Parts of a

research paper
Presented by Group 09
what are the 5
chapters of a
research paper?
chapter 01 :
introduction
♡ BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Purpose of background of the study
A. The general definition of the topic/Purpose of background of the
study

a. The general definition of the topic/problem area

b. Historical basis for the existence of the problem
c. Efforts made towards addressing similar challenges
d. How the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for your
study
Contents of the background of the study:

A. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of

an unsatisfactory
condition or a problem that needs a solution.

B. Historical background of the problem - Give the

historical background of the problem, if applicable.

C. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If

applicable,
describe the geographical location of the study.

D. Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the

study should be
conducted.
♡ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Purpose Statement and Research Questions

A series of questions used in researching the

topic.It is composed of:

1. The general statement of the problem (the

purpose statement) and

2. The specific sub-problems or sub-questions (or

research questions).
♡ SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
It is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the
facts and theories about the subject.

Example:

A research study on the impact of social networking on the

attitude of senior highschool learners.

It is not possible to cover all aspects of the selected subject. The

scope will have to be restricted to a specific section of the target
population over a specified duration. In the above-cited study, a
group of 40 learners in senior high school at
one particular school would be an ideal coverage to study their
attitude for five months.
 Delimitation of a Study
It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.

These limitations include the following:

1. Sample size.

a. The research design and method will determine whether if it is small or

large sample size.
b. The sample size will determine the quality of data and the
relationships thatwill be identified among the variables.

2. Lack of available and/or reliable data.

This will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of the
researcher todetermine meaningful trends and relationships among
the data.

3. Lack of prior studies.

This will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial
understanding of the research.
Delimitation of a Study
It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.

These limitations include the following:

4. Chosen data collection method.
The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous
answer fromthe respondents.

5. Nature of the information collected.

Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.

6. Access.
The amount and quality of available data will depend on the
ability of theresearcher to access people, organizations,
libraries, and documents.

7. Time period.
It is advisable to select a research problem and design
Delimitation of a Study
It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.

These limitations include the following:

8. Bias.
The researcher should be aware of his or her
personal biases.

9. Language.
This may have an effect on data collection,
especially if the researcher is involved with
respondents that speak a variety of languages.
♡ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 The significance of the study discusses the purpose
that the research will serve to society, the country, the
government, the institution or agency concerned, the
curriculum planners and developers, and the research
community.
It could be the following:
a. A form of new knowledge in the field,
b. A validation of the major findings of other studies,
c. A verification of the validity of findings in a different
population,
d. Analysis of trends over time, and validation of other findings
using different methodologies.
 ♡ PRESENTING WRITTEN STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM

1. Introduction
States briefly the background of the study and identifies
the rationale of the research problem.
It begins with a general statement of the problem, outlines
the specific problem or issue within the existing literature.
2. Statement of the Problem
States clearly the purposes or interest of the study, poses
specific
questions about research problem.
Presenting Written Statement of the Problem

3. Scope and Delimitation

Sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows
the scope of the inquiry.

4. Significance of the Study

Shows the benefits of the study to address issues and l
problems, in improving economic and health conditions or
even finding solutions to problems encountered in daily life.
 chapter 02 :
review of related
literature and studies
Creswell (2014) defined literature review as the written
summary of journal article, books, and other documents that
discuss the past and the current information regarding the
research being conducted.

Creswell (2014) proposed five steps in conducting literature

review that would help researcher to do it properly. These are
identifying the key terms, locate literature, critically
evaluate, and select the literature, organize the literature,
and write a literature.
 chapter 02 :
review of related literature and studies
Identify the key terms
Narrowing your topic to few key terms using one or two words or
even short phrases. You should choose to key words or terms
carefully because it will be helpful to initially locating literature
whether using a printed or online source.
Locate Literature
Locate information by searching relevant literature you must know
the difference between primary source lliterature and secondary
source literature.
Primary source of literature consists of literature presented by
individual or a group of people who conducted the study or the
original source of data. On the other hand, secondary source of
literature summarizes the primary source of data.
chapter 03 :
research methodology
♡ RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the framework of research methods and
techniques chosen by a researcher to conduct a study. The
design allows researchers to sharpen the research methods
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies for
success.

