
P 59d or 1 x 3, f 共x兲 0 or 0 x 2,
if x 2 or x 3 f 共x兲 0 if x 1
295 y or x 2
y
118
2 5 d (feet) x
l 1 x
19 (a) R k 2 (b)
d 40,000
50
(c) R (ohms) (d) ohms
9
25
1
R
400d 2
6.25
0.01 0.02 d (inches)
5 f 共x兲 0 if 4 x 0 6 f共x兲 0 if 4 x 2, 1

27 f(x) (x 2)3(x 1)2(x 3)
or x 2, f 共x兲 0 if 0 x 2, or x 4, 6
x 4 or 0 x 2 f 共x兲 0 if x 4, 1
2 x 0, or 2 x 4 28 f(x) (x 3)2x 2(x 3)2
y 16
y 4
29 VA: x 5; HA: y ; x-intercept: 1;
冉冊
3
4 4
5 y-intercept: ; hole: 2,
15 7
5 x 30 y 31 y
x
7 f 共0兲 9 100 and f 共10兲 561 100. By the inter- x x

mediate value theorem for polynomial functions, f takes
on every value between 9 and 561. Hence, there is at
least one real number a in 关0, 10兴 such that f 共a兲 100.
8 Let f 共x兲 x 5 3x 4 2x 3 x 1. f 共0兲 1 0 and
f 共1兲 4 0. By the intermediate value theorem for 32 y 33 y
polynomial functions, f takes on every value between 4
and 1. Hence, there is at least one real number a in 关0, 1兴
such that f 共a兲 0.
9 3x 2 2; 21x 2 5x 9 10 4x 1; 2x 1
11 32 12 f 共3兲 0 x x
13 6x 4 12x 3 24x 2 52x 104; 200
14 2x 2 11x 31; 94
2 2
15 共x 6x 34兲共x 1兲
41
1 34 y 35 y
16 x共x 2 2x 2兲共x 3兲 y x
4
17 x 7 6x 6 9x 5 y (1, 0)
10
x x
1 x
(0, 4)
36 y 37 y
18 共x 2兲共x 3兲共x 1兲
3 共2, y兲 x4
19 1 (multiplicity 5); 3 (multiplicity 1) x2
y 2
20 0, i (all have multiplicity 2) 10
21 (a) Either 3 positive and 1 negative or 1 positive, 1 nega- x
x 5
tive, and 2 nonreal complex
(b) Upper bound, 3; lower bound, 1
22 (a) Either 2 positive and 3 negative; 2 positive, 1 nega- 2
tive, and 2 nonreal complex; 3 negative and 2 nonreal
complex; or 1 negative and 4 nonreal complex
(b) Upper bound, 2; lower bound, 3
23 Since there are only even powers,
x 6 2x 4 3x 2 1 1 for every real number x.
1 1 3
24 3, 2, 2 i 25 , , 26 3, 2, 1
2 4 2
38 y 39 y 8 (a) No
cd af
yx1 (b) Yes, when x , provided the denominator is
yx ae bd
not zero
9 (a) $1476
(b) Not valid for high confidence values
x x
10 The second integer
P SI
11 (a) R(I) (b) R approaches S.
I
(c) As income gets larger, individuals pay more in taxes,
but fixed tax amounts play a smaller role in determin-
3(x 5)(x 2) 3x 2 21x 30
40 f (x) or f(x) ing their overall tax rate.
2(x 3)(x 2) 2x 2 2x 12
12 (a) 121.1 (b) 47 (c) 36 yards
41 27 42 y
CHAPTER 3 TEST
18 1 y y-intercept 4
288
y 2
x
2 x
4 12 x
1
43 (a)
15,000
(b) y ⬇ 0.9754 1 if x 6.1, and y ⬇ 1.0006 1 2 f共x兲 x3 (x 1)2 (x 2)
if x 6.2 3 f共0兲 1 0 and f共2兲 13 0, so there is a number c
1 such that 0 c 2 and f共c兲 0.
44 (a) V x共l 2 x 2兲
4
4 (a, b) 傼 (b, c)
(b) If x 0, V 0 when 0 x l. 5 After 7 years
45 t 4 (10:00 A.M.) and t 16 4 兹6 ⬇ 6.2020 6 The graphs of f and g would look nearly identical.
(12:12 P.M.) 7 f(2) 0 8 a b/6 9 2, 3
46 兹5 t 4 10 f共x兲 3(x 3)(x 1)2 11 9
47 (a) R k 12 Yes; f共x兲 x(x 1)(x i)
13 5 is a factor of 6545 and 2 is a factor of 702.
冉冊
(b) k is the maximum rate at which the liver can remove
alcohol from the bloodstream. 6 5 2 5
48 (a) C共100兲 $30 million and C共90兲 ⬇ $2.5 million 14 1, , 15 (2, 3) 16 ,
5 2 3 4
(b) C (million dollars) 17 y
30
(3, 4)
y2
20
(1, 0) x
10 (0, 2)
x1
10 100
x (percent)
3(x 4)(x 1)
18 f(x) 19 4
49 375 50 10,125 watts (x 2)(x 1)
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION EXERCISES

共x 2 1兲共x 1兲
2 Yes 4 No 5 n1 7 f 共x兲
共x 2 1兲共x 2兲
CHAPTER 4 55 (a) Since f is one-to-one, an inverse exists;

xb
f 1共x兲
EXERCISES 4.1 a
1 (a) 4 (b) Not possible (b) No; not one-to-one
3 (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not a function 57 (c) The graph of f is symmetric about the line y x.
5 Yes 7 No 9 Yes 11 No 13 No Thus, f 共x兲 f 1共x兲.
15 Yes 59 Yes
17 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) (e) 61 (a) 关0.27, 1.22兴
(b) 关0.20, 3.31兴;
Exer. 19–22: Show that f 共g共x兲兲 x g共 f 共x兲兲.
y y 关0.27, 1.22兴
19 21
关1, 2兴 by 关1, 4兴
x x 63 f 1共x兲 x 3 1
23 共, 0兲傼共0, 兲; 共, 1兲傼共1, 兲

25 共 , 43 兲傼共 43 , 兲; 共 , 83 兲傼共 83 , 兲关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴
x5 5x 3 65 (a) 805 ft3兾min
27 f 1共x兲 29 f 1共x兲 1
3 2x (b) V1共x兲 x. Given an air circulation of x cubic feet
31 f 1共x兲
5x 2
2x 3
33 f 1共x兲冑 2x
3
35
per minute, V1共x兲 computes the maximum number of
冑
people that should be in the restaurant at one time.
x5 (c) 67
35 f 1共x兲 3
37 f 1共x兲 3 x 2, x 0
2
39 f 1共x兲共x 1兲3 41 f 1共x兲兹兹x 6
5 3
EXERCISES 4.2
43 f 1共x兲 x 45 f 1共x兲兹9 x2, 3 x 0 4 18
1 5 3 1, 3 5 7 9 3
47 f 1共x兲 3 兹x 9 49 (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 5 99 5
(a) y (b) D 关1, 2兴; 11 (a)
冋册
51 (b) c
1 13 (a) y (b) y
(2, 4) R ,4
2
共1, q兲冋册
f
(4, 2) 1
f 1 (c) D1 ,4 ;
x 2
共q, 1兲 R1 关1, 2兴 x x
yx
53 (a) y (b) D 关3, 3兴;

yx R 关2, 2兴 y y
(c) (d)
(2, 3) (c) D1 关2, 2兴;
f 1 R1 关3, 3兴
(3, 2)
f
f x
(3, 2)
f 1 x
(2, 3)
(e) y (f) y 23 y 25 y
x x x x
(g) y (h) y 27 y
x x x
(i) y (j) y 29 f 共x兲 2共 52 兲 31 f 共x兲 2共 23 兲 3

x x
33 f 共x兲 8共 12 兲 35 f 共x兲 180共1.5兲x 32

x
37 (a) 59 (b) 10%

39 (a) 1039; 3118; 5400 41 (a) 50 mg; 25 mg;
x 25
(b) 兹2 ⬇ 17.7 mg
2
f (t) (bacteria)
x (b)
f (t) (mg remaining)

15 y 17 y
1000
x
1 t (hours)
20
x
10 t (days)
1
19 y 21 y
43
1600
45 (a) $1005.83 (b) $1035.51 (c) $1072.29
y8 (d) $4038.74
47 (a) $19,500 (b) $11,975 (c) $7354
49 $231,089,639,204.11
x 51 (a) Examine the pattern formed by the value y in the
year n.
x (b) Solve s 共1 a兲Ty0 for a.
53 (a) $1834.41 (b) $410,387.60
55 $15,495.62
57 (a) 180.1206 (b) 7.3639
59 (a) 26.13 (b) 8.50 EXERCISES 4.3

1 (a) y (b) y
关0, 60, 5兴 by 关0, 40, 5兴 x x

61 1.02, 2.14, 3.62
63 (a) Not one-to-one
(b) 0
3 (a) y (b) y
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴
65 x x
5 $1300.18 7 $54,226.53 9 7% 11 3, 4
3 4
关4, 1兴 by 关2, 3兴 13 1/e 15 1 17 , 0 19 x
4 共e ex兲2
(a) Increasing: 关3.37, 1.19兴傼关0.52, 1兴;
21 27.43 g 23 348.8 million
decreasing: 关4, 3.37兴傼关1.19, 0.52兴
25 (a) 25% (b) 13.2 hours 27 13.5% 29 41
(b) 关1.79, 1.94兴
31 (a) 10.46 in. (b) 7.44 in.
67 6.58 yr
33 75.77 cm; 15.98 cm兾yr
69 The maximum number of
35 $18.54 per hr 37 (a) 7.19% (b) 7.25%
sales approaches k.
39 (a) 5.09% (b) 5.13%
41 y
y e1000x
关0, 7.5兴 by 关0, 5兴
1
71 After approximately
32.8 yr
1 x
43 (a) 29.96 (b) 8.15
关0, 40, 10兴 by 关0, 200,000, 50,000兴

73 (a)
关0, 60, 5兴 by 关0, 40, 5兴
关10, 100, 10兴 by 关200, 2200, 1000兴

(b) Exponential function f (c) 1989
75 y 0.04(1.0481)t; 74¢
77 (a) $746,648.43; $1,192,971 (b) 12.44%
(c) exponential; polynomial
45 (a) (b) 59 Increasing on 关1, 兲;

y decreasing on 共, 1兴
x 关5.5, 5兴 by 关2, 5兴
关7.5, 7.5兴 by 关5, 5兴 61 (a) As h increases, C decreases.
(b) As y increases, C decreases.
63 (a) f 共x兲 1.225e0.0001085x
47 (a) (b)
y
x 关1000, 10,000, 1000兴 by 关0, 1.5, 0.5兴

(b) 0.885, 0.461
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴
EXERCISES 4.4
1
49 1.04, 2.11, 8.51 1 (a) log 4 64 3 (b) log 4 3
64
(c) log t s r (d) log 3 共4 t兲 x
ab
(e) log 5 7t (f) log 0.7 共5.3兲 t
a
1
3 (a) 25 32 (b) 35 (c) t p r
243
关3, 11兴 by 关10, 80, 10兴 (d) 35 共x 2兲 (e) 23x4 m (f) b3/2 512
51 f 共x兲 is closer to e if x ⬇ 0;
g共x兲 is closer to
x
5 t 3 log a
5
2
7 t loga
HK
C 冉冊
e x if x ⬇ 1.
9 t
1
C
log a
AD
B 冉冊
11 (a) log 100,000 5 (b) log 0.001 3
(c) log 共 y 3兲 x (d) ln p 7
关0, 4.5兴 by 关0, 3兴 (e) ln 共3 x兲 2t
53 0.11, 0.79, 1.13 13 (a) 1050 x (b) 1020t x (c) e0.1 x
(d) e43x
w (e) e z 2
1/6
15 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) Not possible (d) 2 (e) 8

(f) 3 (g) 2
17 (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) 30
19 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3e2
关2, 2.5兴 by 关1, 2兴 21 1 23 No solution 25 1, 2 27 13
y ⬇ 2.71 ⬇ e 1 1
55 29 31 33 3 35 3
27 e
37 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
关0, 200, 50兴 by 关0, 8兴

57 0.567
39 (a) y (b) y (k) y (l) y
x x x x
(c) y (d) y 41 y 43 y
x 10
x x x x
(e) y (f) y 47 f (x) log3 x

45 y
x x
x
(g) y (h) y
49 f 共x兲 F共x兲 51 f 共x兲 F共x 2兲
53 f 共x兲 F共x兲 1
55 (a) 4240 (b) 8.85 (c) 0.0251 (d) 9.97
(e) 1.05 (f) 0.202
2 2
57 f 共x兲 1000e x ln 1.05; 4.88% 59 f 共x兲 20e x ln 0.97; 3.05%
冉冊冉冊
x x
q L I
61 t 1600 log 2 63 t ln
q0 R 20
65 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5
67 (a) 10 (b) 30 (c) 40 69 In the year 2047
(i) y (j) y 71 (a) W 2.4e1.84h (b) 37.92 kg
73 (a) 10,007 ft (b) 18,004 ft
75 (a) 305.9 kg (b) (1) 20 yr (2) 19.8 yr
77 10.1 mi 79 21/8 ⬇ 1.09
81 (a) Pedestrians have faster average walking speeds in
x x large cities.
(b) 570,000
83 (a) 8.4877 (b) 0.0601
85 1.763 87 共0, 14.90兴
关2, 16兴 by 关4, 8兴
89 (a) 30% (b) 3.85 b

57 y 59 v
xk
EXERCISES 4.5
1 (a) log 4 x log 4 z (b) log 4 y log 4 x
1
(c) log 4 z
3 z
3 3 log a x log a w 2 log a y 4 log a z
1 1
5 log z log x log y
3 2
7 5 1
7 ln x ln y ln z 61 (a) 0 (b) R共2x兲 R共x兲 a log 2 63 0.29 cm
4 4 4
2z 65 共0, 1.02兴傼关2.40, 兲
9 (a) log 3 共5xy兲 (b) log 3 (c) log3兹 5
y
x
2 13/3
x y
11 log a 3 13 log 2
兹 x 2 共2x 3兲5 x
3
11
15 ln x 17 19 5兹5 21 No solution
2
1 兹65 关0, 6兴 by 关1, 3兴
23 7 25 1 27 2 29 2 31
2 67 1.41, 6.59
250 69 (a) Increasing on 关0.2, 0.63兴
33 35 1 兹1 e 37 3 兹10
49 and 关6.87, 16兴; decreas-
39 y 41 y ing on 关0.63, 6.87兴
(b) 4.61; 3.31
关0.2, 16, 2兴 by 关4.77, 5.77兴

x x
71 6.94 73 115 m
EXERCISES 4.6
log 3 log 5
1 ⬇ 0.68 3 4 ⬇ 2.54 5 1.5440
43 y 45 y log 5 log 3
7 0.0480 9 2 11 3 13 No solution
log 共2兾81兲 log 共8兾25兲
15 ⬇ 1.16 17 ⬇ 5.11
log 24 log 共4兾5兲
x x
19 5 21
2
3 冑 101
11
⬇ 2.02 23 2, 5 25 1, 2
log 共 4 兹19 兲
27 ⬇ 1.53 29 1 or 100 31 10100
log 4
47 y 49 y 33 10,000 35 ln 3 37 7
39 x log 共 y 兹y2 1 兲
1
41 x log
2
1y
1y 冉冊43 x ln 共 y 兹y2 1 兲
x x 45 x
1
2
ln 冉冊 y1
y1
51 f 共x兲 log 2 x 2 53 f 共x兲 log 2 共8x兲 55 About 7
47 y-intercept log 2 3 49 x-intercept log 4 3 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW EXERCISES

⬇ 1.5850 ⬇ 0.7925 1 Yes
y y 2 y
x x x
51
53
(a) 2.2 (b) 5 (c) 8.3
Basic if pH 7, acidic if pH 7
11.58 yr ⬇ 11 yr 7 mo 57 86.4 m
3 (a) f 1共x兲
10 x
15
4 (a) f 1共x兲冑 9x
2
55 (b) (b)
59 (a) A (mg in bloodstream) (b) 6.58 min y y
60 (0, 9)
f f
f 1 yx
x
(9, 0)
10
yx x
f 1
1 t (minutes)
log 共F兾F0兲 5 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) x 2

61 (a) t (b) After 13,863 generations 6 (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 4
log 共1 m兲
ln 共25兾6兲 (d) Not enough information is given.
63 (a) 4.28 ft (b) 24.8 yr 65 ⬇ 0.82 7 y 8 y
ln 共200兾35兲
67 The suspicion is correct.
69 The suspicion is incorrect. 71 0.5764 73 None
75 1.37, 9.94
x
x
y y
关1, 17兴 by 关1, 11兴 9 10
77 共, 0.32兲傼共1.52, 6.84兲
x x
关5, 10兴 by 关8, 2兴

79 (4)
11 y 12 y 21 y 22 y
x x x
23 y 24 y
13 y 14 y
x x
x x
25 (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e) 6 (f) 8

15 y 16 y
1
(g)
2
1
26 (a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 5 (e) 1
3
1
x (f) 25 (g)
3
6 33
27 0 28 29 9 30 2 31 32 1
5 47
x log 6
33 1 兹3 34 103 35 5
冑
17 y 18 y log 2
log 7 log 共3兾8兲 1
36 37 38 1 39 , 1, 4
log 3 log 共32兾9兲 4
40 No solution 41 兹5 42 2 43 0, 1
44 ln 2 45 (a) 3, 2 (b) 2
x x 46 (a) 8 (b) 4
2 1
47 4 log x log y log z
3 3
19 y 20 y
48 log 共xy 2兲 49 f(x) 6
4 x
3 冉冊
50 y
x 2
x x
x
51 x log 冉
1 兹1 4y 2
冊
冉冊
2y
1 兹1 4y 2
52 If y 0, then x log .
2y
If y 0, then x log
1 兹1 4y 2
2y 冉 . 冊 CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
1 (a) f 1(x) 兹1
3
x1
y
53 (a) 1.89 (b) 78.3 (c) 0.472 (d) 1.72
54 (a) 0.924 (b) 0.00375 (c) 6.05 (d) 0.223
55 (a) D 共1, 兲, R ⺢ yx
(b) y 2x 1, D ⺢, R 共1, 兲 1
56 (a) D ⺢, R 共2, 兲
(b) y 3 log 2 共x 2兲, D 共2, 兲, R ⺢ 1 x
57 (a) 2000
(b) 2000共31/6兲 ⬇ 2401; 2000共31/2兲 3464; 6000
58 $1032.90
f (x) (x 1)3 1
59 (a) N (amount remaining) (b) 8 days
2
60
10 The base a must be positive so that the function f(x) a x

is defined for all values of x.
1 8 t (days)
(a) Graph flattens.
冉冊
3
3 t/3 101 x/101
60 N 1000 (b) y 共e ex/101兲 71
5 2
61 (a) After 19.3 yr (b) 14.6 yr 62 3.16% 4 7.16 yr
L L 5 (a) Hint: Take the natural logarithm of both sides first.
63 t 共ln 100兲 ⬇ 4.6 (b) 2.50 and 2.97
R R
1
64 (a) I I01010 (c) Note that f 共e兲 . Any horizontal line y k, with
e
(b) Examine I共 1兲, where I共兲 is the intensity
1
corresponding to decibels. 0 k , will intersect the graph at points
冉冊
e
冉冊冉冊
1 aL
65 t ln 66 A 10共R5.1兲/2.3 3000 ln x1 ln x2
k ab x1, and x2, , where 1 x1 e and
x1 x2
A1 10共R5.1兲/2.3 3000
67 共R7.5兲/2.3 68 26,615.9 mi2 x2 e.
A2 10 34,000 6 (a) The difference is in the compounding.
冉冊
(b) Closer to the graph of the second function
ln 共29兾p兲 m1 m2
69 h 70 v a ln (c) 29 and 8.2; 29.61 and 8.18
0.000034 m1 Hint: Check the restrictions for the logarithm laws.
冉冊
7
71 (a) n 107.70.9R (b) 12,589; 1585; 200
r 12t 12M关共1 r兾12兲12t 1兴
72 (a) E 1011.41.5R (b) 7.9 1024 ergs 73 110 days (a) U P 1
冉冊
8
12 r
L V RI
74 86.8 cm; 9.715 cm兾yr 75 t ln (b)
R V
76 (a) 26,749 yr (b) 30% 77 31.5 yr
78 3196 yr
关0, 35, 5兴 by 关0, 100,000, 10,000兴

(c) $84,076.50; 24.425 yr
9 共0.999 901 1, 0.009 990 01兲, 共0.0001, 0.01兲,
共100, 0.011 051 11兲, and 共36,102.844, 4.6928 1013兲.
Exponential function values (with base 1) are greater
than polynomial function values (with leading term
positive) for very large values of x.
10 共x, x兲 with x ⬇ 0.442 394 43, 4.177 077 4, and 5503.6647. 7

15
9
17
The y-values for y x eventually will be larger than the (c) , , ,

4 4 4 4
y-values for y 共ln x兲n. 5 (a) 77°2236 (b) 46.13°
11 8.447177%; $1,025,156.25 7 (a) 54°4333 (b) 121.93°
12 (a) 3.5 earthquakes 1 bomb, 425 bombs 1 eruption
(b) 9.22; yes 5

5
9 (a) (b) (c)

13 January 15, 2011; about 7.6% 6 3 4
14 y ⬇ 68.2共1.000353兲 x 5
2
5
11 (a) (b) (c)

15 (a) 2 5 9
13 (a) 120° (b) 330° (c) 135°
15 (a) 630° (b) 1260° (c) 20°
17 89°5716 19 360°5748 21 120.2667°
23 262.2586° 25 63°108 27 310°3717
29 2.5 cm
31 (a) 2
⬇ 6.28 cm (b) 8
⬇ 25.13 cm2
关10, 110, 10兴 by 关0, 1010, 109兴
(b) Logistic 315
33 (a) 1.75; ⬇ 100.27 (b) 14 cm2
1.1542 1010
(c) y ⬇ ; see the graph in part (a).

1 3.6372e0.0278x 20
80
35 (a) ⬇ 6.98 m (b) ⬇ 27.93 m2

(d) 1.1542 1010 9 9
11 ln 5 ln 7 37 A 32兾u
16 eb, with b
ln 35 39 In miles: (a) 4189 (b) 3142 (c) 2094
x (d) 698 (e) 70
17 f 1共x兲 . The vertical asymptotes are
兹81 x 2 1
x 9. The horizontal asymptotes of f are y 9. 41 radian ⬇ 710 43 37.1%
8
45 7.29 10 rad兾sec
5
CHAPTER 4 TEST 100
2x 4 47 (a) 80
rad兾min (b) ⬇ 104.72 ft兾min
1 f 1共x兲 ; (, 1) 傼 (1, ); (, 2) 傼 (2, ) 3
1x 49 (a) 400
rad兾min (b) 38
cm兾sec (c) 380 rpm
2 f 共x兲兹7 x; (, 7]; (, 0]
1
3 16 1140
(d) S共r兲 ; inverse
r
5 21
2
4 x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: 51 (a) ⬇ 8.25 ft (b) d
9 8 3
5 f 共x兲 280(2)x 70 53 Large 55 192.08 rev兾min
1
6 7 (a) $1796.32 (b) $376,675.20
300 EXERCISES 5.2
8 y 2(1.0551)t 9 495,303 10 $67,032.00 1 (a) B (b) D (c) A (d) C (e) E
3 CF
11 47% 12 3 13 x 14 t E loga Note: Answers are in the order sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc for
2 D
any exercises that require the values of the six trigonometric
15 About 46.2 years 16 2 17 1 兹26
functions.
18 23.78 years 19 1n 2, log4 3 20 1010
4 3 4 3 5 5
21 2.3219 22 22.11 years 3 , , , , ,
5 5 3 4 3 4
2 兹21 2 兹21 5 5
5 , , , , ,
CHAPTER 5 5 5 兹21 2 兹21 2
a b a b 兹a2 b2 兹a2 b2
EXERCISES 5.1 7 , , , , ,
兹a2 b2 兹a2 b2 b a b a
Exer. 1–4: The answers are not unique. b 兹c b 2 2
b 兹c b
2 2
c c
1 (a) 480°, 840°, 240, 600° 9 , , , , ,
(b) 495°, 855°, 225, 585
c c 兹c2 b2 b 兹c2 b2 b
(c) 330°, 690°, 390, 750 11 x 8; y 4 兹3 13 x 7兹2; y 7
3 (a) 260°, 980°, 100, 460 15 x 4 兹3; y 4
3 4 3 4 5 5 5 12 5 12 13 13
17
29
7
19
17 , , , , , 19 , , , , ,
(b) , , , 5 5 4 3 4 3 13 13 12 5 12 5
6 6 6 6
兹11 5 兹11 5 6 6 5 12 5
75 , , , , ,
12 13 13
21 , , , , , 13 13 12 5 12 5
6 6 5 兹11 5 兹11
200 兹3 ⬇ 346.4 ft 25 192 ft 27 1.02 m 5 2 5 2 兹29 兹29
23 77 , , , , ,
29 (a) 0.9563 (b) 0.4848 (c) 1.0353 (d) 1.2208 兹29 兹29 2 5 2 5
31 (a) 4.0572 (b) 1.0323 (c) 0.6335 (d) 3.1852 3 1 1 兹10
33 (a) 0.5 (b) 0.9880 (c) 0.9985 (d) 1 79 , , 3, , 兹10,
兹10 兹10 3 3
35 (a) 1 (b) 4 37 (a) 5 (b) 5 3 4 3 4 5 5
3 tan 81 , , , , ,
39 1 sin cos 41 43 sin 5 5 4 3 4 3
2 tan 7 2 7 2 兹53 兹53
83 , , , , ,
兹1 sin2 1 兹53 兹53 2 7 2 7
45 cot 47 sec
sin 兹1 sin2 Note: U denotes undefined.
兹sec2 1 85 (a) 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1 (b) 0, 1, 0, U, 1, U
49 sin
sec (c) 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1 (d) 0, 1, 0, U, 1, U
Exer. 51–74: Typical verifications are given. 87 (a) IV (b) III (c) II (d) III
3 4 3 4 5 5
51 cos sec cos 共1兾cos 兲 1 89 , , , , ,
53 sin sec sin 共1兾cos 兲 sin 兾cos tan 5 5 4 3 4 3
5 12 5 12 13 13
csc 1兾sin cos 91 , , , , ,
55 cot 13 13 12 5 12 5
sec 1兾cos sin
57 共1 cos 2兲共1 cos 2兲 1 cos2 2 sin2 2 兹8 1 1 3
93 , , 兹8, , 3,
59 cos2 共sec2 1兲 cos2 共tan2 兲 3 3 兹8 兹8
sin2 兹15 1 1 4
cos2
sin2 95 , , 兹15, , 4,
cos2 4 4 兹15 兹15
sin 共兾2兲 cos 共兾2兲 sin 共兾2兲 cos 共兾2兲
61 97 tan 99 sec 101 sin
csc 共兾2兲 sec 共兾2兲 1兾sin 共兾2兲 1兾cos 共兾2兲 2
sin2 共兾2兲 cos2 共兾2兲 1
63 共1 sin 兲共1 sin 兲 1 sin2 cos2 EXERCISES 5.3
1 8 15 8 15 17 17
1 , , , , ,
sec2 17 17 15 8 15 8
1 cos2 sin2 7 24 7 24 25 25
65 sec cos
1
cos 3 , , , , ,
25 25 24 7 24 7
冉冊冉冊
cos cos cos
sin 3 4 3 4
sin tan sin 5 (a) , (b) ,
5 5 5 5
冉冊冉冊
cos
sin cos sin cos 3 4 3 4
67 1 cot (c) , (d) ,
5 5 5 5
冉冊冉冊
sin sin sin
69 共cot csc 兲共tan sin 兲 12 5 12 5
7 (a) , (b) ,
cot tan cot sin csc tan 13 13 13 13

csc sin
1
tan
cos
sin
1 sin

1
sin
(c) , 冉冊冉冊
12 5
13 13
(d)
12
13
,
5
13
tan sin sin cos sin
Note: U denotes undefined.
1 9 (a) 共1, 0兲; 0, 1, 0, U, 1, U
1 cos 1 cos sec
cos (b) 共1, 0兲; 0, 1, 0, U, 1, U
sec cos 11 (a) 共0, 1兲; 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1
71 sec2 3 csc2 3 共1 tan2 3兲共1 cot2 3兲 (b) 共0, 1兲; 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1
1 tan2 3 cot2 3 1
sec2 3 csc2 3 13 (a) 冉兹2 兹2 兹2 兹2
, ; , 冊, 1, 1, 兹2, 兹2
冉冊
2 2 2 2
冉冊
1
73 log csc log log 1 log sin 兹2 兹2 兹2 兹2
sin (b) , ; , , 1, 1, 兹2, 兹2
2 2 2 2
0 log sin log sin
15 (a)
兹2
2 冉
,
兹2

2
;
兹2
2
,
兹2
2 冊
, 1, 1, 兹2, 兹2
55 y 57 y
(b)
兹2
2
, 冉兹2
2
;
兹2 兹2
2
,
2 冊
, 1, 1, 兹2, 兹2
兹2 1 1
17 (a) 1 (b) (c) 1 p x p x
2
19 (a) 1 (b) 兹2 (c) 1
Exer. 21–26: Typical verifications are given.
21 sin 共x兲 sec 共x兲共sin x兲 sec x
共sin x兲共1兾cos x兲 59 y 61 y
tan x
cot 共x兲 cot x cos x兾sin x
23 cos x
csc 共x兲 csc x 1兾sin x
1
25 tan 共x兲 sin 共x兲 1 1
cos 共x兲 p x p x
1
共tan x兲共sin x兲
cos x
1 sin x
sin x
cos x cos x
冋冊冉册冋冊冉册
1 sin2 x cos2 x
cos x 3
3

cos x cos x 63 (a) 2

, , ,
, 0, , ,
2 2 2 2
兹2 兹2
27 (a) 0
31 (a) 0
(b)
(b)
2
29 (a)
33 (a) 兹3
2
(b) 0
(b)
(b) 冋
,

冊冉册冋冊冉册
, , 0 ,
,
2
3
2
,
3
2
, 2
35 (a) (b) 1 37 (a) (b) 兹2 65 (a) The tangent function increases on all intervals on
3
7

5
13
17
which it is defined. Between 2
and
冋冊冉冊
39 , 41 , , , 43 0, 2
, 4
2 2 6 6 6 6 3
3

7
9
15

5
2
, these intervals are 2
, , , ,
49 0,
2 2 2
冉冊冉冊冉册
45 , , , 47 ,
4 4 4 4 4 4

3
3
11
7

5
, , , , and , 2
.
51 (a) , , , 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6
(b) The tangent function is never decreasing on any inter-
11
7

5
(b) x and x val for which it is defined.

6 6 6 6 69 (a) 0.8 (b) 0.9 (c) 0.5, 2.6
11
7

0.7
(c) 2
x , x , and 71 (a) (b) 0.4 (c) 2.2, 4.1
6 6 6 73 (a)
5
x 2
Time T H Time T H
6
4
2
2
4
53 (a) , , , 12 A.M. 60 60 12 P.M. 60 60

3 3 3 3
4
2
2
3 A.M. 52 74 3 P.M. 68 46
(b) 2
x , x , and
3 3 3 6 A.M. 48 80 6 P.M. 72 40
4
x 2
9 A.M. 52 74 9 P.M. 68 46
3
4
2
2
4
(c) x and x (b) Max: 72°F at 6:00 P.M., 80% at 6:00 A.M.;
3 3 3 3 min: 48°F at 6:00 A.M., 40% at 6:00 P.M.
75 0.72, 1.62 77 共2.03, 1.82兲; EXERCISES 5.5

共4.91, 4.81兲
1 (a) 4, 2
(b) 1,
2
y y
2
1 p
3p x
关2, 2兴 by 关1.33, 1.33兴关2
, 2
,
兾2兴 by x
关5.19, 3.19兴
79 0 81 1 83 1
EXERCISES 5.4
1 (a) 50° (b) 80° (c) 55° (d) 60° 1
(c) , 2
(d) 1, 8

4
y y
3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 6 4
5 (a)
3 ⬇ 8.1 (b)
2 ⬇ 65.4
(c) 2
5.5 ⬇ 44.9 (d) 32
100 ⬇ 30.4
兹3 兹2 兹3 1
7 (a) (b) 9 (a) (b) 1 1
2 2 2 2 p x p x
兹3 兹3
11 (a) (b) 兹3 13 (a) (b) 兹3
3 3
2 2
15 (a) 2 (b) 17 (a) (b) 2
兹3 兹3
19 (a) 0.412 (b) 0.778 21 (a) 3.305 (b) 0.472 1
(e) 2, 8
(f) ,
23 (a) 2.650 (b) 3.179 25 (a) 24.83° (b) 24°50 2 2
27 (a) 30.46° (b) 3027 y y
29 (a) 74.88° (b) 7453
31 (a) 14.04° (b) 142
33 (a) 76.38° (b) 7623
2
35 (a) 23.18° (b) 2311 1
37 (a) 0.9899 (b) 0.1097 (c) 0.1425 p x p x
(d) 0.7907 (e) 11.2493 (f) 1.3677
39 (a) 214.3°, 325.7° (b) 41.5°, 318.5°
(c) 70.3°, 250.3° (d) 133.8°, 313.8°
(e) 153.6°, 206.4° (f) 42.3°, 137.7°
41 (a) 0.43, 2.71 (b) 1.69, 4.59 (c) 1.87, 5.01
(d) 0.36, 3.50 (e) 0.96, 5.32 (f) 3.35, 6.07 (g) 4, 2
(h) 1,
2
43 0.28 cm y y
45 (a) The maximum occurs when the sun is rising in
the east.
兹2
(b) ⬇ 35%
4 1 1
47 共 9, 9 兹3 兲 3p x 3p x
3 (a) 3, 2
(b) 1, 5 1, 2
, 7 3, 2
,
3 2 6
y y y y
4
1 p 1 1
p x x p x 2p x
(c) , 2
(d) 1, 6
9 1, 2
, 11 4, 2
,
3 3 4
y y y y
1 2 1
1
p x p x p x 2p x
1 2

(e) 2, 6
(f) , 13 1,
, 15 1, ,
2 3 2 3 6
y y y y
1 1 1 1 p
p x p x p x x
2
2

2
(g) 3, 2
(h) 1, 17 5, , 19 1, 4
,
3 3 3 3
y y y y
10
1 1 p 1
p x x p x
3p x
21 6, 2, 0 y 23 2, 4, 0 y

37 2, , 39 5, ,
2
7 y y
3 8
3p x p x
5
p x p x
3 2
25 , 1, 0 27 5, ,
4 3 6
y y
41 (a) 4, 2, (b) y 4 sin 共x 兲
6 43 (a) 2, 4, 3 (b) y 2 sin 冉

2
x
3
2 冊
45 4 47 a 8, b 4
1
p x 3p x 49 51
f (t) D(t)
18
12
2 0.1
29 3, 4, 31 5, 6,
3 2 4 t
y y 6
79
365
2
50 t
3
1 53 The temperature is 20°F at 9:00 A.M. (t 0兲. It increases
p x 2p x to a high of 35°F at 3:00 P.M. 共t 6兲 and then decreases
to 20°F at 9:00 P.M. 共t 12兲. It continues to decrease to
a low of 5°F at 3:00 A.M. 共t 18兲. It then rises to 20°F
at 9:00 A.M. 共t 24兲.
1
33 3, 2, 4 35 8, 4,
2
y y
关0, 24, 2兴 by 关0, 40, 5兴
冋册
1 3p
x
p x 55 (a) f 共t兲 10 sin 共t 10兲 0, with a 10,
12
5
b ,c ,d0
12 6
(b) f (t)
2
2 t
57 (a) f 共t兲 10 sin

12 冋
共t 9兲 20, with a 10, 册 67 y 4 69 关0, 0.66兴傼关1.39, 2.53兴
3
b , c , d 20
12 4
(b) f(t)
关20, 20, 2兴 by 关1, 5兴关0, 兴 by 关1.05, 1.05兴
EXERCISES 5.6
9 21 1 3
y y
2
2 t
59 (a)
1 1
p x p x
关0.5, 24.5, 5兴 by 关1, 8兴
(b) P共t兲 2.95 sin 冉

6
t

3 冊 3.15
5 2
y
7 2
y
61 (a) 8
1
p x p x
关0.5, 24.5, 5兴 by 关0, 20, 2兴

(b) D共t兲 6.42 sin

6
t
2
3
12.3 冉冊 9 11

63 As x l 0 or as x l 0, y oscillates between 1 and 1 2
and does not approach a unique value. y y
4
p
x 3p x
关2, 2, 0.5兴 by 关1.33, 1.33, 0.5兴

65 As x l 0 or as x l 0, y appears to approach 2.
关2, 2, 0.5兴 by 关0.33, 2.33, 0.33兴

29 2
31
13 6 15 y y
2
y y
1 1
3 p x p x
1
2 x p x
33 6 35
y y
17 2
19
y y
8
3
1
1 1 x p x
p x p x
37 4
39 2
y y
21 2
23 2
y y
1 1
3 p x p x
1
p x 1 x
41 4
43 2
y y

25 27 2
2
y y
3
1
p x 1 x
1
3p x p x
45
47 4
71 73
y y
1 1
p x p x
关2
, 2
,
兾2兴 by 关4, 4兴关2
, 2
,
兾2兴 by 关4, 4兴
75
49 x , x
(other answers are possible)
2
3
51 (other answers are possible)
4
关2
, 2
,
53 共2
, 3兲 (other answers are possible)
77 ex/4 79 共2.76, 3.09兲;
55 共, 2] 傼 [4, 兲
冉冊
共1.23, 3.68兲

57 y cot x
2
59 y 61 y
关2
, 2
,
兾2兴 by
2 关4.19, 4.19兴关
,
,
1 81 关0.70, 0.12兴 83 关
, 1.31兴傼
p x p x
关0.11, 0.95兴傼关2.39,
兴
63 y 65 y
关2, 2兴 by 关1.33, 1.33兴关

,
,
兾4兴 by 关2.09, 2.09兴
85 (a) I0 (b) 0.044I0 (c) 0.603I0
2 1 ln 2
z
87 (a) A0e (b) z0 (c)
p x p x k
EXERCISES 5.7
20 40
1 60, a 兹3, c 兹3
3 3
67 y 69 y 3 45, a b 15 兹2
5 45, c 5 兹2
7 60, 30, a 15
9 53, a ⬇ 18, c ⬇ 30
2 11 189, a ⬇ 78.7, c ⬇ 252.6
1 13 ⬇ 29, ⬇ 61, c ⬇ 51
p x p x
15 ⬇ 69, ⬇ 21, a ⬇ 5.4 17 b c cos
19 a b cot 21 c a csc
23 b 兹c2 a2
25 250兹3 4 ⬇ 437 ft 27 28,800 ft 29 160 m
31 9659 ft 33 (a) 58 ft (b) 27 ft 35 5120
37 16.3° 39 2063 ft 41 1,459,379 ft2
43 21.8° 45 20.2 m 47 29.7 km 49 3944 mi
51 126 mi兾hr sin cos

53 (a) 45% 12 cos 共tan cot 兲 cos cos
cos sin
(b) Each satellite has a signal range of more than 120°.
d cos2
55 h d sin c 57 h sin
cot cot sin
59 h d共tan tan 兲 sin cos2
2