Creating a research topic explains the type of research

(experimental, survey research, correlational, semi-
experimental, review) and its sub-type (experimental
design, research problem, descriptive case-study).
Research Design
There are three main types of designs for research:

Data collection
Measurement
Data Analysis

The research problem an organization faces will

determine the design, not vice-versa. The design
phase of a study determines which tools to use and
how they are used.
Research Design
Research Design Elements

Impactful research usually creates a minimum bias in data and

increases trust in the accuracy of collected data. A design that
produces the slightest margin of error in experimental research is
generally considered the desired outcome. The essential elements are:

1. Accurate purpose statement

2. Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing research
3. The method applied for analyzing collected details
4. Type of research methodology
5. Probable objections to research
6. Settings for the research study
7. Timeline
8. Measurement of analysis
Research Design Types
Qualitative research determines relationships between
collected data and observations based on mathematical
calculations. Statistical methods can prove or disprove theories
related to a naturally existing phenomenon. Researchers rely on
qualitative observation research methods that conclude “why” a
particular theory exists and “what” respondents have to say
about it.
Quantitative research is for cases where statistical
conclusions to collect actionable insights are essential. Numbers
provide a better perspective for making critical business
decisions. Quantitative research methods are necessary for the
growth of any organization. Insights drawn from complex
numerical data and analysis prove to be highly effective when
making decisions about the business’s future.
♡ RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The term "research instrument" refers to any tool used by a
researcher to obtain, measure and analyze data. The material
comes from people who participate in a research experiment and
focus on the subject.
The instruments used have different roles. There are several tools
for conducting quantitative, qualitative and mixed research. The
choice of instrument depends on the type of study you are doing.
However, whatever you use should be described in the Methods
section of your research paper. The more detailed you explain this,
especially if you have created your own instrument such as a
survey, the more likely someone else will be able to replicate your
research for authenticity.
♡ RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Characteristics of Fixed Research Instruments
Whatever equipment you choose for your work, it must have permanent
characteristics that can withstand intense scrutiny. If your bottom line
has significant implications, you don't want the entire environment used to
send the experiment to crash.

They must be valid and reliable (the same results are repeated).
Use tools that use a conceptual framework to get the job done.
The tools must be able to collect information related to the research
topic and they must help test the hypothesis or answer the research
questions.
Make sure all tools are biased and appropriate for the environment.
Try to include tools that reflect the culture and diversity of the study.
In the methodology section, include clear and concise instructions on
how to use instruments that are rare or commonly used in your field of
study.
♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
WHAT IS SAMPLING?
In survey research, sampling is the process of using a subset of the
population to represent the entire population.

Sampling allows large-scale studies to be conducted at a more

realistic cost and time scale because it uses a smaller number in
the population to represent the whole.

SAMPLING DEFINITIONS
Population - The total number of people or things you are interested in

Sample - A smaller group in your population that represents the entire

Sample - The process and method of selecting a sample.

♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
PROBABILITY AND NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

There are two main types of sampling:

probability and non-probability sampling.
Probability sampling, also known as random sampling, is a
type of sampling that uses randomization instead of
purposive sampling.

Non-probability sampling techniques are those in which the

researcher deliberately selects subjects or individuals for
the sample based on research objectives or data.
♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
1. Simple random sampling
With simple random sampling, each element of the population has an
equal chance of being selected as part of the sample. Random sampling
is easy and cheap to do, eliminating all possibilities of bias in the
sampling process
2. Systematic sampling
In systematic sampling, also known as systematic clustering, random
selection is applied only to the first object selected. In this case, the
rule is that every so-called object or person is followed.Although
randomness is involved, the researcher can choose an item selection
range that allows him to ensure that the selections are not random.
♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
3. Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling involves random selection from predetermined groups. It
is useful if researchers know something about the target group and can
decide how to divide (separate) it in a meaningful way from the point of view
of the research. Stratified sampling has advantages, but it also raises the
question of how the population is stratified, which increases the risk of bias.
4. Cluster sampling
Groups are randomly selected instead of individual units of the target
population. These can be existing groups, such as people in certain
postcodes or students in the academic year.Cluster sampling can be done by
sampling the entire cluster or, for two-stage cluster sampling, randomly
sampling the cluster itself and then re-randomizing within the cluster.
♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
1. Convenience sampling
The people or elements of the sample are selected according to their
availability. If you are conducting a research survey and work at a
university, for example, a convenience sample might consist of students or
colleagues who happen to be on campus during their free time and are willing
to answer the survey.Such sampling can have value, especially if done at an
early or preliminary stage, but can be significantly biased.
2. Quota Sampling
This approach aims to achieve population dispersion by determining who
should be recruited into the study according to certain groups or criteria. For
example, your quota may include a certain number of men and women, or
people of a certain age group or ethnicity.Bias can be introduced during the
selection itself - for example, voluntary bias can bias the sample towards
people interested in participating in leisure.
♡ SAMPLING PROCEDURE
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
3. Purposive sampling