61 N70°E; N40°W; S15°W; S25°E sin
63 (a) 55 mi (b) S63°E 65 324 mi 1
csc
1
67 Amplitude, 10 cm; period, sec; frequency, 3 osc兾sec. sin
3 13 共cos 1兲共tan 1兲共cos2 1兲共sec2 兲
2 2
The point is at the origin at t 0. It moves upward with cos2 sec2 sec2
decreasing speed, reaching the point with coordinate 10 at 1 sec2
1
t . It then reverses direction and moves downward, 1 1 cos2 sin2
12 cos
sec cos cos cos cos
1 14
gaining speed until it reaches the origin at t . It tan sin sin sin
6
continues downward with decreasing speed, reaching the cos cos cos
1
point with coordinate 10 at t . It then reverses sin
4 cos tan
direction and moves upward with increasing speed, return-
1 sec
1
ing to the origin at t . cos
3
4 3 1 tan2 1 tan2
69 Amplitude, 4 cm; period, sec; frequency, osc兾sec. 15 cot2 1 csc2
3 4 tan
2
tan tan2
2
The motion is similar to that in Exercise 67; however, the

1 1 sin cos
point starts 4 units above the origin and moves downward,
sec csc cos sin cos sin
1 16
reaching the origin at t and the point with coordinate sec csc 1 1 sin cos
3
2 cos sin cos sin
4 at t . It then reverses direction and moves
3 sin cos

upward, reaching the origin at t 1 and its initial point sin cos
4
at t . cos cos sin
3 1
cot 1 sin sin
2
17
71 d 5 cos t 1 tan sin cos sin
3 1

cos cos
73 (a) y 25 cos t
15 共cos sin 兲 cos cos
cot
(b) 324,000 ft 共cos sin 兲 sin sin
1 cos 1
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW EXERCISES 1
1 sec cos cos
11
9
5
4

18
1 , , , , tan sin sin sin cos sin 共1 cos 兲
6 4 6 3 5
2 810°, 120, 315°, 900°, 36° cos cos cos
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 m2 1
3 csc
35
175
2 sin
4 (a) cm (b) cm
12 16 19 tan 共兲 cot 共兲 tan cot tan cot
200
100
105

5 , 90
6 , tan tan tan tan
3 3 4 1 cot 共1 cot2 兲
2
7 7 csc2
7 x 6 兹3; y 3 兹3 8 x 兹2; y 兹2
2 2
9 tan 兹sec2 1 10 cot 兹csc2 1
Exer. 11–20: Typical verifications are given.
11 sin 共csc sin 兲 sin csc sin2
1 sin2 cos2
1 cot 共兲 1 cot 1 2

1
20 35 , 36 , 6
csc 共兲 sec 共兲 csc sec 3 3 2

cos 兾sin y y
sin
1兾cos
cos2
sin
sin
sin2 cos2 2 1

sin p x p x
1
csc
sin
兹33 4 兹33 4 7 7
21 , , , , ,
7 7 4 兹33 4 兹33
4 3 4 3 5 5 37 3, 4
38 4,
22 (a) , , , , , y y
5 5 3 4 3 4
2 3 2 3 兹13 兹13
(b) , , , , ,
兹13 兹13 3 2 3 2
(c) 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1
23 (a) II (b) III (c) IV 1 1
4 3 4 3 5 5 p x p x
24 (a) , , , , ,
5 5 3 4 3 4
2 3 2 3 兹13 兹13
(b) , , , , ,
兹13 兹13 3 2 3 2
25 共1, 0兲; 共0, 1兲; 共0, 1兲;

兹2
2
, 冉
兹2
2
; 共1, 0兲; 冊 39 2, 2 40 4, 4
冉冊
兹3 1
2 2
,
y y
26 冉冊冉冊冉
3 4
5 5
, ;
3 4
,
5 5
; ,
3 4
5 5
; ,
3 4
5 5 冊冉冊 3
1

27 (a) , , (b) 65°, 43°, 8° p x p x

4 6 8
28 (a) 1, 0, U, 0, U, 1
兹2 兹2
(b) , , 1, 1, 兹2, 兹2
2 2
(c) 0, 1, 0, U, 1, U 41 (a) 1.43, 2 (b) y 1.43 sin
x
1 兹3 兹3 2 2
(d) , , , 兹3, , 2 42 (a) 3.27, 3
(b) y 3.27 sin x
2 2 3 兹3 3
4
3
兹2 兹3 1 43 (a) 3, (b) y 3 cos x
29 (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 3 2
2 3 2
2 44 (a) 2, 4 (b) y 2 cos x

(e) 1 (f) 2
兹3
30 310.5° 31 1.2206; 4.3622 32 52.44°; 307.56° 45 y 46 y
2
33 5, 2
34 , 2
3
y y
1 1
p x p x
1 1
p x p x
47 y 48 y 58 3520, a ⬇ 310, c ⬇ 380

59 ⬇ 68, ⬇ 22, c ⬇ 67
60 ⬇ 13, ⬇ 77, b 40
109
61 (a) (b) 440.2 62 1048 ft

1 1 6
p x p x 63 0.093 mi兾sec 64 52°
65 Approximately 67,900,000 mi
66 762.1 ft
67 (a) 6.76 ft (b) 0.61 ft
6
68 radians 216 69 250 ft

5
49 y 50 y 70 (a) 231.0 ft (b) 434.5 71 (b) 2 mi
72 (a) T h d共cos tan sin 兲 (b) 22.54 ft
25
73 (a) 兹3 ⬇ 14.43 ft-candles (b) 37.47°
3
1 1 74 (b) 4.69 75 (a) 74.05 in. (b) 24.75 in.
p x p x 4 3 2
76 (a) S 4a sin
2
(b) V a sin cos
3
s
77 (a) h R sec R (b) h ⬇ 1650 ft
R
78 y
51 y 52 y
1 1 p
p x x
1
1 10 x
79 y 98.6 共0.3兲 sin 冉
12
t
11
12 冊
53 y 54 y 80 (a) T (t) (b) 20.8°C on July 1
5
1 1
p x p x t
3
81 (a) D(t) (b) 45 days into summer
55 y 56 y
4000
1 p 1
x p x
10 90 t
82 (a) The cork is in simple harmonic motion.

(b) 1 t 2
57 30, a ⬇ 23, c ⬇ 46
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION EXERCISES 1

22 y 3 sin x 2 (other answers are possible)
3 None 2
5 The values of y1, y2, and y3 are very close to each other
near x 0.
6 (a) x ⬇ 0.4161, y ⬇ 0.9093
23 x
1
3
7

2 冉冊
and x
1
3
7

2 冉冊
(b) x ⬇ 0.8838, y ⬇ 0.4678
7 (a) x ⬇ 1.8415, y ⬇ 0.5403 24 2
(b) x ⬇ 1.2624, y ⬇ 0.9650
500
500
冉冊 ( )
25 , 2 (other answers are possible)
2
冉冊兩
8 (a) rad兾sec (b) D共t兲 5 cos t 18
3
(c) 10 revolutions
3
26 共, 5兴傼关1, 兲 27 y csc x 兩
2
28 45°, a b 10 兹2
CHAPTER 5 TEST 29 16°46; a ⬇ 247.4, c ⬇ 857.5 30 a b tan
1 22.92 centimeters 2 18.03 square inches 31 105.8 inches 32 74.1 meters
3 6 square feet 4 12855
5 (a) 2400
rad兾min (b) 1400
ft兾min
5 兹39 5 兹39 8 8 CHAPTER 6
6 , , , , ,
8 8 兹39 5 兹39 5 EXERCISES 6.1
兹1 sin 2
7 cot Exer. 1–50: Typical verifications are given for Exercises 1, 5,
sin
冉冊冉冊
9, ..., 49.
csc 1 csc 1 csc2 1 1 1 1 sin2 cos2
8 1 1 csc sin sin
csc csc csc2 csc2 sin sin sin
1 sin2 cos2
1 cos
sec2 cos cot cos
sin
5 12 5 12 13 13 csc
2
csc
2
1兾sin2 cos2
9 , , , , , 5
1 tan2 sec2 1兾cos2 sin2
冉冊
13 13 12 5 12 5
3 4 3 4 5 5 cos 2
10 , , , , , cot2
5 5 4 3 4 3 sin
11 cos 12
15 8
,
17 17 冉冊 9
1

1
1 cos 1 cos

1 cos 1 cos
2
1 cos2
13 sin 共x兲 sec2 共x兲 sin x sec2 x 2 2 csc2
1 sin x 1 sin
sin x 2
tan x sec x 13 csc4 t cot4 t 共csc2 t cot2 t兲共csc2 t cot2 t兲
cos x cos x cos x
共csc2 t cot2 t兲共1兲
7
11
14
x and x 2
csc2 t cot2 t
6 6 tan2 x sec2 x 1 共sec x 1兲共sec x 1兲
2 17
15 60 19
⬇ 17.7° 16 sec x 1 sec x 1 sec x 1
兹3 1 1 cos x
17 50.5°; 309.5° 18 2.07; 5.21 19 75 cycles sec x 1 1
cos x cos x

20 Any point of the form 共a, 2兲, where a 6

n and n 21 sin4 r cos4 r 共sin2 r cos2 r兲共sin2 r cos2 r兲
2 共sin2 r cos2 r兲共1兲
is an integer
sin2 r cos2 r
21
y 25 共sec t tan t兲2
1

cos t cos t 冉
sin t 2

1 sin t 2
cos t 冊冉冊
共1 sin t兲2 共1 sin t兲2
共t, 2兲
cos2 t

1 sin2 t
共q, 0兲
2
共1 sin t兲2 1 sin t

共1 sin t兲共1 sin t兲 1 sin t
共y, 0兲
p x
2 1 sin 1
1
共w, 2兲 29
1 csc

sin

sin
cot cos cos cos cos sin
cos
sin sin
sin 1 1 EXERCISES 6.2

sec
cos 共1 sin 兲 cos Exer. 1–42: n denotes any integer.
sin sin 5 7
1 2 n, 2 n 3 n
tan tan cos cos 4 4 3
33 RS
1 tan tan sin sin 5
1 5 2 n, 2 n
cos cos 3 3
sin cos cos sin
7 No solution, since 1.
cos cos 2

cos cos sin sin 9 All except n
2
cos cos
11
sin cos cos sin 11 n, n 13 3 n
12 12 2
cos cos sin sin 7
LS 15 2 n, 2 n
12 12
1 1 1
37 7 2 4
tan cot sin cos sin2 cos2 17 n, n 19 2 n, 2 n
4 12 3 3
cos sin cos sin 4 5
sin cos 21 2 n, 2 n 23 n
3 3
41 RS sec4 4 tan2 共sec2 兲2 4 tan2
2
共1 tan2 兲2 4 tan2 25 n 27 n, n
4 2 3 3
1 2 tan2 tan4 4 tan2
5 7 11
1 2 tan2 tan4 29 n, n 31 2 n, 2 n
共1 tan2 兲2 LS 6 6 6 6
log 10tan t log10 10tan t tan t, since loga ax x. 5
45 33 2 n, 2 n, 2 n
兩兩
3 3
共sec tan 兲共sec tan 兲
49 ln 兩 sec tan 兩 ln 5 3
sec tan 35 n, n 37 n, n
12 12 2 4
ln 兩 sec2 tan2
sec tan 兩 39 e(/2) n 41 2 n 43
3 7 11 15
, ,
8 8 8
,
8
兩兩
1 2 4 5 3 5
ln 45 , , , 47 , , ,
sec tan 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4
5 3 3 5 7
ln 兩 1 兩 ln 兩 sec tan 兩 49 , , 51 0, , , , ,
ln 兩 sec tan 兩 6 6 2 4 4 4 4
3 3 2 4
Exer. 51–60: A typical value of t or and the resulting non- 53 , 55 , , , 57 No solution
4 4 2 2 3 3
equality are given. 11 5
3 59 , 61 0, 63 ,
51 , 1 苷 1 53 , 1 苷 1 55 ,2苷1 6 2 2 4 4
2 4 3
65 All in 关0, 2兲 except 0, , , and
57 , 1 苷 1 59 , cos 兹2 苷 1 2 2
4 3 7 11 3 7
61 Not an identity 63 Identity 67 , , , 69 ,
2 2 6 6 4 4
1 71 15°30, 164°30 73 135°, 315°, 116°30, 296°30
65 tan
2
67 cot csc 69 sin4
a 75 41°50, 138°10, 194°30, 345°30 77 10
71 a sin tan 73 a2 sin2 tan2 75 sin
77 The graph of f appears to be that of y g共x兲 1. 79 (a)
sin2 x sin4 x sin2 x共1 sin2 x兲

共1 sec x兲cos x
2 4
tan2 x cos4 x
sin2 x cos2 x

共sin2 x兾cos2 x兲cos4 x
sin2 x cos2 x
1
sin2 x cos2 x [1, 25, 5] by [0, 100, 10]
79 The graph of f appears to be that of y g共x兲 cos x. (b) July: 83°F; Oct.: 56.5°F (c) May through Sept.
sec x共sin x cos x cos2 x兲 sin x 81 t ⬇ 3.50 and t ⬇ 8.50 83 (a) 3.29 (b) 4
sec x cos x共sin x cos x兲 sin x
共sin x cos x兲 sin x cos x
5
85 (a) N(t) (b) 0 t and 29 sin 共
兲 sin cos
cos sin
3 sin 共1兲 cos 共0兲 sin
冉冊
25
t 10 5
5
5
3 31 sin x sin x cos cos x sin

2 2 2
cos x
33 cos 共
兲 cos cos
sin sin
cos
1000
t
35 cos x
3
2冉冊 cos x cos
sin x
3
2
sin x sin
3
2
5 10
冉冊冉冊冉冊冉冉冊冊

4
2
1 2

1 sin x
87 A , 兹3 , B , 兹3 ,
2
3 3 2 3 3 2 37 tan x
冉冊冉冊
2
2

1 4
2
1 cos x
C , 兹3 , D , 兹3 2
3 3 2 3 3 2

7 sin x cos cos x sin

89 91 关0, 1.27兴傼关5.02, 2
兴 93 共0.31, 3.45兲 2 2
360

95 cos x cos sin x sin

2 2
cos x
cot x
sin x
39 冉冊冋冉冊册
tan

2
cot

2

2
cot 共兲 cot
关0, 3兴 by 关1.5, 1.5, 0.5兴
(a) 0.6366 (b) Approaches y 1
(c) An infinite number of zeros
41 冉冊
sin

4
sin cos

4
cos sin

4
97 5.400 99 3.619 101 1.48, 1.08 103 1.00 兹2 兹2
sin cos
105 0.64, 2.42 107 (a) 37.6° (b) 52.5° 2 2
兹2
EXERCISES 6.3 共sin cos 兲
2

冉冊
1 (a) cos 74°40 (b) sin 16°48 (c) cot tan u tan
3
4 1 tan u
(d) csc 72.72°
冉冊冉冊
43 tan u
3
2
1
2 4
1 tan u
3 (a) sin (b) cos (c) cot 1 tan u tan
8 4 2 4
冉冊
45 cos 共u v兲 cos 共u v兲

(d) sec 0.53 共cos u cos v sin u sin v兲

2 共cos u cos v sin u sin v兲
兹2 兹3 兹6 兹2 2 cos u cos v
5 (a) (b)
2 4 47 sin 共u v兲 sin 共u v兲
7 (a) 兹3 1 (b) 2 兹3 共sin u cos v cos u sin v兲
共sin u cos v cos u sin v兲
兹2 1 兹6 兹2
9 (a) (b) sin2 u cos2 v cos2 u sin2 v
2 4 sin2 u共1 sin2 v兲共1 sin2 u兲 sin2 v
11 cos 17° 13 sin 21° 15 sin 共5兲 sin2 u sin2 u sin2 v sin2 v sin2 u sin2 v
12 兹3 5 兹2 4 sin2 u sin2 v
17 19 21 兹3
26 6 1 1
49
77 36 cot cot cos cos
23 (a) (b) (c) I
85 85 sin sin
24 24 1
25 (a) (b) (c) IV
25 7 cos sin cos sin
3兹21 8 4 兹21 6 sin sin
27 (a) ⬇ 0.23 (b) ⬇ 0.97
25 25 sin sin
(c) I
sin 共兲
3
51 sin u cos v cos w cos u sin v cos w 73 (a) y 兹13 cos 共t C兲 with tan C ; 兹13, 2
2
cos u cos v sin w sin u sin v sin w

cos 共u v兲 (b) t C
n ⬇ 2.55
n for every nonnega-
53 cot 共u v兲 2
sin 共u v兲 tive integer n
共cos u cos v sin u sin v兲共1兾sin u sin v兲
75 (a) p共t兲 A sin t B sin 共t 兲
共sin u cos v cos u sin v兲共1兾sin u sin v兲
cot u cot v 1 A sin t B共sin t cos cos t sin 兲
共B sin 兲 cos t 共A B cos 兲 sin t
cot v cot u
55 sin 共u v兲 sin 关u 共v兲兴 a cos t b sin t
sin u cos 共v兲 cos u sin 共v兲 with a B sin and b A B cos
sin u cos v cos u sin v (b) C2 共B sin 兲2 共A B cos 兲2
f 共x h兲 f 共x兲 cos 共x h兲 cos x B2 sin2 A2 2AB cos B2 cos2
57 A2 B2共sin2 cos2 兲 2AB cos
h h
A2 B2 2AB cos
cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x
77 (a) C2 A2 B2 2AB cos A2 B2 2AB,
h
since cos 1 and A 0, B 0. Thus,
cos x cos h cos x sin x sin h
C2 共A B兲2, and hence C A B.
h h (b) 0, 2
(c) cos B兾共2A兲
cos x
cos h 1
h 冉
sin x
sin h
h 冊冉冊 79 共2.97, 2.69兲, 共1.00, 0.37兲, 共0.17, 0.46兲, 共2.14, 2.77兲
59 (a) Each side ⬇ 0.0523 (b) 60°

(c) 60°, 3°

2

5
61 0, , 63 , ,
3 3 6 2 6

5
3
65 , ; is extraneous
冉冊
12 12 4
关3.14, 3.14,

67 (a) f 共x兲 2 cos 2 x (b) 2,

,
6 12
(c) EXERCISES 6.4
f (x)
24 7 24 120 119 120 3
1 , , 3 , , 5
25 25 7 169 169 119 5
1 3 1 3 2 3
7 , , 9 , ,
2 兹10 兹10 3 兹13 兹13 2
1 1 4
p x 11 兹2 兹2 , 兹2 兹2 , 兹2 1 13
2 2 5
1 1
15 (a) 兹2 兹2 (b) 兹2 兹3 (c) 兹2 1
2 2
17 sin 10 sin 共2 5兲 2 sin 5 cos 5
69 (a) f 共x兲 2 兹2 cos 3x

4 冉冊 (b) 2 兹2 ,
2
3
,

12 19 4 sin
2
x x x x
cos 2 2 sin cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
x
2 冉冊
(c) f (x) 2 sin x
x 1 cos x (1 cos x)(1 cos x)
21 sin2

2 2 2(1 cos x)
3 1 cos x
2
sin2 x

2(1 cos x) 2(1 cos x)
p x 23 共sin t cos t兲2 sin2 t 2 sin t cos t cos2 t
1 sin 2t
25 sin 3u sin 共2u u兲
sin 2u cos u cos 2u sin u
共2 sin u cos u兲 cos u 共1 2 sin2 u兲 sin u
71 y 10 兹41 cos 60
t tan1 冉 5
4 冊 2 sin u cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u
2 sin u共1 sin2 u兲 sin u 2 sin3 u
2 sin u 2 sin3 u sin u 2 sin3 u
⬇ 10 兹41 cos 共60
t 0.8961兲
3 sin u 4 sin3 u sin u共3 4 sin2 u兲
5
27 cos 4 cos 共2 2兲 2 cos2 2 1 61 (a) V sin (b) 53.13° 63 (b) 12.43 mm
2
2共2 cos2 1兲2 1
65 The graph of f appears to be that of y g共x兲 tan x.
2共4 cos4 4 cos2 1兲 1
sin 2x sin x 2 sin x cos x sin x
8 cos4 8 cos2 1
29 sin4 t 共sin2 t兲2
1 cos 2t 2
2 冉冊 cos 2x cos x 1 共2 cos2 x 1兲 cos x 1

sin x共2 cos x 1兲

sin x
cos x共2 cos x 1兲 cos x
tan x
1
共1 2 cos 2t cos2 2t兲 67 3.55, 5.22
冉冊
4
69 2.03, 0.72, 0.58, 2.62 71 2.59
1 1 1 1 cos 4t
cos 2t
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1 EXERCISES 6.5
cos 2t cos 4t 1 1 1 1
4 2 8 8 1 cos 6t cos 8t cos 2u cos 10u
3
3 1 1 2 2 2 2
cos 2t cos 4t 3 3
8 2 8 5 sin 8 sin 2 7 sin 3x sin x
1 1 1 2 2
冉冊
31 sec 2 9 2 sin 3 cos 11 2 sin 4x sin x
cos 2 2 cos2 1 1
2 1 3 1
sec2 13 2 cos 6t sin 3t 15 2 cos x cos x
2 2
1 sec 2
sin 4t sin 6t 2 sin 5t cos t
17 cot t
2 sec2 2 sec2 cos 4t cos 6t 2 sin 5t sin t
sec2 1 1
2 sin 共u v兲 cos 共u v兲
33 2 sin2 2t cos 4t 2 sin2 2t cos 共2 2t兲 sin u sin v 2 2
19
2 sin2 2t 共1 2 sin2 2t兲 1 cos u cos v 1 1
tan 2u tan u 2 cos 共u v兲 cos 共u v兲
35 tan 3u tan 共2u u兲 2 2
1 tan 2u tan u 1
2 tan u tan 共u v兲
tan u 2
1 tan2 u 1 1
2 cos 共u v兲 sin 共u v兲
2 tan u sin u sin v 2 2
1 tan u 21
1 tan2 u sin u sin v 1 1
2 tan u tan u tan3 u 2 sin 共u v兲 cos 共u v兲
2 2
1 tan2 u 1 1
cot 共u v兲 tan 共u v兲
1 tan2 u 2 tan2 u 2 2
1 tan2 u 1
tan 共u v兲
3 tan u tan3 u tan u共3 tan2 u兲 2

1 3 tan2 u 1 3 tan2 u 1
tan 共u v兲
1 cos 1 cos 2
37 tan csc cot 4 cos x cos 2x sin 3x 2 cos 2x 共2 sin 3x cos x兲
2 sin sin sin 23
3 1 1 2 cos 2x 共sin 4x sin 2x兲
39 cos cos 2 共2 cos 2x sin 4x兲共2 cos 2x sin 2x兲
8 2 8
3 1 1 2
4
关sin 6x sin 共2x兲兴共sin 4x sin 0兲
41 cos 4x cos 8x 43 0,
, , sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x
8 2 8 3 3
1 1

5

5
25 sin 关共a b兲x兴 sin 关共a b兲x兴 27 n
45 , ,
47 0,
49 0, , 2 2 4
3 3 3 3

5

3
29 n 31
n, n, n
51 0, , 2 2 12 2 12 2
2 2

2
2

3
5
7

3
55 (a) 1.20, 5.09 n, n , , , , ,
冉冊冉冊
33 35
7 7 3 4 4 4 4 2 2
2
4

3
5
7
(b) P , 1.5 , Q共
, 1兲, R , 1.5 37 0,
, 2
, , , ,
3 3 4 4 4 4

3

3
5
7

n
n
57 (a) , (b) 0,
, 2
, , , , 39
1
f 共x兲 sin 共x kt兲 sin
1
共x kt兲
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 l 2 l
59 (b) Yes, point B is 25 miles from A.
41 (a) 0, 1.05, 1.57, 2.09, 3.14 37 y 39 y

2
q q
(b) 0, , , ,
3 2 3
1 x 1 x
关3.14, 3.14,
兾4兴 by 关2.09, 2.09兴
43 The graph of f appears to be that of y g共x兲 tan 2x. 41 y 43 y
sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 2x 共sin 3x sin x兲 p
q
cos x cos 2x cos 3x cos 2x 共cos 3x cos x兲
sin 2x 2 sin 2x cos x

cos 2x 2 cos 2x cos x q
sin 2x共1 2 cos x兲 1 1 x

cos 2x共1 2 cos x兲
sin 2x
tan 2x 1 x
cos 2x
EXERCISES 6.6 45 y 47 y

2

1 (a) (b) (c)

4 3 3
y3

3 (a) (b) (c)

3 4 6

1 x 3 3 x
5 (a) Not defined (b) Not defined (c)
4
y 3
3 1
7 (a) (b) (c) 14
10 2

5

9 (a) (b) (c) 49 y 51 (a) 2 x 4

3 6 6

3

(b) y
11 (a) (b) (c) 4 4
4 4 4
(c) x sin 2y 3
兹3 兹2
13 (a) (b) (c) Not defined
2 2 x
1
兹5 兹34 4
15 (a) (b) (c)
2 5 兹15
兹3 77
17 (a) (b) 0 (c)
2 36
336 161 24 3 3
19 (a) (b) (c) 53 (a) x (b) 0 y 4
625 289 7 2 2
1 4 1 3 1
(a) 兹2 (b) 兹17 (c) (c) x cos y
冋册
21 2 4
10 17 2
1
x x 兹x 4
2
55 x sin1 共y 3兲共15 y兲 57 x cos1
2
冉冊
23 25 27
兹x2 1 3 2
冑
3
2 兹x 2
1 1x 59 x xR or x
xR, where xR sin1 sin y
29 2x兹1 x2 31 33 4
2 x2 2

61 cos1 共 1 兹2 兲 ⬇ 1.1437,
35 (a) (b) 0 (c) 2
cos1 共 1 兹2 兲 ⬇ 5.1395
2 2
63 tan1
1
4
共9 兹57 兲 ⬇ 0.3478, 85 Domain: 关0, 2兴; range: 冋
2
,
册
1
tan1 共9 兹57 兲 ⬇ 1.3337
4
65
1 1
cos1 兹15 ⬇ 0.6847, cos1 兹15 ⬇ 2.4569,
5 5 冉冊
1 1
cos1 兹3 ⬇ 0.9553, cos1 兹3 ⬇ 2.1863
3 3 冉冊
67
1
冉冊
sin1 兹30 ⬇ 1.1503
6
关3, 6兴 by 关2, 4兴
87 0.29
冉冊
89 ⬇ 1.25 ⬇ 72°
3 1
69 cos1 ⬇ 2.2143, cos1 ⬇ 1.2310,
5 3
2
cos1 冉冊 3
5
1
⬇ 4.0689, 2
cos1 ⬇ 5.0522
3
2 2
71 cos1
⬇ 0.8411, 2
cos 1
⬇ 5.4421,
3 3

5
关0, 1.57,
兾8兴 by 关0, 1.05, 0.2兴
⬇ 1.0472, ⬇ 5.2360
3 3 1
91 tan1 1 45° 93 tan1 ⬇ 26.6°
73 (a) 1.65 m (b) 0.92 m (c) 0.43 m 75 3.07° 2
d CHAPTER 6 REVIEW EXERCISES

77 (a) sin1 (b) 40°
k 1 共cot2 x 1兲共1 cos2 x兲共csc2 x兲共sin2 x兲 1
x sin
79 Let sin 1
x and tan
with 1
2 cos sin tan cos sin
兹1 x2 cos

cos2 sin2
and . Thus, sin x
1
sec
2 2 2 2 cos cos
and sin x. Since the sine function is one-to-one on 共sec2 1兲 cot 共tan2 兲 cot
,
2 2 冊
, we have .
3
tan sin cos

sin
cos
sin cos
81 Let arcsin 共x兲 and arcsin x with tan sin 兾cos

2
and . Thus, sin cos 2
1兾cos
2 2 2 2
cos
sin x and sin x. Consequently, sin
sin sin sin 共兲. Since the sine function
is one-to-one on ,

冋
, we have . 册 4 共tan x cot x兲2 冉 sin x
cos x

cos x
sin x 冊 2
冉冊
2 2
83 Let arctan x and arctan 共1兾x兲. Since x 0, we sin2 x cos2 x 2

cos x sin x
have 0 and 0 , and hence
2 2 1
sec2 x csc2 x
0
. Thus, cos2 x sin2 x
tan tan x 共1兾x兲 1 sin t 1 sin t 1 sin t
tan 共兲 1

1 tan tan 1 x 共1兾x兲 5
1 sin t 1 sin t 1 sin2 t cos2 t
x 共1兾x兲
. Since the denominator is 0, tan 共兲 is 1 sin t 1
0

cos t cos t
undefined and hence .
2
1

sin t
cos t cos t 冉
sec t 冊
共sec t tan t兲 sec t
sin 共兲共sin cos cos sin 兲兾cos cos
6
cos 共兲共cos cos sin sin 兲兾cos cos
tan tan

1 tan tan
1 2 cos t 1
2
2 tan u cot u cot u cot 共t兲 csc 共t兲 cot t csc t sin t sin t
7 tan 2u 14
1 tan2 u 1 cot2 u 1 sin 共t兲 sin t sin t
1 2 cos t 1 cos t 1
cot u cot2 u
2 cot u 2 cot u 2 cot u sin2 t 1 cos2 t
cos t 1 1
cot2 u 1 共csc2 u 1兲 1 csc2 u 2
共1 cos t兲共1 cos t兲 1 cos t
sec v 1
冑冑
1
1
v 1 cos v sec v sec v 1 cos t 共1 cos t兲共1 cos t兲
8 cos 2
15
2 2 2 2 1 cos t 共1 cos t兲共1 cos t兲
tan cot

1 sec v
2 sec v 冑共1 cos t兲2
1 cos2 t
冑
3 3
9
tan2 csc2 共1 cos t兲2 兩 1 cos t 兩 1 cos t
,
共tan cot 兲共tan2 tan cot cot2 兲 sin2 t 兩 sin t 兩兩 sin t 兩

关tan2 共1 cot2 兲兴 since 共1 cos t兲 0.
冑冑
tan cot
sin u sin v sin u sin v sin u sin v 1 sin 共1 sin 兲共1 sin 兲
10 LS 16
csc u csc v 1 1 sin v sin u 1 sin 共1 sin 兲共1 sin 兲
冑

sin u sin v sin u sin v 1 sin2
sin u sin v
共1 sin 兲2
冑
1 sin u sin v 1 sin u sin v
RS cos2
1 csc u csc v 1
1 共1 sin 兲2
sin u sin v
1 sin u sin v 兩 cos 兩兩 cos 兩
,
1 sin u sin v 兩 1 sin 兩 1 sin
sin u sin v since 共1 sin 兲 0.
sin u sin v
Since the LS and RS equal the same expression and the
steps are reversible, the identity is verified.
17 cos x 冉冊
5
2
cos x cos
5
2
sin x sin
5
2
sin x
冉冊冉冊冉冊冉冊
11 sin2 x 3 csc3 x 2
4
tan x 6
cot x

sin6 x
12
tan x cot x
csc6 x
12

共sin x csc x兲6
共tan x cot x兲12 18 tan x 冉冊
3

tan x tan
3
4

tan x 1
共1兲6 4 3
1 tan x
12 1 1 tan x tan
共1兲 4
12 cos sin cos sin 1 1 1
19 sin 4 sin 共2 2兲共2 sin 2 cos 2兲
1 tan 1 cot cos sin sin cos 4 4 4
cos sin 1
共2 sin cos 兲共cos2 sin2 兲
cos2 sin2 2
sin cos3 cos sin3
cos sin sin cos
cos sin
2 2 1 1 cos 1 cos
20 tan csc cot
cos sin 2 sin sin sin
共cos sin 兲共cos sin 兲 21 sin 8 2 sin 4 cos 4

cos sin 2共2 sin 2 cos 2兲共1 2 sin2 2兲
cos sin 8 sin cos 共1 2 sin2 兲关1 2共2 sin cos 兲2兴
cos 共t兲 cos t cos t 8 sin cos 共1 2 sin2 兲共1 8 sin2 cos2 兲
13 2x
sec 共t兲 tan 共t兲 sec t tan t 1 sin t 22 Let arctan x and arctan . Because
1 x2
cos t cos t

cos t cos2 t 1 sin2 t 1 x 1, . Thus, tan x and

4 4
1 sin t 1 sin t 1 sin t
2x 2 tan
cos t tan tan 2. Since the tangent
1 x2 1 tan2
共1 sin t兲共1 sin t兲
1 sin t
1 sin t
function is one-to-one on 冉

,
2 2 冊
, we have 2 or,
77 y 78
2p
y
1
equivalently, .
2

3

7
3
5
7
11
23 , , , , , 24 , 25 0,
q
x
2 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 1

3
5
7
2
4
26 , , , 27 0,
, ,
4 4 4 4 3 3

3

5
3
7
7
11

1 x
28 , , , , , 29 , ,
2 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 2
2
4

5

5
79 y 80 y
30 , ,
31 , , ,
3 3 6 6 3 3

3
5
7
32 All x in 关0, 2
兲 except , , , 1
4 4 4 4

5

2
4
5
33 , 34 0, , ,
, ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 d 1 x
3 7 11 15 19 23
5
35 , , , , , 36 0,
, ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 x

5

5
7
11
37 , 38 , , ,
3 3 6 6 6 6

3
5
7
9
11
13
15
81 cos 共兲 cos 关共兲兴
39 0, , , , ,
, , , , cos 共兲 cos sin 共兲 sin
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
共cos cos sin sin 兲 cos

3
7
9
兹6 兹2
40 , ,
, , 41 共sin cos cos sin 兲 sin
5 5 5 5 4 cos cos cos sin sin cos
兹2 兹6 2 sin cos sin cos sin sin
42 2 兹3 43 44
4 兹2 兹2
2
84 13 84 36 82 (b) t 0, (c) 兹2 A
45 46 47 48 4b 3
85 85 13 77
3
5
7

5
36 36 77 77 240 83 , , , , ,
49 50 51 52 53 4 4 4 4 3 3
85 85 85 85 289 1
161 24 1 1 5 84 (a) x 2d tan (b) d 1000 ft
冉冊
54 55 56 兹10 57 58 兹34 2
289 7 10 3 34 1
1 1 85 (a) d r sec 1 (b) 43°
59 (a) cos 3t cos 11t 2
2 2
1 1 1 5 86 (a) 78.7° (b) 61.4°
(b) cos u cos u
2 12 2 12
(c) 3 sin 8x 3 sin 2x (d) 2 sin 10 2 sin 4 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
11 5 1 Hint: Factor sin3 x cos3 x as the difference of cubes.
60 (a) 2 sin 5u cos 3u (b) 2 sin sin
2 2 2 兹a2 x2
再
9 1
(c) 2 cos t sin t (d) 6 cos 4x cos 2x a cos if 0
兾2 or 3
兾2 2
40 40

a cos if
兾2 3
兾2
61 62 63 64
65 3 45; approximately 6.164
6 4 3 4
4 The difference quotient for the sine function appears to be
3
1
66 67 68 2 69 Not defined the cosine function.
4 2

5 Hint: Write the equation in the form 4, and
70 Not defined 71 Not defined 72 4
2 take the tangent of both sides.
240 7 7 1
73 74 75 76 6 (a) The inverse sawtooth function, denoted by saw1, is
289 25 25 2 defined by y saw1 x iff x saw y for 2 x 2
and 1 y 1.
(b) 0.85; 0.4
(c) saw 共saw1 x兲 x if 2 x 2; 16 sin 3x sin 共2x x兲 sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x
saw1 共saw y兲 y if 1 y 1 共2 sin x cos x兲 cos x 共2 cos2 x 1兲 sin x
(d) y sin x 关2 cos2 x 共2 cos2 x 1兲兴
sin x 共4 cos2 x 1兲
2
4
2 17 , ,
18 2 cos 8x 2 cos 6x
(2, 1) 3 3
19 2 sin 4x sin 3x
x 8x 4x 8x 4x
2 2 cos cos
(2, 1) cos 8x cos 4x 2 2
y arcsaw (x) 20
sin 8x sin 4x 8x 4x 8x 4x
2 cos sin
2 2
4x
cos
2 cos 2x
CHAPTER 6 TEST cot 2x
冉冊
1 4x sin 2x
1 1 1 sin
1 共csc x cot x兲1 2
sin x tan x csc x cot x

1 csc x cot x csc x cot x 21 x n or x n 22
冉冊
4 6 3 6
csc x cot x csc x cot x csc2 x cot2 x

527 a 2
csc x cot x 23 24 25 2 1
csc x cot x 2 2 625 c
1
5 1
sin x 26 27 x cos y
6 2 3
tan x 1 cos x cos x 1 cos x
2 28 cos1 (2 兹3) ⬇ 1.84,
1 sec x sin x 1 sin x
1 2
cos1 (2 兹3) ⬇ 4.44
cos x
sin x
cos x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x CHAPTER 7

cos x 1 sin x 1 cos x sin x
cos x
EXERCISES 7.1
1 63°, b ⬇ 26.8, c ⬇ 27.3
sin2 x (1 cos x兲2 100°10, b ⬇ 55.1, c ⬇ 68.7
3
(1 cos x兲 sin x 5 76°30, a ⬇ 13.6, c ⬇ 17.8
sin2 x 1 2 cos x cos2 x 2 2 cos x 7 No triangle exists.