Researchers deliberately select the participants in the sample based on their

knowledge and understanding of the research question or objectives under
investigation. This method, also known as decision sampling, is unlikely to
produce a representative sample, but it is a quick and fairly easy way to get
different results or answers.
4. Snowball or Broadcast Sampling

Sampled people are asked to invite those they know to participate, who are then
asked to invite their friends and family, etc. Participation radiates through a
community of interconnected individuals like a snowball rolling down.This method
can be useful when the researcher does not know much about the target group
and does not have an easy way to contact or reach them. However, it creates
biases, such as excluding isolated community members or targeting certain ages
or interest groups to recruit..
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
Data collection is the process of gathering and evaluating
information or data from multiple sources to find answers to
research problems, answer questions, evaluate results, and
predict trends and probabilities. This is an important step in all
types of research, analysis and decision-making, including the
social sciences, business and health.

Accurate data collection is necessary to make informed business

decisions, ensure quality and maintain research integrity.

When collecting data, researchers must identify data types, data

sources, and methods used. Data collection relies heavily on
research, business and management.
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
THERE ARE TWO MAIN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN RESEARCH
BASED ON THE INFORMATION THAT IS REQUIRED, NAMELY:
Primary Data Collection Methods

Primary data refers to data collected directly from direct

experiences of the primary source. It refers to data that has
never been used before. In general, information collected through
primary data collection methods is considered the best research
material.

Basic data collection methods can be further divided into

quantitative data collection methods (dealing with factors that
can be counted) and qualitative data collection methods (dealing
with factors that are not necessarily numerical in nature)...
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:
1. Interviews
Interviews are a direct data collection method. It is simply a
process where the interviewer asks questions and the interviewee
answers them. It offers great flexibility because the questions can
be modified and changed at any time according to the situation.
2. Observations
Using this method, scientists observe the situation around them and
record their results. It can be used to assess the behavior of
different people in controlled (everyone knows they are being
watched) and uncontrolled (no one knows they are being watched)
situations. This method is very effective because it is simple and
does not directly depend on other participants.
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

3. Surveys and Questionnaires

Surveys and surveys offer a broad perspective to large
groups of people. They can be conducted face to face,
mailed or even posted on the internet to get respondents
from all over the world. Answers can be yes or no, true
or false, multiple-choice questions, and even open-ended
questions. However, the disadvantage of surveys and
polls is the delay in response and the possibility of
ambiguous answers.
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

4. Target groups
A focus group is similar to an interview, but it is
conducted with a group that all have something in
common. The data collected is similar to personal
interviews, but provides a better understanding of why a
certain group thinks in a certain way. However, some
disadvantages of this method include lack of privacy and
control of one or two interviewees. Focus groups can also
be time-consuming and difficult, but they help find the
best information for complex situations.
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

5. Oral history
Oral history also involves asking questions such as
interviews and focus groups. However, it is defined more
precisely and the collected information is related to one
phenomenon. It involves gathering people's opinions and
personal experiences about a particular event in which they
participated. For example, it can help study the impact of a
new product in a particular community..
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
THERE ARE TWO MAIN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN RESEARCH
BASED ON THE INFORMATION THAT IS REQUIRED, NAMELY:

Secondary Data Collection Methods

Secondary data refers to data that has already been

collected by someone else. It is much cheaper and easier to
collect than basic data. While primary data collection
provides authentic and original data, there are many cases
where secondary data collection provides great value to
organizations..
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:
1. Internet

The use of the Internet has recently become one of the most popular
methods of secondary data collection. A large number of free and paid
research resources are readily available online. Although this method is a
quick and easy way to collect data, you should only get data from
authentic websites when collecting data.
2. Government Archives

There is a lot of information available from the Government Archives

that you can use. The main advantage is that the information in the
State Archives is authentic and verifiable. However, the challenge is
that information is not always readily available due to several factors.
For example, criminal records may be classified information and difficult
to access.
♡ DATA COLLECTION METHOD
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

3. Libraries

Most researchers donate multiple copies of their academic

research to libraries. You can gather relevant and
authentic information from various research contexts.
Libraries also serve as repositories of company catalogs,
annual reports, and other similar documents that assist
companies in research.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
WHAT IS DATA ANALYSIS PLAN?