(1 cos x兲 sin x (1 cos x兲 sin x 9 ⬇ 77°30, ⬇ 49°10, b ⬇ 108;
2(1 cos x兲 2 ⬇ 102°30, ⬇ 24°10, b ⬇ 59
2 csc x 11 ⬇ 82.54°, ⬇ 49.72°, b ⬇ 100.85;
(1 cos x兲 sin x sin x
⬇ 97.46°, ⬇ 34.80°, b ⬇ 75.45
3
1 ⬇ 41°30, ⬇ 91°10, c ⬇ 117.3
3 x , 1 1 4 3 cot csc 13
4 a 15 ⬇ 25.993°, ⬇ 32.383°, a ⬇ 0.146 17 219 yd
5 3 8n or 5 8n, where n is an integer 19 (a) 1.6 mi (b) 0.6 mi 21 2.7 mi 23 628 m
1 3.7 mi from A and 5.4 mi from B 27 350 ft
6 (2
n 3), where n is an integer 25
4 29 (a) 18.7 (b) 814 31 (3949.9, 2994.2)

7
n or
n, where n is an integer
3 EXERCISES 7.2
2
4
1 1 (a) B (b) F (c) D (d) E (e) A (f) C
8 2
n, 2
n, 2
n 9 共兹2 兹6兲
3 3 4 3 (a) , law of sines (b) a, law of cosines
1 84 (c) Any angle, law of cosines
10 共5 12 兹3兲 11
26 13 (d) Not enough information given
12 冉冊
cos x
5
2
cos x cos
5
2
sin x sin
5
2
(e) , 180°
(f) c, law of sines; or , 180°
5 a ⬇ 26, ⬇ 41°, ⬇ 79°
共cos x兲共0兲共sin x兲共1兲 sin x
120 119 120 7 b ⬇ 180, ⬇ 25°, ⬇ 5°
13 1, 5, 9 14 , , 9 c ⬇ 2.75, ⬇ 21°10, ⬇ 43°40
169 169 119
11 No triangle exists.
1 2 1
15 , , 13 ⬇ 29°, ⬇ 47°, ⬇ 104°
兹5 兹5 2
15 ⬇ 12°30, ⬇ 136°30, ⬇ 31°00
17 ⬇ 89°00, ⬇ 2°00 19 196 ft 27 储 2v 储储 2具a, b典储储具2a, 2b典储兹共2a兲2 共2b兲2

21 24 mi 23 39 mi 25 2.3 mi 27 N55°31E 兹4a2 4b2 2 兹a2 b2 2 储具a, b典储
29 63.7 ft from first and third base; 66.8 ft from second base 2储v储
31 37,039 ft ⬇ 7 mi

33 Hint: Use the formula sin 冑 1 cos 29 5;
3
2
31 3 兹2 ;
7
4
33 兹41 ; tan1 冉冊 5
4

冉冊
.
2 2 5
35 (a) 72°, 108°, 36° (b) 0.62 (c) 0.59, 0.36 35 兹61 ; tan1 2
37 102 lb 39 7.2 lb
6
Exer. 37–44: The answer is in square units. 41 89 lb; S66°W 43 5.8 lb; 129°
37 260 39 11.21 41 13.1 43 517.0 45 40.96; 28.68 47 6.18; 19.02
45 40.0 acres 47 123.4 ft2 8 15 8 15
49 (a) i j (b) i j
17 17 17 17
EXERCISES 7.3
1 具3, 4典, 具7, 2典, 具17, 17典, 具33, 7典, 兹13 51 (a)
2
兹29
冓
,
5
兹29
(b)
2
,
兹29 兹29
5
冔冓冔
3 具7, 4典, 具7, 8典, 具28, 22典, 具28, 38典, 兹53
5 4i 3j, 2i 7j, 19i 17j, 11i 33j, 兹5 53 (a) 具16, 4典 (b) 具4, 1典
7 Terminal points are 9 Terminal points are
24 42
共3, 2兲, 共1, 5兲, 共2, 7兲, 共4, 6兲, 共2, 3兲, 55 i j
共6, 4兲, 共3, 15兲. 共6, 9兲, 共8, 12兲, 兹65 兹65
共6, 9兲. 57 (a) F 具7, 2典 (b) G F 具7, 2典
59 (a) F ⬇ 具5.86, 1.13典
y y
(b) G F ⬇ 具5.86, 1.13典
2a 61 sin1 共0.4兲 ⬇ 23.6° 63 56°; 232 mi兾hr
8 ab ab 65 420 mi兾hr; 244° 67 N22°W
2a a 69 v1 ⬇ 4.1i 7.10j; v2 ⬇ 0.98i 3.67j
b a 2
b 71 (a) (24.51, 20.57) (b) 共24.57, 18.10兲
8 x 8 x 73 28.2 lb兾person
3b
3b EXERCISES 7.4
b 13 f 15 e
1 1 (a) 24 (b) cos1 冉 24
兹29 兹45
冊 ⬇ 48°22
冉冊
11
2
a 共b c兲具a1, a2典共具b1, b2典具c1, c2典兲 14
17 3 (a) 14 (b) cos1 ⬇ 160°21
具a1, a2典具b1 c1, b2 c2典兹17 兹13
具a1 b1 c1, a2 b2 c2典
具a1 b1, a2 b2典具c1, c2典
共具a1, a2典具b1, b2典兲具c1, c2典
5 (a) 45 (b) cos1 冉 45
兹81 兹41
冊 ⬇ 38°40
19
共a b兲 c
a 共a兲具a1, a2典共具a1, a2典兲
7 (a) 30 (b) cos1 冉 30
兹90 兹10
180° 冊
具a1, a2典具a1, a2典 9 具4, 1典具2, 8典 0 11 共4j兲共7i兲 0
具a1 a1, a2 a2典 6 3
具0, 0典 0 13 Opposite 15 Same 17 19
5 8
21 共mn兲a 共mn兲具a1, a2典
21 (a) 23 (b) 23 23 13
具共mn兲a1, 共mn兲a2典
25 17兾兹26 ⬇ 3.33 27 2.2 29 7
具mna1, mna2典
31 28 33 12
m具na1, na2典 or n具ma1, ma2典
35 a a 具a1, a2典具a1, a2典 a21 a22
m共n具a1, a2典兲 or n共m具a1, a2典兲
共兹a21 a22 兲储 a 储 2
2
m共na兲 or n共ma兲
37 共ma兲 b 共m具a1, a2典兲具b1, b2典
23 0a 0具a1, a2典具0a1, 0a2典具0, 0典 0.
具ma1, ma2典具b1, b2典
Also, m0 m具0, 0典具m0, m0典具0, 0典 0.
ma1b1 ma2b2
25 共a b兲共具a1, a2典具b1, b2典兲
m共a1b1 a2b2兲 m共a b兲
共具a1 b1, a2 b2典兲
39 0 a 具0, 0典具a1, a2典 0共a1兲 0共a2兲
具共a1 b1兲, 共a2 b2兲典
000
具a1 b1, a2 b2典
41 1000 兹3 ⬇ 1732 ft-lb
具a1, a2典具b1, b2典
a 共b兲 a b
43 (a) v 共93 106兲i 共0.432 106兲j;

w 共93 106兲i 共0.432 106兲j 11 64 兹3 64i 13 冉 1
2
1
兹6 兹2 i
2 冊
冉冊冉冊
(b) 0.53°
冓冔兹兹兹兹
4 4 4 4
2 18 18 2
4 3 15 i , i
45 , 47 2.6 49 24.33 2 2 2 2
5 5
3 3
51 16 兹3 ⬇ 27.7 horsepower 17 3i, 兹3 i
2 2
1 1
EXERCISES 7.5 19 1, 兹3 i, 21 兹10
2 cis with 9°,
2 2
1 5 3 兹85 5 0 7 8 9 1 81°, 153°, 225°, 297°
1 1
Note: Point P is the point corresponding to the geometric 兹3 i
2 2
representation.
11 P共4, 2兲 13 P共3, 5兲 15 P共3, 6兲 y y
17 P共4, 6兲 19 P共0, 2兲 w1
Imaginary w2 w1
15 3 6i axis w2
w0 w0
11 4 2 i w3 (1, 0) x 10
兹2莥 x
19 2i
w3
Real axis w4 w5 w4
13 3 5 i
17 4 6i 23 2, 2i 25 2i, 兹3 i, 兹3 i
27 2i, 兹3 i
29 3 cis with 0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, 288°
7
5

21 兹2 cis 25 4 cis
23 8 cis 31 2 cis with 15°, 105°, 195°, 285°
4 6 6
33 关r 共cos i sin 兲兴n 关r 共ei兲兴n
5
3
27 4 兹2 cis 29 20 cis 31 12 cis 0 r n共ei兲n

4 2 r nei共n兲

4
r n共cos n i sin n兲
33 7 cis
35 6 cis 37 10 cis
2 3
冉冊 2 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW EXERCISES
冉冊冉冊
39 兹29 cis tan1
5 4 5
冋冉冊册
1 a 兹43, cos1 兹43 , cos1 兹43
1 43 86
41 兹10 cis tan1
3 2 60°, 90°, b 4; 120°, 30°, b 2
冉
43 兹34 cis tan1 冊 3
5

3 75°, a 50 兹6 , c 50共 1 兹3 兲
4 cos1 冉冊 7
, cos1
11
冉冊
, cos1
1
冉冊
冋冉冊册
45 5 cis tan 1

3
4
2
5
6
38°, a ⬇ 8.0, c ⬇ 13
8
⬇ 19°10, ⬇ 137°20, b ⬇ 258

16 4
47 2 兹2 2 兹2 i 49 3 3 兹3 i 51 5
7 ⬇ 24°, ⬇ 41°, b ⬇ 10.1
53 5 3i 55 2 i 57 4 7 i
8 ⬇ 42°, ⬇ 87°, ⬇ 51° 9 290 10 14.5
59 7 3 i 61 2, i
11 Terminal points are y
2 2 5
63 10 兹3 10i, 兹3 i 65 40, 共2, 3兲, 共6, 13兲, ab
5 5 2 共8, 10兲, 共1, 4兲.
8 4 15 10 2a 8
67 8 4i, i 69 15 10i, i
5 5 13 13 qb
73 17.21 24.57i 75 11.01 9.24i
8 ab x
77 兹365 ohms 79 70.43 volts
EXERCISES 7.6
1 972 972i 3 32i 5 8
1 1 1 1
7 兹2 兹2 i 9 兹3 i 12 (a) 12i 19j (b) 8i 13j (c) 兹40 ⬇ 6.32
2 2 2 2 (d) 兹29 兹17 ⬇ 1.26
13 具14 cos 40°, 14 sin 40°典 14 109 lb; S78°E CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER TEST
15 10i 14j 1 (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 2 2.15 mi 3 5.39 mi
16 冓
12
,
28
兹58 兹58
冔 4 Any angle, law of cosines
7 390 ft2
21
8 兹85
56
5 337 ft
9 25 lb
6 75.5°
17 Circle with center 共a1, a2兲 and radius c 10 i j 11 463 mi兾hr; 242°
兹73 兹73
18 The vectors a, b, and a b form a triangle with the vec-
5 47
tor a b opposite angle . The conclusion is a direct 12 57.53° 13 14 172 15 ⬇ 5.5
6 兹73
application of the law of cosines with sides 储 a 储, 储 b 储, and
16 3564 ft-lb 17 13
冋冉冊册
储 a b 储.
19 183°; 70 mi兾hr 2
冉冊
18 兹13 cis tan1
19 7 兹2 2 兹2 i
10 10 3
20 (a) 10 (b) cos 1
⬇ 47°44 (c) 4 4
兹13 兹17 兹13 20 28 兹3 28i, 兹3 i
冉冊
7 7
134 11
21 (a) 134 (b) cos1 ⬇ 32°28 (c) 1 兹3
兹40 兹13 兹10 21 i 22 4i, 2 兹3 2 i
2 2
22 56
3
5
23 兹
5
7 cis with 18°, 90°, 162°, 234°, 306°
23 10 兹2 cis 24 4 cis 25 17 cis
4 3
3
7
CHAPTER 8
26 12 cis 27 10 cis
2 6
28 兹41 cis tan1

5
冉冊 EXERCISES 8.1
1 共3, 5兲, 共1, 3兲 3 共1, 0兲, 共3, 2兲
冉冊
4
冋冉冊册
1 1
5 5 共0, 0兲, , 7 共3, 2兲 9 No solution
29 兹29 cis tan1
8 128
2
11 共4, 2兲, 共2, 4兲 13 共4, 3兲, 共5, 0兲 15 共2, 2兲
30 17 cis tan1 冋冉冊册
15
8
2
17 冉 3

5
1
10
兹86,
1
5

3
10
兹86 , 冊
31 10 兹3 10i 32 12 5i 33 12 12 兹3 i,
3
2
冉 3

5
1
10
兹86,
1
5

3
10
兹86 冊 19 No solution
34 4 兹2 i, 2 兹2 35 512i 36 i 21 共0, 1兲, 共4, 3兲 23 共6, 1兲, 共1, 4兲

37 972 972i 38 219 219 兹3 i 25 共2, 5兲, 共兹5, 4 兲
3 3
39 3, 兹3 i 27 共兹2, 2 兹3 兲, 共兹2, 2 兹3 兲 29 No solution
2 2
31 共 2 兹2, 2 兲, 共 2 兹2, 2 兲 33 共3, 1, 2兲
40 (a) 224 (b) 兹3
2 cis with 100°, 220°, 340° 35 共1, 1, 2兲, 共1, 3, 2兲
41 2 cis with 54°, 126°, 198°, 270°, 342° 37 (a) b 4; tangent
42 47.6° 43 197.4 yd 44 235.8 mi (b) b 4; intersect twice
45 53,000,000 mi (c) b 4; no intersection
46 (a) 449 ft (b) 434 ft 39 Yes; a solution occurs between 0 and 1.
47 (a) 33 mi, 41 mi (b) 30 mi 48 204 y
49 1 hour and 16 minutes 50 (c) 158°
51 (a) 47° (b) 20
52 (a) 72° (b) 181.6 ft2 (c) 37.6 ft y 2x
yx
CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION EXERCISES x

4 (b) Hint: Law of cosines
5 (a) 共储 b 储 cos 储 a 储 cos 兲i
共储 b 储 sin 储 a 储 sin 兲j

兹2 兹2
兾2
6 (a) 1 (b)
i; i (c) i; e ⬇ 0.2079
2 2 2 1
7 The statement is true. 41 ; tangent 43 f(x) 2(3)x 1 45 12 and 4
4
47 12 in. 8 in.
49 (a) a 120,000, b 40,000 (b) 77,143
51 共0, 0兲, 共0, 100兲, 共50, 0兲; the fourth solution 共100, 150兲
is not meaningful.
53 Yes; 1 ft 1 ft 2 ft or
43 (a) 冉冊c,
4
5
c for an arbitrary c 0 (b) $28 per hour
兹13 1 兹13 1 8 45 1928; 15.5°C 47 LP: 4 hr; SLP: 2 hr

ft ft ft 1 1 6x
2 2 共兹13 1 兲2 49 a , b e
6 6
51 a cos x sec x, b sin x
⬇ 1.30 ft 1.30 ft 1.18 ft
1 1
55 The points are on the parabola (a) y x 2 and EXERCISES 8.3
1 2 2
(b) y x 2 1. 1 y 3 y
4
57 (a) 共31.25, 50兲
(b) 冉
3
2
兹11,
1
2
⬇ 共4.975, 0.5兲冊 y 2x 1
59 共0.82, 1.82兲;
1
2

兹7 1
2
,
2
冉兹7
2 冊 3x 2y 6
x x
61 共0.56, 1.92兲, 共0.63, 1.90兲, 共1.14, 1.65兲
5 y 7 y
y x2 1
关6, 6兴 by 关4, 4兴 x x
63 共1.44, 1.04兲, 共0.12, 1.50兲, 共0.10, 1.50兲, y x2 2
共1.22, 1.19兲
9 y 11 y x y 2
1
y
x2
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴
65 a ⬇ 1.2012, b ⬇ 0.4004 67 a ⬇ 2.8019, b ⬇ 0.9002
x x
冉冊冉冊
EXERCISES 8.2
3 76 28
1 共4, 2兲 3 共75, 90兲 5 1, 7 ,
2 53 53 x y 2
9 冉冊
51 96
,
13 13
11 冉 8
7
3
, 兹6
7 冊冉冊 13
220 137
13
,
13
13
3x y 19
y
15 y
y 2x 1
15 No solution y4
2x 5y 10
17 All ordered pairs 共m, n兲 such that 3m 4n 2
19 共0, 0兲 21 冉
22
7
,

11
5 冊
23 共2, 1兲
x x 2
x
25 共0, 2兲 27 313 students, 137 nonstudents 3x y 6

30 30
29 x 4 ⬇ 5.55 cm, y 12 ⬇ 2.45 cm

20
31 l 10 ft, w ft 33 2400 adults, 3600 kittens

35 40 g of 35% alloy, 60 g of 60% alloy

37 540 mi兾hr, 60 mi兾hr 39 v0 10, a 3
41 20 sofas, 30 recliners
17 y 19 y 39 x y 9, y x, x 1
y
x 2y 8
y3 x1
xy
x4
x x
xy9
21 y 23 y
x 2 y 2 45
41 If the plant is located at 共x, y兲, then a system is
602 x2 y2 1002, 602 共x 100兲2 y2 1002,
y 0.
y
x x x 2 y 2 100 2
x 2 y 2 60 2
(x 100)2
y 2 100 2
x y 3
(x 100)2
25 y y 2 60 2
10
x1y x
10
43 45
x
x2 1 y
27 0 x 3, y x 4, y x 4
29 x2 y2 9, y 2x 4
31 y x, y x 4, 共x 2兲2 共 y 2兲2 8 关3.5, 4兴 by 关1, 4兴关1.5, 1.5兴 by 关1, 1兴
1 1 3 47 There is no solution. 49 (a) Yes
33 y x , y x 4, y x 4 (b)
8 2 4
35 If x and y denote the y
numbers of sets of brand A x 20
and brand B, respectively,
then a system is x 20,
y 10, x 2y, x y 100
x y 100. x 2y
关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴
关33, 80, 5兴 by 关0, 50, 5兴
y 10 (c) Region above the line
x
EXERCISES 8.4
37 If x and y denote the y
y 3x 1 Maximum of 27 at 共6, 2兲; minimum of 9 at 共0, 2兲
amounts placed in the
high-risk and low-risk
investment, respectively,
then a system is
x 2000, y 3x,
x y 15,000
x y 15,000.
2000 x 2000
2000 x
3 Maximum of 21 at 共6, 3兲 5 Minimum of 21 at 共3, 2兲 3 1 1

y y
33 lb Colombian, lb Costa Rican, lb Kenyan
8 8 2
35 (a) A: x1 x4 75, B: x1 x2 150,
3x 4y 12
C: x2 x3 225, D: x3 x4 150
3x 2y 24
(b) x1 25, x2 125, x4 50
(4, 6)
(0, 4) (c) x3 150 x4 150;
(3, 2) x3 225 x2 225 共150 x1兲 75 x1 75
(0, 3) (6, 3)
37 2134 39 y 3x2 x 5
(8, 0) x 41 x y x 3y 6 0
2 2
(0, 0) (5, 0) x 2x 5y 16 43 f (x) x 3 2x 2 4x 6

3x y 15 2x 3y 12
4 11 17 23
45 a ,b ,c ,d
7 C has the maximum value 24 for any point on the line 9 9 18 18
segment from 共2, 5兲 to 共6, 3兲.
y EXERCISES 8.6
x 2y 8 1 冋 9
2
1
, 册冋册冋
1 3
,
10 4
, 册冋
12 3
6 册
冋册冋册冋册冋册
5 4 1 2 6 9
(2, 5) q x y 6
9 0 3 2 12 2 9 3
(0, 4) 3x 2y 24
3 1 5 , 3 5 , 4 0 , 3 15
(6, 3)
3 4 9 4 6 8 18 0
(0, 0) (8, 0) x 5 关11 3 3兴, 关3 3 7兴,
关8 6 4兴, 关21 0 15兴
冋册冋册
7 Not possible, not possible,
9 共8, 0兲
11 Any point between 共2, 7兲 and 共6, 3兲, inclusive 6 4 4 12 0
13 One example is P 500x 600y. 0 2 8 , 6 3
15 50 standard and 30 oversized 6 4 2 3 9
冋册冋册
17 3.5 lb of S and 1 lb of T
19 Send 25 from W1 to A and 0 from W1 to B. 2 0 5 3
9 11
Send 10 from W2 to A and 60 from W2 to B. 4 8 20 16
21
23
None of alfalfa and 80 acres of corn
Minimum cost: 16 oz X, 4 oz Y, 0 oz Z; 13 18 15 冋 16 38
34
,
4
册冋 38
22 册
冋册冋册
11 23
maximum cost: 0 oz X, 8 oz Y, 12 oz Z
25 2 vans and 4 buses 27 3000 trout and 2000 bass 3 14 3 3 20 11
29 60 small units and 20 deluxe units 17 16 2 2 , 2 10 4
7 29 13
册冋册
9 15 1
冋
EXERCISES 8.5
3 4 4
1 共2, 3, 1兲 3 共2, 4, 5兲 5 No solution 4 8
冉冊
19 , 5 2 2
2 31 1 18 11
冋册冋册
7 , , 9 共0, 0, 0兲 51 26 10
3 21 21
3 38 9 10
Exer. 11–18: There are other forms for the answers; c is any 3 10 2
3 24 3 6
real number. 21 11 19 11 ,
2 20 5 8
11 共2c, c, c兲 13 共0, c, c兲 18 16 18
5
冋册冋册
12 6 8
15 共33c 54, 8c 13, c兲
冉冊冉冊
1 2 3 1 2 3
7 1 19 3 1 31 3 23 4 5 6 , 4 5 6
17 c , c ,c 19 , ,
10 2 10 2 11 11 11
冋册
7 8 9 7 8 9
21 共2, 3兲 23 No solution 3 7 2
25 关15兴, 12 28 8
25 17 of 10%, 11 of 30%, 22 of 50% 35 10
冋册
15
27 4 hr for A, 2 hr for B, 5 hr for C
冋册
29 380 lb of G1, 60 lb of G2, 160 lb of G3 4
2 0 5
3 9 27 , not possible 29 12
31 (a) I1 0, I2 2, I3 2 (b) I1 , I2 3, I3 5 3 2
4 4 1
31 冋 18
40
0
10
2
10 册 41
冋 135
39
109
92
91
33 册 29 (a) 冋
冋
4.0
2.2
7.1
4.9 册冋册冋册
册
x
y

6.2
2.9
冋册
45 3 95 0.1391 0.2016
(b) (c) x ⬇ 1.4472, y ⬇ 0.0579
38 0.1136
冋册冋册冋册
76 102 0.0625
43 5 61 13 3.1 6.7 8.7 x 1.5
41 0 19 31 (a) 4.1 5.1 0.2 y 2.1
冋册
0.6 1.1 7.4 z 3.9
冋册
400 550 500
400 450 500 $8.99 0.1474 0.1572 0.1691
45 (a) A 300 500 600 , B $10.99 (b) 0.1197 0.0696 0.1426
250 200 300 $12.99 0.0297 0.0024 0.1700
100 100 200 (c) x ⬇ 0.1081, y ⬇ 0.5227, z ⬇ 0.6135
$16,135.50 33 (a) a ⬇ 1.9630, b ⬇ 26.2963, c ⬇ 25.7407
$15,036.50 (b)
(b) $15,986.00
$ 8342.50
$ 4596.00
(c) The $4596.00 represents the amount the store would
receive if all the yellow towels were sold.
关1, 12兴 by 关15, 70, 5兴
(c) June: 61°F; October: 41°F
EXERCISES 8.7
1 Show that AB I2 and BA I2.
冋册
EXERCISES 8.8
1 3 4 1 M11 0 A11; M12 5; A12 5;
3 5 Does not exist
10 1 M21 1; A21 1; M22 7 A22
冋册冋册
2
2 1 0 4 5 3 3 M11 14 A11; M12 10; A12 10;
1 1 M13 15 A13; M21 7; A21 7;
7 2 3 0 9 4 8 3
8 3 M22 5 A22; M23 34; A23 34;
0 0 2 1 2 0 M31 11 A31; M32 4; A32 4;
1 M33 6 A33
0 0 5 5 7 83 9 2 11 0 13 125 15 48
2
17 216 19 abcd 21 e5x 23 1
1
11 0 0 13 Does not exist 15 Does not exist 35 (a) x2 3x 4 (b) 1, 4
4
37 (a) x2 8x 5 (b) 4 兹21
1 39 (a) x 3 2x 2 x 2 (b) 2, 1, 1
0 0
冋册
6 41 (a) x 3 4x 2 4x 16 (b) 2, 2, 4
43 31i 20j 7k 45 6i 8j 18k
1
0 47 255 49 359,284
a 51 (a) x 3 x 2 6x 7 (b) 2.51, 1.22, 2.29
17 ab 苷 0;
1
0
b
21 (a) 冉 13
10
,
1
10 冊冉冊
(b)
7 6
,
5 5
23 (a) 冉
25

34 7
, , (b)
16 16
, ,
1
冊冉冊
冋册
3 3 3 3 3 3
关10, 11兴 by 关12, 2兴
0.111 0.259 0.630
25 0.037 0.025 0.321
EXERCISES 8.9
冋册
0.074 0.049 0.358 1 R2 i R3 3 C2 i C3 or R1 i R3
0.223 0.129 0.065 0.378 5 R1 R3 l R3
1.178 0.095 0.559 0.292 7 2 is a common factor of R1 and R3.
27 R1 and R3 are identical.
0.372 0.002 0.141 0.374 9
0.160 0.042 0.072 0.210 11 1 is a common factor of R2.
13 Every number in C2 is 0. 15 2C1 C3 l C3 19 y 20 y

17 55 19 10 21 142 23 183 25 44
27 359 37 共4, 2兲 39 共8, 0兲 y x2
41 兩 D 兩 0, so Cramer’s rule cannot be used. 2x y 4
43 共2, 3, 1兲 45 共2, 4, 5兲
cgi dfi bfj x x
47 x
cei a fi bfh
y 2x 5
y 3x 4 x 2y 2
EXERCISES 8.10
再
3 5 5 4
1 3
再
x2 x3 x6 x2 x2 y2 25
2 3 1 3 2 1 x y2
21 兩x兩 3 22
5
x1 x2 x3
7
x5 x1 yx1
冋册
x 兩y兩 6
2 5 7 5 40
冋册冋册
9 11 2 0 4 6
x 1 共x 1兲2 x x 3x 5 4 5 6 26
23 24 25 16 22 1
24兾25 2兾5 23兾25 4 11 5 6
13 12 11 9
x 2 共x 2兲2 2x 1
15
5
x

2

3
x 1 共x 1兲3
17
2

3x 4
x 1 x2 1
26 冋册冋
0
15
37
6
27
12
6
4 11
11 5 册
冋册冋册冋册
4 5x 3 1 1 2x 3
19 2 21 2 2 a 3a a 3a 0 0
x x 2 x x x 3 28 29 30
冋册冋册
4x 1 3 1 3x 2a 4a 2b 4b 0 0
25 2x 2
冋册
23
x 2 1 共x 2 1兲2 x1 x 1 1 0 0
4 8 2 3 5 9 1 2 4
27 3 29 2x 3 31 32 0 1 0 33
x x4 x 1 2x 1 13 19 2 3 5
冋册冋册
0 0 1
8 1 2 1 0 0
冉冊
34 5 2 4 35 0 2 7
19 18 11
, 3 共3, 5兲, 共1, 3兲 14 1
冋册
1 2 No solution 1 9 0 4
23 23
4 20
5 共 2 兹3, 兹2 兲, 共 2 兹3, 兹2 兲
15
4 共4, 3兲, 共3, 4兲 1
冉冊冉冊
36 3 15 2 37 共2, 5兲 38 共1, 3, 2兲
1 1 14 14 37
6 共1, 1, 1兲, 0, 兹6, 7 , 9 8 6
冉冊
2 2 17 27
8 冉 25
log2
7
, log3
15
7 冊冉冊 9
6
11
7
, ,1
11
39 共4, 3兲 40
1 5
,
2 2
, 共4, 16兲 41 9
10 冉 6 2
,
29 29
,
17
29 冊 42 48
47 76
43 86
48 50
44 84 45 0
49 1 2 兹3
46 120
50 4, 兹7
51 2 is a common factor of R1, 2 is a common factor of C2,
11 共2c, 3c, c兲 for any real number c 12 共0, 0, 0兲
冉冊
and 3 is a common factor of C3.
19 5 52 Interchange R1 with R2 and then R2 with R3 to obtain
13 5c 1, c , c for any real number c
2 2
冉冊
the determinant on the right. The effect is to multiply
by 1 twice.
冉冊冉冊
1 1
14 共5, 4兲 15 1, , 16 共3, 1, 2, 4兲 76 28 2 31 1
2 3 53 a11a22 a33 ann 55 , 56 , ,
17 y 18 y 53 53 3 21 21
8 3 1 3 4
y x2 57 58 2
yx x1 x5 x3 x 1 共x 1兲2
yx2 2 3x 1 4 x2
59 60 2 2
x 5 x2 4 x 2 x 5
61 40 兹5 ft 20 兹5 ft 62 y 2 兹2 x 3
x x
63 Inside radius 90 ft, outside radius 100 ft
64 Tax $750,000; bonus $125,000
x 2 y 2 16
x5 65 2 mi兾hr; 5 mi兾hr
66 25 pounds of peanuts and 30 pounds of raisins
67
68
69
1325 mi兾hr; 63 mi兾hr
In ft3兾hr: A, 30; B, 20; C, 50
Western 95, eastern 55
(d) f(x) ax 3 2a 冉 5 2
12 冊冉
x 3a
7
12
x 4, 冊
y (width)
where a is any nonzero real number
70 If x and y denote the
(e) Not possible
length and width,
x 12
respectively, then a
system is x 12, y 8, y8 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER TEST
1 共3, 2兲, 共2, 3兲 2 共7, 3兲, 共7, 3兲
冉冊
1
y x. 104 1
2 3 12 and 4 4 共兹6, 2兲 5 ,
47 47
y qx
6 No solution
7 All ordered pairs 共x, y兲 such that 3x y 5
x0 x (length)
8 30 sofas, 45 recliners
71 x y 18, x 2y, y 9 y
x 0, y 0
y2
x y 18
x 2y
x
y 2
2
2 x
72 80 mowers and 30 edgers

73 High-risk $250,000; low-risk $500,000; bonds $0 10 再 yx2
x2 y2 16
CHAPTER 8 DISCUSSION EXERCISES 11 x 3000, y 4x, x y 25,000
y
1 (a) b 1.99, x 204, y 100;
b 1.999, x 2004, y 1000
y 4x
4b 10 1
(b) x ,y
b2 b2
(c) It gets close to 共4, 0兲. x y 25,000
冋册
2 (a) D 关12,000 9000 14,000兴; 10,000
0.90 0.10 0.00

E 0.00 0.80 0.20 10,000 x
0.05 0.00 0.95 x 3000
(b) The elements of F 关11,500 8400 15,100兴 12 Maximum of 12 at 共6, 0兲
represent the populations on islands A, B, and C, y
respectively, after one year.
(c) The population stabilizes with 10,000 birds on A,
5000 birds on B, and 20,000 birds on C. x 2y 8
(d) Regardless of the initial population distribution of (0, 4)
the 35,000 birds, the populations tend toward the (4, 2)
xy6
distribution described in part (c).
3 Hint: Assign a size to A, and examine the definition (0, 0) (6, 0) x
of an inverse.
1 2
4 AD: 35%, DS: 33 %, SP: 31 % 13 3 vans, 5 buses 14 共4, 3, 7兲 15 共3c, 2c, c兲
3 3
5 a 15, b 10, c 24; the fourth root is 4 1
16 , 2, and 18 pounds 17 f共x兲 3x 5x2 x 7
3
6 y 0.0583x 3 0.116x 2 1.1x 4.2 4
8 (a) Not possible (b) x 2 y 2 1.8x 4.2y 0.8 0
5
(c) f(x) x 2 x 4
12
7
12
18 冋
6 14 1
10 5 5
19
17 27
44 7 册 20 19 冋册
冋册冋
21 One possibility is 1 1 1 1 1 1
35 1, 1 , 1 ,
册
23 7 兹2 兹2 兹3 2 兹2 兹3
100 80 30 17
C AB 35 12 37 5 39 10 41 25 43 45 61
90 75 20 15
冋册
40 19 319 7 2
47 10,000 49 51 k
2930 2365 830 3 2
4580 3700 1290 , where the numbers on the main
5710 4625 1580
53 冘共a b 兲
n
k1
k k
diagonal represent the total value of the iron sets, 苷共a1 b1兲共a2 b2 兲共an bn 兲
wood sets, and hybrids—$2930, $3700, and $1580, 苷共a1 a2 an 兲共b1 b2 bn 兲
respectively—and the other values are meaningless. 苷共a1 a2 an 兲共b1 b2 bn 兲
冘a 冘b
冋册
n n
7 2 苷 k k
22 A1 k1 k1
4 1 55 As k increases, the terms approach 1.
23 冋册
x
y

1 1
11 2 冋 3
5 册冋册冋册
8
10

2
6
57 0.4, 0.7, 1, 1.6, 2.8
59 (a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
(b) 1, 2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.6, 1.625, 1.6153846, 1.6190476,
24 No; a row of zeros means 兩 A兩 0, and hence A is not 1.6176471, 1.6181818
61 (a) an 0.8an1
再
invertible. (b) The fourth day
25 23 26 6 27 134 28 3, 5 89.95n if 1 n 4
29 R1 and R3 are identical. 30 177 31 共3, 4兲
63 C(n) 87.95n if 5 n 9
3 4 2 5 3
32 33 2 85.95n if n 10
x2 x1 x x x3
2x 5 3 C
34 2 m 85.95
x 1 共 x2 1兲2 1031.40
945.45
859.50
791.55
CHAPTER 9 703.60
615.65
527.70 m 87.95
EXERCISES 9.1 439.75
1 4 7 10 22 359.80
1 9, 6, 3, 0; 12 3 , , , ; 269.85
2 5 10 17 65 179.90 m 89.95
5 9, 9, 9, 9; 9 89.95
7 1.9, 2.01, 1.999, 2.0001; 2.000 000 01 2 4 6 8 10 12 n
9 5 11 15
9 4, , , ; 11 2, 0, 2, 0; 0 65 2.236068 67 2.4493
4 3 8 16
2 2 8 8 128 69 (a) f 共1兲 1 0, f 共2兲 ⬇ 0.30 0 (b) 1.76
13 , , , ; 15 1, 2, 3, 4; 8 71 an approaches e 73 an approaches 1
3 3 11 9 33
17 y 19 y 75 10
50
0.5
x 关0, 20, 5兴 by 关0, 125, 25兴

77 19
10 x
21 2, 1, 2, 11, 38 23 3, 32, 34, 38, 316

25 5, 5, 10, 30, 120 27 2, 2, 4, 43, 412
29 7, 20, 61 31 8, 16, 128 关0, 20, 5兴 by 关0, 300, 50兴
7 15 79 (a) Decreases from 250 insects to 0
33 , , 12, 17
2 2 (b) Stabilizes at 333 insects
(c) Stabilizes at 636 insects
EXERCISES 9.2
1 Show that ak1 ak 4. 3 4n 2; 18; 38
1
(b) an
4
兹10
n1
冉冊冉冊
a1, An
5 n1
8
A1,
冉冊
5 3n 19; 4; 11 7 3.3 0.3n; 1.8; 0.3 n1
1 16a1
9 3.1n 10.1; 5.4; 20.9 Pn 兹10 P1 (c)
11 10x 15 n (2x 3); 0; 10x 15 4 4 兹10
15 8 17 8.5 75 (a) ak 3k1 (b) 4,782,969
冉冊
13 ln 3n; ln 35; ln 310
551 3k1 1 3 k1 729
19 9.8 21 23 3015 25 105 27 30 (c) bk k
(d) ⬇ 4.45%
17 4 4 4 16,384
423 77 $38,929.00 79 $7396.67
29 25 31 530 33 35 934j 838,265 2 6 18 54 162
2 81 (a) , , , ,
冘共7n 3兲 or 冘共4 7n兲
5 4
5 25 125 625 3125
37 3 2882
n1 n0 (b) r ; 0.92224 (c) $16,000
冘共7n 3兲 or 冘共4 7n兲
67 66
5 3125
39
n1 n0
冘 4n3n 3 or 冘 73 4n3n
6 5
EXERCISES 9.4
41
n1 n0
冘共11n 3兲 12,845,132
1528 Exer. 1–34: A typical proof is given for Exercises 1, 5, 11, 15,
43 45 28 47 24 19, 23, 27, and 31.
n1 1 (1) P1 is true, since 2共1兲 1共1 1兲 2.
10 14 22 26
49 12 or 18 , , 6, ,
51 53 25, 2, 29 (2) Assume Pk is true:
3 3 3 3 2 4 6 2k k共k 1兲. Hence,
55 (a) 60 (b) 12,780 57 255 59 154
ft 2 4 6 2k 2共k 1兲
61 $1200 63 16n2 k共k 1兲 2共k 1兲
65 Show that the 共n 1兲st term is 1 greater than the nth term. 共k 1兲共k 2兲
8 7 6 1 1 共k 1兲共k 1 1兲.
67 (a) , , ,..., (b) d ; 1
36 36 36 36 36 Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
(c) $722.22 1
5 (1) P1 is true, since 5共1兲 3 共1兲关5共1兲 1兴 2.
2
冉冊
EXERCISES 9.3 (2) Assume Pk is true:
ak1 1 1 n1 1 1 1
1 Show that . 3 8 24n; ; 2 7 12 共5k 3兲 k共5k 1兲.
ak 4 2 2 16 2
5 300共0.1兲n1; 0.03; 0.00003 7 5n; 3125; 390,625 Hence,
9 4共1.5兲n1; 20.25; 68.34375 2 7 12 共5k 3兲 5共k 1兲 3
11 共1兲n1x2n2; x8; x14 13 2共n1兲x1; 24x1; 27x1 1
k共5k 1兲 5共k 1兲 3
243 4 2
15 2 17 兹3 19 21 23 36
8 27 5 9
k2 k 2
1 1533 2 2
25 27 29 1093 31 88,572
16 16 1
共5k2 9k 4兲
冘
7
341 2
33 35 8188 55j 37 2n
1024 1
冉冊
共k 1兲共5k 4兲
n1
39 冘 4
n1
共1兲n1
1 1 n1
4 3
41
2
3
43
50
33
2
1
共k 1兲关5共k 1兲 1兴.
2
45 Since 兩 r 兩兹2 1, the sum does not exist. Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
x 23 2393 1共1 1兲关2共1兲 1兴
47 1024 49 51 53 11 (1) P1 is true, since 共1兲1 1.
3x 99 990 6
5141 16,123 (2) Assume Pk is true:
55 57 59 24 k共k 1兲共2k 1兲
999 9999 12 22 32 k2 .
25 6
61 4, 20, 100, 500 % ⬇ 0.1% 63 Hence,
256
65 (a) N共t兲 10,000共1.2兲t (b) 61,917 67 300 ft 12 22 32 k2 共k 1兲2
71 (b) 375 mg k共k 1兲共2k 1兲
69 $3,000,000 共k 1兲2
6
冋册
1
73 (a) ak1 兹10 ak
4 k共2k 1兲 6共k 1兲
共k 1兲
6 6
共k 1兲共2k2 7k 6兲 Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.

31 (1) P8 is true, since 5 log 2 8 8.
6
共k 1兲共k 2兲共2k 3兲 (2) Assume Pk is true: 5 log 2 k k. Hence,
. 5 log 2 共k 1兲 5 log 2 共k k兲
6
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. 5 log 2 2k
3 5 log 2 2 log 2 k
15 (1) P1 is true, since 31 共31 1兲 3. 共5 log 2 k兲 1
2
(2) Assume Pk is true: k 1.
3 Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
3 32 33 3k 共3k 1兲. Hence, n2 5n n3 6n2 20n
2 35 37 39 n4 2n3 2n2
3 32 33 3k 3k1 2 3
3 41 (a) a b c 1, 8a 4b 2c 5,
共3k 1兲 3k1 1 1 1
2 27a 9b 3c 14; a , b , c
3 3 3 2 6
3k 3 3k (b) The method used in part (a) shows that the formula is
2 2
true for only n 1, 2, 3.
9 3
3k 43 (1) For n 1,
2 2
sin 共 1
兲 sin cos
cos sin
3
共3 3 1兲k sin 共1兲1 sin .
2 (2) Assume Pk is true: sin 共 k
兲共1兲k sin .
3
共3k1 1兲. Hence,
2 sin 关共k 1兲
兴
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. 苷 sin 关共 k
兲
兴
1 9 苷 sin 共 k
兲 cos
cos 共 k
兲 sin
19 (1) P1 is true, since 1 关2共1兲 1兴2 .

8 8 苷关共1兲k sin 兴共1兲 cos 共 k
兲共0兲
(2) Assume Pk is true: 苷共1兲k1 sin .
1 Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
1 2 3 k 共2k 1兲2. Hence,
8 45 (1) For n 1,
1 2 3 k 共k 1兲关r共cos i sin 兲兴1 r1关cos 共1兲 i sin 共1兲兴.
1 (2) Assume Pk is true:
共2k 1兲2 共k 1兲
8 关r共cos i sin 兲兴k rk共cos k i sin k兲.
1 3 9 Hence,
k2 k
2 2 8 关r共cos i sin 兲兴k1
1 苷关r共cos i sin 兲兴k关r共cos i sin 兲兴
共4k2 12k 9兲苷 rk关cos k i sin k兴关r共cos i sin 兲兴
8
1 苷 rk1关共cos k cos sin k sin 兲
共2k 3兲2 i共sin k cos cos k sin 兲兴
8
1 苷 rk1关cos 共k 1兲 i sin 共k 1兲兴.
关2共k 1兲 1兴2. Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
8
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
23 (1) For n 1, 5n 1 4 and 4 is a factor of 4. EXERCISES 9.5
(2) Assume 4 is a factor of 5k 1. The 共k 1兲st term is 1 720 3 720 5 336 7 1 9 21
5k1 1 5 5k 1 11 2,598,960 13 n共n 1兲 15 共2n 2兲共2n 1兲
5 5k 5 4 17 共n 1兲2 19 64x 3 48x 2y 12xy 2 y 3
5共5k 1兲 4. 21 x 6x y 15x 4y 2 20x 3y 3 15x 2y 4 6xy 5 y 6
6 5
By the induction hypothesis, 4 is a factor of 5k 1 23 x 7 7x 6y 21x 5y 2 35x 4y 3 35x 3y 4 21x 2y 5

and 4 is a factor of 4, so 4 is a factor of the 共k 1兲st 7xy 6 y 7
term. Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. 25 81t 540t s 1350t s 1500ts 625s
4 3 2 2 3 4
27 (1) For n 1, a b is a factor of a1 b1. 27

1 5 5 10 10 5
x x 4y 2 x 3y 4 x 2y 6 xy 8 y 10
(2) Assume a b is a factor of ak bk. Following the 243 81 27 9 3
hint for the 共k 1兲st term, 29 x12 18x9 135x6 540x3 1215 1458x 3
ak1 bk1 ak a b ak b ak bk b 729x 6
ak共a b兲共ak bk兲b. 31 x 5x 10x 10x
5/2 3/2 1/2 1/2
5x 3/2
x 5/2
Since 共a b兲 is a factor of ak共a b兲 and since by the 33 x24 16x19

induction hypothesis a b is a factor of 共ak bk兲, it 35 325c10 25 324c52/5 300 323c54/5
follows that a b is a factor of the 共k 1兲st term.
189 8 43 (a) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512

37 1680 313z11 60 314z13 315z15 39 c
1024 (b) Sn 2n1
114,688 2 6 45 (a) (b) 252; 5
41 uv 43 70x 2y 2 45 448y 3x 10
9
135
47 216y 9x 2 49 51 4.8, 6.19
16
53 4x 3 6x 2h 4xh2 h3
55 冉冊 n
1

n!
共n 1兲! 1!
n and 关0, 10兴 by 关0, 300, 50兴
冉冊 n
n1

n!
关n 共n 1兲兴! 共n 1兲!
47 (a) (b) 92,378; 9, 10
n!
n
1! 共n 1兲!
EXERCISES 9.6 关0, 19兴 by 关0, 105, 104兴

117 3 60,480 5 120 7 720 9 311,875,200 49 The sum of two adjacent numbers is equal to the number
111 13 n! 15 (a) 60 (b) 125 17 64 below and between them.
19 P共8, 3兲 336 21 24
23 (a) 2,340,000 (b) 2,160,000
25 (a) 151,200 (b) 5760 27 1024
EXERCISES 9.8
4 8 12
29 P共8, 8兲 40,320 31 P共6, 3兲 120 1 (a) ; 1 to 12 (b)
; 2 to 11 (c) ; 3 to 10
33 (a) 27,600 (b) 35,152 35 9,000,000,000 52 52 52
37 P共4, 4兲 24 39 456 hours 41 3! 23 48 1 1 2
3 (a) ; 1 to 5 (b) ; 1 to 5 (c) ; 1 to 2
43 共216 1兲 17 6 6 6
45 (a) 900 5 6 9
5 (a) ; 1 to 2 (b) ; 2 to 3 (c) ; 3 to 2
(b) If n is even, 9 10共n/2兲1; if n is odd, 9 10共n1兲/2. 15 15 15
47 y (a) y 1 7 (a)
2
; 1 to 17 (b)
5
; 5 to 31 (c)
7
; 7 to 29
36 36 36
nn 兹2
n
(b) n! ⬇ 6 3 9
en 9 11 13 5 to 2; 2 to 5 15 5 to 9;
216 8 14
1 48 13
17 1.93 to 1 19 ⬇ 0.00024
C共52, 5兲
C共13, 4兲 C共13, 1兲
21 ⬇ 0.00358
C共52, 5兲
C共13, 5兲 4 4
x
23 ⬇ 0.00198 25
10 20 C共52, 5兲 6
27 共0.674兲4 ⬇ 0.2064
29 (a) 0.45 (b) 0.10 (c) 0.70 (d) 0.95
EXERCISES 9.7 C共20, 5兲 C共40, 0兲
1 17 3 84 5 1 7 6 9 2,598,960 31 (a) ⬇ 0.0028
12! C共60, 5兲
11 1 13 n 15 166,320 C共30, 0兲 C共30, 5兲
5! 3! 2! 2! (b) 1 ⬇ 0.9739
10! C共60, 5兲
17 151,200 19 C共10, 5兲 252 C共10, 0兲 C共50, 5兲 C共10, 1兲 C共50, 4兲
3! 2! 2! 1! 1! 1! (c) ⬇ 0.8096
C共60, 5兲 C共60, 5兲
21 C共8, 2兲 28 23 共5! 4! 8!兲 3! 696,729,600
C共8, 8兲 C共8, 7兲
25 3 C共10, 2兲 C共8, 2兲 C共4, 2兲 C共6, 2兲 3 4 33 (a) ⬇ 0.00391 (b) 0.03125
4,082,400 28 28
C共12, 3兲 C共8, 2兲 6160 29 C共8, 3兲 56 C共8, 6兲
27 (c) 0.109375
31 (a) C共49, 6兲 13,983,816 (b) C共24, 6兲 134,596 28
C共n, 2兲 45 and hence n 10 35 C共6, 3兲 20 C共8, 6兲 C共8, 7兲 C共8, 8兲
33 (d) ⬇ 0.14453
37 By finding C共31, 3兲 4495 28
39 (a) C共1000, 30兲 ⬇ 2.43 1057 35 1
C共48, 5兲
⬇ 0.34116
(b) P共1000, 30兲 ⬇ 6.44 1089 C共52, 5兲
41 C共4, 3兲 C共48, 2兲 4512
37 (a) A representative outcome is (nine of clubs, 3); 312 1 211

40 ; 41 570 42 32.5 43 2041
20 72 156 36 192 81 1296
(b) 20; 292; (c) No; yes; ; ; ;
312 312 312 312 312 5 6268
44 506 45 46
92 7 999
(d) Yes; no; 0;
312 1关3共1兲 1兴
47 (1) P1 is true, since 3共1兲 1 2.
10 26 1 1 31 2
39 1 41 (a) (b) 1
36 36 32 32 32 (2) Assume Pk is true:
C共4, 4兲 1 C共4, 2兲 1 k共3k 1兲
43 (a) (b) 2 5 8 共3k 1兲 .
4! 24 4! 4 2
1 Hence,
45 (a) 0 (b)
9 2 5 8 共3k 1兲 3共k 1兲 1
304,366 344,391 k共3k 1兲
47 (a) ⬇ 0.688 (b) ⬇ 0.778 3共k 1兲 1
442,398 442,398 2
1 C共4, 2兲 6 3k2 k 6k 4
49 12.5% 51 (a) (b)
16 24 16 2
2 3k2 7k 4
53 (about 1 chance in 13 million)
25,827,165 2
1970 共k 1兲共3k 4兲
55 ⬇ 0.0495
39,800 2
8 1 244 共k 1兲关3共k 1兲 1兴
57 (a) (b) (c) ⬇ 0.4929 59 183 .
36 36 495 2
61 10 63 (a) 0.9639 (b) 0.95 65 (b) 0.76 Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete.
67 $0.99 69 $0.20 48 (1) P1 is true, since
关2共1兲兴关2共1兲 1兴关1 1兴
关2共1兲兴2 4.
20 7 (2) Assume Pk is true:
1 5, 2, 1, ; 共2k兲共2k 1兲共k 1兲
29 19 22 42 62 共2k兲2 .
2 0.9, 1.01, 0.999, 1.0001; 0.999 999 9 3
1 5 7 65 1 1 1 8 8 Hence,
3 2, , , ; 4 , , , ; 22 42 62 共2k兲2 关2共k 1兲兴2
2 4 8 64 12 15 15 105 45
11 21 32 53 共2k兲共2k 1兲共k 1兲
5 10, , , , 6 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 关2共k 1兲兴2
冉冊
10 11 21 32 3
1 2 3 5 4k2 2k 12共k 1兲
7 9, 3, 兹3, 兹 4
3, 兹8
3 8 1, , , , 共k 1兲
2 3 5 8 3 3
37 共k 1兲共4k 14k 12兲
2
9 75 10 11 940 12 10 13 204x2

10 3
14
101
2

101 兹2 15
5
n1
3n 冘 16
6
n1
23n 冘
2共k 1兲共2k 3兲共k 2兲
3
.
17 冘99
1
n1 n共n 1兲
18
98
冘 1
n1 n共n 1兲共n 2兲
49 (1) P1 is true, since
冘冘
4 4 1 1 1
n n .
19
3n 1
20
5n 1 关2共1兲 1兴关2共1兲 1兴 2共1兲 1 3
n1 n1
冘冘
5 7
1 (2) Assume Pk is true:
21 共1兲n1共105 5n兲 22 共1兲n1 1 1 1 1 k
n1 n1 n .
冘冘冘
25 20 n
x2k 1 3 3 5 5 7 共2k 1兲共2k 1兲 2k 1
23 an x4n 24 an x3n 25 1 共1兲k Hence,
n0 n0 k1 2k
冘
1 1 1 1
n
xk
26 1 27 14, 33 1 3 3 5 5 7 共2k 1兲共2k 1兲
k1 k
1 k 1
28 5 8 兹3; 5 35 兹3 29 52 30 31; 50
共2k 1兲共2k 3兲 2k 1 共2k 1兲共2k 3兲
31 12 32 20, 14, 8, 2, 4, 10 33 64
k共2k 3兲 1
34 0.00003 35 1562.5 or 1562.5 36 4 兹2
12,800 共2k 1兲共2k 3兲
37 38 259, 9583 39 17; 3 2k2 3k 1
2187
共2k 1兲共2k 3兲
共2k 1兲共k 1兲 2
62 24 ft 63 64 P(10, 10) 3,628,800
共2k 1兲共2k 3兲 1f
k1 65 (a) P共52, 13兲 ⬇ 3.954 1021
. (b) P共13, 5兲 P共13, 3兲 P共13, 3兲 P共13, 2兲
2共k 1兲 1
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. ⬇ 7.094 1013
共1兲共1 1兲共1 2兲 66 (a) P共6, 4兲 360 (b) 6 1296
4
50 (1) P1 is true, since 1共1 1兲 2. 67 (a) C共12, 8兲 495 (b) C共9, 5兲 126
3
(2) Assume Pk is true: 17! 8
68 85,765,680 69 5 to 8;
1 2 2 3 3 4 k共k 1兲 6! 5! 4! 2! 13
k共k 1兲共k 2兲 2 2
. 70 (a) (b)
3 4 8
Hence, P共26, 4兲 2 262 252
71 (a) ⬇ 0.1104 (b) ⬇ 0.0650
1 2 2 3 3 4 k共k 1兲 P共52, 4兲 P共52, 4兲
共k 1兲共k 2兲 1 10 50
72 (a) (b) (c)
k共k 1兲共k 2兲 1000 1000 1000
共k 1兲共k 2兲
冉冊
3 C共4, 1兲 4
73 ; 1 to 3
k 24 16
共k 1兲共k 2兲 1
3 C共6, 4兲 C共6, 5兲 C共6, 6兲 22
74 (a)
共k 1兲共k 2兲共k 3兲 26 64
.
3 22 42
(b) 1
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. 64 64
51 (1) For n 1, n3 2n 3 and 3 is a factor of 3. 1 57 8
75 (a) (b) 76 0.44 77
(2) Assume 3 is a factor of k3 2k. The 共k 1兲st term is 312 312 36
共k 1兲3 2共k 1兲 k3 3k2 5k 3 1
共k3 2k兲共3k2 3k 3兲 78 71 79 5.8125 80
221
共k3 2k兲 3共k2 k 1兲.
By the induction hypothesis, 3 is a factor of k3 2k CHAPTER 9 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
and 3 is a factor of 3共k2 k 1兲, so 3 is a factor of 1
the 共k 1兲st term. 1 an 2n 共n 1兲共n 2兲共n 3兲共n 4兲共a 10兲
24
(The answer is not unique.)
52 (1) P5 is true, since 52 3 25.
2 ; j 94
(2) Assume Pk is true: k2 3 2k. Hence,
1 5 1 1 1
共k 1兲2 3 k2 2k 4 3 (a) n n4 n3 n
共k2 3兲共k 1兲 5 2 3 30
(b) Use mathematical induction.
2k 共k 1兲
4 (a) 2n4 4n3 2n2
2k 2k
(b) Use mathematical induction.
2 2k 2k1
5 Examine the number of digits in the exponent of the value
in scientific notation.
53 (1) P4 is true, since 24 4!.
6 The 共k 1兲st coefficient 共k 0, 1, 2, . . . , n兲 of the
冉冊
(2) Assume Pk is true: 2k k!. Hence,
2k1 2 2k 2 k! 共k 1兲 k! 共k 1兲!. expansion of 共a b兲n, namely
n
, is the same as the
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. k
54 (1) P10 is true, since 1010 1010. number of k-element subsets of an n-element set.
(2) Assume Pk is true: 10k kk. Hence, 7 4.61 8 $5.33
10 k1 10 10 k 10 k k 共k 1兲 k k 9 Penny amounts:
共k 1兲共k 1兲k 共k 1兲k1. $237.37 $215.63 $195.89 $177.95 $161.65
Thus, Pk1 is true, and the proof is complete. $146.85 $133.40 $121.18 $110.08 $100.00
55 x 12 18x 10y 135x 8y 2 540x 6y 3 1215x 4y 4 Realistic ten dollar amounts:
1458x 2y 5 729y 6 $240.00 $220.00 $200.00 $180.00 $160.00
56 16x 4 32x 3y 3 24x 2y 6 8xy9 y12 $140.00 $130.00 $120.00 $110.00 $100.00
63 10 11 toppings are available.
57 x 8 40x 7 760x 6 58 y12c10 1 3,991,302
16 11 (a) (b) (about 1 in 36.61)
59 21,504x 10y 2 60 52,500,000 146,107,962 146,107,962
1 1 3 1 28,800,030
61 (a) d 1 a1 (b) In ft: 1 , 2, 2 , 3 (c) ⬇ 0.20 (d) $117,307,932
2 4 4 2 146,107,962
12 0.43 13 00 1 14 The sum equals

.
5 tan x 10 tan3 x tan5 x
5 V共2, 1兲; F共2, 1兲;
y3
7 V共3, 2兲; F 冉冊 49
16
,2 ;
15 (a) tan 5x y x
47
1 10 tan2 x 5 tan4 x 16
(b) cos 5x 1 cos5 x 10 cos3 x sin2 x 5 cos x sin4 x; y
sin 5x 5 cos4 x sin x 10 cos2 x sin3 x 1 sin5 x
CHAPTER 9 TEST
3 x
1 6 2 10, 46 3 48 4 18j 63
8 x
5 an 7n 32 6 5173
7 冘 (11n 5); 29,476,895
2315
8 6110, 7003, 7896 1
16
冉冊
n1
n1
冉冊
1
9 2.87 and 3.33 inches 10 an 36
3 7
9 V共2, 2兲; F 2, ; 11 V共1, 7兲; F共0, 7兲; x 2
146 4
11 8192 12 1230 13 1328.125 14
99 9
y
15 100 4
16 an (1.08)n1; after 14 years of 8% growth, any amount y y
invested would be worth about 2.94 times the original
amount.
17 (1) P1 is true, since 6共1兲 4 2 and 3共1兲2 1 2.
(2) Assume Pk is true: 2
2 8 14 共6k 4兲 3k2 k. Hence, x 2 x
2 8 14 共6k 4兲 [6(k 1) 4]
3k2 k [6(k 1) 4]
3k2 k 6k 2
3k2 6k 3 (k 1)
3(k2 2k 1) (k 1) 13 y 2 20共x 1兲 15 共x 2兲2 16共 y 3兲
3(k 1)2 (k 1)
18 8x3 60x2y2 150xy4 125y6 19 274,176x3
17 (x 3)2 6 y
1
2 冉冊 19 (y 3)2 2 x
3
2 冉冊
21 y 2 8x 23 共x 6兲2 12共 y 1兲
20 x48 36x42 21 P(150, 50) is 50! times C(150, 50).
25 共 y 5兲 4共x 3兲
2
27 共x 2兲2 8共 y 3兲
22 700 million 23 65,000 24 4.3 1022
29 y 2 12共x 1兲 31 共x 1兲2 8共 y 2兲
25 256 26 13! 39! ⬇ 1.27 1056 27 0.3483
33 3x 2 4y 35 共 y 5兲2 2共x 3兲
32
28 C(5000, 5) ⬇ 2.6 10 16
29 11.7% 30 37 x 16共 y 1兲
2
39 共 y 3兲2 8共x 4兲
52
625 41 y 兹x 3 1 43 x 兹y 4 1
31 3 to 8 32 1.70 to 1 33 34 13 45 y 兹x 2 5 47 x 兹y 1 2
1296
35 $0.1125 49 Upper half of 共 y 2兲2 x 6
51 Left half of 共x 3兲2 y 7
53 y x 2 2x 5 55 x y 2 3y 1
C H A P T E R 10 9
4 in. ft from the center of the paraboloid
冉冊
57 59
EXERCISES 10.1 16
3 2 兹480 ⬇ 43.82 in.
1 V共0, 0兲; F共0, 2兲; y 2 3 V共0, 0兲; F , 0 ; 61
y 8 r2
3 63 (a) p (b) 10 兹2 ft 65 57,000 ft2
x 4h
8
y 67 69 共2.08, 1.04兲, 共2.92, 1.38兲
关11, 10, 2兴 by 关7, 7兴关2, 4兴 by 关3, 3兴
EXERCISES 10.2 x2 y2 x2 y2
27 1 29 1
1 V共3, 0兲; F共兹5, 0 兲 3 V共0, 4兲; F共0, 1兲 40 10 7 16
y y x 2 4y 2 x2
31 1 33 9y 2 1
13 39 4
x2 4y 2
35 1
16 25
37 共2, 2兲, 共4, 1兲 39 4 points: 共3, 4兲
x x y y
5 V共0, 4兲; F共 0, 2 兹3 兲
y
7 V 冉冊 1
2
,0 ; x x
冉1
冊
F 兹21, 0
10
y x2 y2 x2 y2
41 1 43 1
x
25 16 64 289
0.5
x2 y2
45 1 y
25 9
x P
0.5 7 3
F F x
9 V共3 4, 4兲; 11 V共4 3, 2兲;

F共 3 兹7, 4 兲 F共 4 兹5, 2 兲
y y
6
47 x 兹25 y2
5
49 y
17 x2
3 冑
x2 y2
51 Upper half of 1
49 121
x x y2
53 Left half of x 2 1
9
共x 1兲2 共 y 2兲2
55 Right half of 1
4 9
13 V共5, 2 5兲; 共x 1兲2 共 y 2兲2
y 57 Lower half of 1
F共 5, 2 兹21 兲 9 49
59 兹84 ⬇ 9.2 ft 61 94,581,000; 91,419,000
63 (a) d h 冑 h2
1 2
4
k ; d h 冑 h2
1 2
4
k
x (b) 16 cm; 2 cm from V
65 5 ft
67
x2 y2 共x 2兲2 共 y 1兲2
15 1 17 1
4 36 25 4
2 2 2 2
x y 4x y
19 1 21 1
64 39 9 25
2 2 2
x 8x y 关300, 300, 100兴 by 关200, 200, 100兴
23 y2 1 25 1
10 81 36
69 共
1.540, 0.618兲 71 共0.88, 0.76兲, 13 V共3
5, 2兲; 15 V共2, 5
3兲;
共0.48, 0.91兲, F共3
13, 2兲; F共 2, 5
3 兹5 兲;
共0.58, 0.81兲, 共0.92, 0.59兲 12 1
共 y 2兲
共x 3兲共 y 5兲
共x 2兲
5 2
y y
4
关6, 6兴 by 关2, 6兴
2
4 x
关3, 3兴 by 关2, 2兴 x
EXERCISES 10.3
1 V共
3, 0兲; F共
兹13, 0 兲; 3 V共0,
3兲; F共 0,
兹13 兲;
2 3
y
x y
x x2 y2 共x 2兲2
3 2 17 1 19 共 y 3兲2 1
9 16 3
y y 2 2 2
x x y y2 x2
21 y2 1 23 1 25 1
15 9 16 21 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 3y x y y x
27 1 29 1 31 1
16 4 9 36 10 90
2 2 2 2
x y y x
x x 33 1 35 1
25 100 25 49
37 Parabola with horizontal axis 39 Hyperbola
41 Circle 43 Ellipse 45 Parabola with vertical axis
5 V共
1, 0兲; F共
5, 0兲;
y
兹24x
7 V共0,
4兲; F共 0,
2 兹5 兲;
y
2x
47 共0, 4兲, 冉冊 8 20
,
3 3
y
49 4 points: (
4,
2)
y
y y
x x
x x
冉冊
x2 y2 y2 x2
1 51 1 53 1
9 V
,0 ; 11 V共2, 2
3兲; 144 25 64 36
4
F共 2, 2
兹13 兲;
冉冊
y2 x2
1 55 1 y
F
兹13, 0 ; 3 16 9
12 共y 2兲
共x 2兲
2 F
2
y
x y
3
11
y
x
x P
F 3
x
5 1
57 y 6 兹x2 36 59 x 2 兹y2 16
9
61 x 2 兹y2 4 63 y 2 兹x2 9
x2 y2 5 共 y 3兲2 x 5 7 x y2 5
65 Right branch of 1 y y
25 16
y2 x2
67 Upper branch of 1
9 49
x2 y2
69 Lower halves of the branches of 1
16 81
2 2 x x
y x
71 Left halves of the branches of 1 (4, 1)
36 16
73 The graphs have the y
same asymptotes.
(x 1)2 y2
9 1 11 (x 2)2 ( y 1)2 9
16 9
y y
x
t0
x x
75 60.97 meters
77 If a coordinate system similar to that in Example 6 is
t0
introduced, then the ship’s coordinates are
80
3冉兹34, 100 ⬇ 共155.5, 100兲. 冊 13 x2 y2 1 15 x 1 2y2
79 共0.741, 2.206兲 81 None y y
x x
t p
关15, 15兴 by 关10, 10兴关15, 15兴 by 关10, 10兴

83 (a) 共6.63 107, 0兲 (b) v 103,600 m兾sec
17 y ln x 19 y 1兾x
EXERCISES 10.4 y y
1 y 2x 7 3 yx2
y y
t 2
x x
x 21 y 兹x2 1 23 x 2 兹1 y2
y y
t 1 t1 x t 1 x
25 y 兩x 1兩 27 y 共x1/3 1兲2 35 (a) y (b) y

y y
(27, 16)
x x
x
5 (1, 4)
5 x
(c) y
29 y 1兾x2
y
x
x
39 Answers are not unique.

(a) (1) x t, y t2; t僆⺢
31 (a) The graph is a circle with center (3, 2) and radius 2.

Its orientation is clockwise, and it starts and ends at (2) x tan t, y tan t; 2
t
the point (3, 0). 2 2
(b) The orientation changes to counterclockwise. (3) x t3, y t6; t僆⺢
(c) The starting and ending point changes to (3, 4). (b) (1) x et, y e2t; t 僆⺢ (only gives
33 C1 C2 x 0)
y y (2) x sin t, y sin2 t; t 僆⺢ (only gives
1 x 1)
(3) x tan1 t, y 共tan1 t兲2; t 僆⺢ only gives 冉

x t0 x

2
x

2 冊
41 3200 兹3; 2704 43 15,488; 3872
45 (a) The figure is an ellipse with center 共0, 0兲 and axes of
length 2a and 2b.
47 (a)
C3 C4
y y
t q 2pn
x x 关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴
t w 2pn
(b) 0°
49 (a)
关120, 120, 10兴 by 关80, 80, 10兴

(b) 30°
51 27 r2 4 sec 2 29 r2 6 csc 2 31 r 2 cos

33 r 6 sin 35 r 6 sin 4 cos
37 x 5 39 y 3
关1, 1兴 by 关1, 1兴
55 x 4b cos t b cos 4t, y
y 4b sin t b sin 4t
(a, 0)
x
41 x2 y2 25 43 x2 共 y 3兲2 9
57 59
y2 x2
45 y x 47 1
9 4
关6, 6兴 by 关4, 4兴关30, 30, 5兴 by 关20, 20, 5兴
61 A mask with a mouth, 63 The letter A
nose, and eyes
y y
x x
49 xy 2 51 x2 y2 1
EXERCISES 10.5
1 (a), (c), (e)
3 (a) 冉 3
2
兹2,
3
2
兹2
1
2 冊1
, 兹3
2
(b) 冉冊
5 (a) 共 4, 4 兹3 兲
3 3
(b) , 兹3
2 2 冉冊 53 y 2x 6 55 y x2 1
7 冉冊冉冊
24 18
,
5 5
9 (a) 兹2,
3
4
(b) 4,
7
6 冉冊
11 冉冊冉冊
(a) 14,
5
3
(b) 5 兹2,

4
13 r 3 sec 15 r 4 csc 17 r 4
19 r 6 cot csc 21 r 5 tan sec
23 r
3
cos sin
25 tan1 冉冊
1
2
x4 77 79
57 共x 1兲2 共 y 4兲2 17 59 y2
1 x2
81 83
61 63
85 87
65 67
89 91
69 71
93
73 75
95 Let P1共r1, 1兲 and P2共r2, 2兲 be points in an r-plane. 1

5 1, parabola 7 , ellipse
Let a r1, b r2, c d共P1, P2兲, and 2 1. 2
Substituting into the law of cosines,
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos , gives us the formula.
P2 (r2, u 2 )
P1(r1, u 1)
共!, 0兲 (4, 0)
共d, p兲
3
9 , hyperbola 11 1, parabola
2
97 (a)
共2, q兲
共6, w兲
共T, q兲
关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴
(b) Max: east-west direction; min: north-south direction
99 Symmetric with respect
to the polar axis 13 9x2
8y2 12y 36 0
15 8x2
y2 36x 36 0
17 4y2
12x 9 0 19 3x2 4y2 8x 16 0
21 4x2
5y2 36y 36 0; x 苷 3
2
23 x2 8y 16 0; x 苷 4 25 r
3 cos
关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴 12 2
101 The approximate polar 27 r 29 r
3 4 cos 1 sin
coordinates are 8 8
共1.75, 0.45兲, 31 r 33 r
5 2 sin 1 sin
共4.49, 1.77兲, and 3 7
共5.76, 2.35兲. 35 (a) (b) r
4 4 3 sin
39 (a) Elliptical 41 (a) Hyperbolic
(b) (b)
关12, 12兴 by 关9, 9兴
EXERCISES 10.6
1
1 , ellipse 3 3, hyperbola
3
关36, 36, 3兴 by 关18, 18, 3兴 by

共w, q兲 (3, 0)
共w, p兲关24, 24, 3兴关12, 12, 3兴
raph rper raph rper
43 e ,a
raph rper 2
共3, w兲
9 V共4 1, 5兲; 10 V共5, 2兲;
冉冊
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW EXERCISES
1 V共0, 0兲; F共16, 0兲
y
2 V共2, 1兲; F 2,
33
32
y
冉
F 4
1
3
兹10, 5 冊 F 冉 39
8
, 2 冊
y y
x x x
3 V共0, 4兲; F共 0, 兹7 兲 4 V共0, 4兲; F共0, 5兲 11 V共3 3, 2兲; 12 V共5, 4 2兲;

y y
F共 3 兹5, 2 兲 F共 5, 4 兹5 兲
y y
2
x x 2 x
x
5 V共2, 0兲; F共 2 兹2, 0 兲 6 V 冉冊
1
5
,0 ;
13 V共2, 4兲; F共4, 4兲 14 V共3, 2 2兲;
冉冊
y
1 y F共 3, 2 兹3 兲
F 兹11, 0 y
30
y
x
x 0.5
0.5 x
15 V共4 3, 0兲; 16 V共2, 3 2兲;
7 V共0, 4兲; F 0, 冉冊 9
4
8 V共3 2, 1兲;
F共3 1, 1兲
F共 4 兹10, 0 兲
y
F共 2, 3 兹6 兲
y
y
y
x
x
2
2 x
x
17 y 2共x 7兲2 18 18 y 3共x 4兲2 147

2 2
y x
19 1 20 y 2 16x 21 x 2 40y
49 9
x2 y2 x2 y2
22 x 5y 2 23 1 24 1
75 100 25 75
y2 x2 x2 y2 x2 y2 46 C1 C2
25 1 26 1 27 1 y y
36 4 8 4 25 45
9
x2 y2
28 1 29 x 2 2 兹y 3
256 112
30 y 3 12 兹x 5 31 x 58 兹64 y2 x x
1
32 y 2 兹16 x
2
33 x 23 兹y2 16
2 7
34 y 5 兹100
x 2
35 (a) 2
(b) Hyperbola
4a2b2
36 A 2 37 x 共 y 2兲 4
2 2
a b2 C3 C4
38 2 兹2 rad兾sec ⬇ 0.45 rev兾sec y y
40 x 兹9 4y 2
41 x 4y 7 42 y x4 4
y y
t0
x x
x x
47 20,480 兹3; 9216 48 冉 2, 冊冉冊

5
4
, 2,
9
4
43 共 y 1兲2 共x 1兲
y
44 y 2x
2
y
49 冉 5
2
5
兹2, 兹2
2 冊 50 冉冊
4,
11
6
51 r 4 cot csc 52 r 3 cos 4 sin

tq 53 r共2 cos 3 sin 兲 8 54

4
t 0, p, 2p 55 x3 xy2 y 56 x2 y2 2x 3y
tw
x x
57 共x2 y2兲2 8xy 58 y 共 tan 兹3 兲 x
59 8x2 9y2 10x 25 0 60 y2 6 x
61 62
2x2 4x 1
45 y
x1
y
x 63 64
共@, r兲
65 66 1
6 d 7 43.12°
4 兹a2 b2
9 y 冑 1 兹1 x2
2
10 The graph of r f 共兲 is the graph of r f 共兲
rotated counterclockwise through an angle , whereas the
graph of r f 共兲 is rotated clockwise.
11 共180兾n兲
12 y 2 兹4 x2, y 兹4 共x 2兲2
67 68
CHAPTER 10 TEST
1 y
V(3, 2)
yr
x
69 70 共
F 3, q 兲
共2, w兲 4
(3, 0) 2 共y 1兲2 共x 5兲 3 共x 2兲2 4共y 1兲
5
4 y 兹x 2 4 5 x y2 2y 5
100
6 in. from the center of the paraboloid
7
共4, q兲 7 y
2 1
71 , ellipse 72 , ellipse F(1 兹27, 0) F(1 兹27, 0)
3 2 M(1, 3)
共6, q兲 V(5, 0) V(7, 0)

x
(6, p) 共T, 0兲 M(1, 3)
x2 y2 兹33 x2 y2
共2, w兲 8
81 72
1 9
7
10
100 75
1
11 x 2 兹16 y2 12 11.0 ft
13 y
CHAPTER 10 DISCUSSION EXERCISES F(0, 兹13)
1 w 4兩 p 兩 V(0, 2)
y sx
2 The circle goes through both foci and all four vertices of
the auxiliary rectangle. W(3, 0) W(3, 0)
共x 2兲2 y2 x
5 1, x 3, y
1 3 y s x
or x 2 冑 1
y2
3 P(x, y)
F(0, 兹13)
V(0, 2)
兹65 x2 y2
x 14 y x 15 1
4 40 9
11
16 x 兹49 y2
7
(x 3)2 y2 26
17 1; this is an ellipse with center (3, 0),
4 25
horizontal minor axis of length 2(2) 4, and vertical
major axis of length 2(5) 10. As t varies from 0 to 2
,
(x, y) traces the ellipse from (5, 0) in a counterclockwise
direction back to (5, 0).
18 y
V(3, 5) 3
27 ; hyperbola
2
x
共兲
V R, p
19 x t, y 兹t2 4; t in ⺢ V(4, 0)
20 C is the portion of the circle with center (4, 1) and
radius 3 that has clockwise orientation, starts at (4, 2),
and ends at (7, 1).
21 5440 兹3 ft 22 4,
5
6 冉冊
23 r2 7 sec 2
28 16y2 20x2 96x 64
24 x2 共y 2兲2 4 4
25 29 r
2 cos

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Answers to Selected Exercises

A Student’s Solutions Manual to accompany this textbook 1 8

(d) 2 d 4 (e) t  5 (f) z  3 85 ; 共a 兲 a 苷 a

p 1 87 ; 共ab兲xy axybxy 苷 axb y

2x  1 11u2 18u 5 x5 (b) y 2x 兹8x 2 1

1 2 65 120 mo (or 10 yr)

共x 2  4兲1/2 共2x  5兲1/2 81 $175 83 (a) 1 cm (b) cm3

21 (a) 5, 7 (b) 9, 11 (c) 13

37 共x  2兲2 共 y 3兲2 25 39 冉 冊x

5 65 (a) Yes: the creature at x 3 (b) No

关30, 3, 2兴 by 关2, 20, 2兴

25 All real numbers except 3, 0, and 3

81 (a) (b) 关1.03, 1兴 21 23

关1990, 2010, 10兴 by 关10,000, 30,000, 10,000兴

(g) (h) 53 (a) (b)

(i) (j) (c) (d)

(k) (l) (e)

43 (a) y f 共x 9兲 1 (b) y f 共x兲 55 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e) 

67 T共x兲 再 0.15x if 0  x  20,000

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

4 55 (a) R共x兲 200x共90  x兲

21 (a) 4 兹3 ⬇ 5.73, 2.27 (b) Max: f 共4兲 6

关800, 800, 100兴 by 关100, 200, 100兴

51 d共t兲 兹90,400 共500 150t兲2

(e) Y1 x, graph Y2 1 1 x

关12, 12, 2兴 by 关8, 8, 2兴 4

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW EXERCISES

x 46 (a) y (b) D 共  兹10, 兹10 兲;

47 (a) y (b) D 关1, 兲;

48 (a) y (b) D 共, 2兴;

49 (a) y (b) D ⺢; (c) (d)

51 (a) y (b) D ⺢; 54 (a) (b)

(b) D ⺢; R 兵. . . , 3, 1, 1, 3, . . .其

CHAPTER 3 23 f 共x兲 0 if 2 x 3 25 f 共x兲 0 if x 2,

41 P共x兲 0 on P (3) (4)

关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴 关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴

49 (a) 关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴

关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关3, 3兴

关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴 关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴

61 共1.29, 0.77兲, 11 3x 6  27x 5 81x 4  81x 3

关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关2, 4兴

63 2023 共when t ⬇ 43.2兲 EXERCISES 3.5

关0.5, 12.5兴 by 关30, 50, 5兴

关9, 3兴 by 关9, 3兴 关0.7, 1.3, 0.1兴 by 关0.8, 1.2, 0.1兴

65 (a) The graph of g is the horizontal line y 1 with holes 3 3

关2, 4兴 by 关0, 1000, 100兴

0.01 0.02 d (inches)

5 f 共x兲 0 if 4 x 0 6 f共x兲 0 if 4 x 2, 1

7 f 共0兲 9 100 and f 共10兲 561 100. By the inter- x x

CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION EXERCISES

CHAPTER 4 55 (a) Since f is one-to-one, an inverse exists;

23 共, 0兲 傼 共0, 兲; 共, 1兲 傼 共1, 兲

53 (a) y (b) D 关3, 3兴;

(i) y (j) y 29 f 共x兲 2共 52 兲 31 f 共x兲 2共 23 兲  3

33 f 共x兲 8共 12 兲 35 f 共x兲 180共1.5兲x 32

37 (a) 59 (b) 10%

f (t) (mg remaining)

59 (a) 26.13 (b) 8.50 EXERCISES 4.3

关0, 60, 5兴 by 关0, 40, 5兴 x x

43 (a) 29.96 (b) 8.15

关0, 40, 10兴 by 关0, 200,000, 50,000兴

关0, 60, 5兴 by 关0, 40, 5兴

(d) 2 d 4 (e) t 5 (f) z 3 85 ; 共a 兲 a 苷 a

2x 1 11u2 18u 5 x5 (b) y 2x 兹8x 2 1

共x 2 4兲1/2 共2x 5兲1/2 81 $175 83 (a) 1 cm (b) cm3

37 共x 2兲2 共 y 3兲2 25 39 冉冊x

关30, 3, 2兴 by 关2, 20, 2兴

25 All real numbers except 3, 0, and 3

81 (a) (b) 关1.03, 1兴 21 23

43 (a) y f 共x 9兲 1 (b) y f 共x兲 55 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e)

67 T共x兲再 0.15x if 0 x 20,000

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

关12, 12兴 by 关8, 8兴

4 55 (a) R共x兲 200x共90 x兲

关800, 800, 100兴 by 关100, 200, 100兴

51 d共t兲兹90,400 共500 150t兲2

(e) Y1 x, graph Y2 1 1 x

关12, 12, 2兴 by 关8, 8, 2兴 4

x 46 (a) y (b) D 共兹10, 兹10 兲;

47 (a) y (b) D 关1, 兲;

48 (a) y (b) D 共, 2兴;

CHAPTER 3 23 f 共x兲 0 if 2 x 3 25 f 共x兲 0 if x 2,

关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴

关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴关9, 9兴 by 关6, 6兴

61 共1.29, 0.77兲, 11 3x 6 27x 5 81x 4 81x 3

关4.5, 4.5兴 by 关2, 4兴

关0.5, 12.5兴 by 关30, 50, 5兴

关9, 3兴 by 关9, 3兴关0.7, 1.3, 0.1兴 by 关0.8, 1.2, 0.1兴

5 f 共x兲 0 if 4 x 0 6 f共x兲 0 if 4 x 2, 1

7 f 共0兲 9 100 and f 共10兲 561 100. By the inter- x x

23 共, 0兲傼共0, 兲; 共, 1兲傼共1, 兲

53 (a) y (b) D 关3, 3兴;

(i) y (j) y 29 f 共x兲 2共 52 兲 31 f 共x兲 2共 23 兲 3

33 f 共x兲 8共 12 兲 35 f 共x兲 180共1.5兲x 32

关10, 100, 10兴 by 关200, 2200, 1000兴

45 (a) (b) 59 Increasing on 关1, 兲;

x 关1000, 10,000, 1000兴 by 关0, 1.5, 0.5兴

关2, 16兴 by 关4, 8兴

关0.2, 16, 2兴 by 关4.77, 5.77兴

关5, 10兴 by 关8, 2兴

25 (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e) 6 (f) 8

The y-values for y x eventually will be larger than the (c) , , ,

9 (a) (b) (c)

cos x cos x 63 (a) 2

(b) x and x val for which it is defined.

53 (a) , , , 12 A.M. 60 60 12 P.M. 60 60

75 0.72, 1.62 77 共2.03, 1.82兲; EXERCISES 5.5

6 43 (a) 2, 4, 3 (b) y 2 sin 冉

关20, 20, 2兴 by 关1, 5兴关0, 兴 by 关1.05, 1.05兴

(b) P共t兲 2.95 sin 冉

关2, 2兴 by 关1.33, 1.33兴关

51 126 mi兾hr sin cos

1 cot 共兲 1 cot 1 2

csc 共兲 sec 共兲 csc sec 3 3 2

25 共1, 0兲; 共0, 1兲; 共0, 1兲;

47 y 48 y 58 3520, a ⬇ 310, c ⬇ 380

68 radians 216 69 250 ft

sin 1 1 EXERCISES 6.2

3 sin 共1兲 cos 共0兲 sin

3 31 sin x sin x cos cos x sin

7 sin x cos cos x sin

(d) sec 0.53 共cos u cos v sin u sin v兲

59 (a) Each side ⬇ 0.0523 (b) 60°

67 (a) f 共x兲 2 cos 2 x (b) 2,

1 (a) (b) (c)

9 (a) (b) (c) 49 y 51 (a) 2 x 4

cos t cos2 t 1 sin2 t 1 x 1, . Thus, tan x and

1 csc x cot x csc x cot x 21 x n or x n 22