A data analysis plan is a road map for how you plan to

organize and analyze your survey data - and it should help
you achieve three goals related to the goal you set before
starting the survey:
Answer your most important research questions
Use more advanced survey questions to understand the
answers
Segment your survey respondents to compare
different opinions about population groups.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
THIS DATA ANALYSIS PLAN SERVES AS A ROAD MAP FOR ORGANIZING AND
ANALYZING THE COLLECTED DATA. IT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING
ASPECTS:
Clearly states the research objectives and hypothesis
Identifies the dataset to be used
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Clearly states the research variables
States statistical test hypotheses and the software for
statistical analysis
Creating shell tables
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
1. Formulation of Research Question, Objectives and Hypotheses:

All research aims or objectives must be clearly formulated. They

must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-
bound (SMART). Hypotheses are theories derived from personal
experience or previous literature and form the basis of statistical
methods applied to extrapolate results to the entire population..
2. Data Set:

The dataset used for statistical analysis must be described and the
important aspects of the material must be highlighted. These include;
the owner of the data set, how the material is accessed, how the
material was checked for quality control, and in which program the
data set is stored (Excel, Epi Info, SQL, Microsoft Access, etc.)..
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria:

These guide aspects of the material used

for data analysis. These criteria also guide
the selection of variables included in the
main analysis.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
4. Variables
Each variable collected in
the study should be
clearly stated. They
should be presented
based on the level of
measurement
(repeated/nominal or
ratio/average) or the
role of the variable in the The types of variables should also be specified.
study(independent/predi The type of variable together with the research
ctable or hypothesis is the basis for choosing appropriate
dependent/outcome statistical tests for inferential statistics. A
variables). good data analysis plan should summarize the
variables as shown in Figure 1.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
5. Statistical software:

There are many software packages for data analysis, some

common examples are SPSS, Epi Info, SAS, STATA, Microsoft
Excel. Include version number, year of publication and
author/manufacturer. Beginners tend to try different
software but end up not mastering anything. It's pretty good
to pick one and master it, because almost all statistical
programs have the same functionality for basic and most of the
preliminary analysis needed for a student thesis. This is what
we recommend to all CRENC students before they start writing
their results column.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
6. Selection of an appropriate statistical method to test the
hypothesis

According to the research question, the hypothesis and the

type of variable, several statistical methods can be used to
respond appropriately to the research question. This section
of the data analysis plan clearly states why each statistical
method is used to test the hypotheses. The level of
statistical significance (p-value) should also be written,
which is often but not always <0.05. Figures 2a and 2b show
decision trees for some common statistical tests based on
variable type and research questionA good analysis plan
should clearly describe how missing data will be analyzed.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
7. Create shell tables
Data analysis includes three levels of analysis;
univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis of
increasing complexity. Shell tables should be created
assuming the results of these different levels of analysis.
For more information, read the blog article on presenting
tables and figures. Suppose you are conducting a study to
find out the prevalence of a certain disease "X" and its
associated factors in a population, then you can provide
the tables as shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 on the next slide.
♡ PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
chapter 04 :
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data
Data analysis, interpretation, and presentation are
crucial aspects of conducting high-quality
research.Data analysis involves processing and
analyzing data to gain meaningful insights, while data
interpretation involves understanding insights and
drawing conclusions. Data presentation means
presenting information in a clear and concise manner
to communicate research findings.
♡ PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
HERE ARE SOME TECHNIQUES TO GUIDE YOU IN ANALYSING DATA:

Data Analysis Techniques involve processing and analyzing data

to gain meaningful insights. The choice of data analysis
technique depends on the research question and objectives.
Some common data analysis techniques are:
A.) Descriptive statistics involve summarizing and describing
data using measures such as mean, median and standard
deviation.
B.) Inferential statistics make inferences about the population
based on sample data. This method includes hypothesis testing,
confidence intervals, and regression analysis.
♡ PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
HERE ARE SOME TECHNIQUES TO GUIDE YOU IN ANALYSING DATA:

Data Analysis Techniques involve processing and analyzing data to

gain meaningful insights. The choice of data analysis technique
depends on the research question and objectives. Some common
data analysis techniques are:
C.) Content analysis involves analyzing text, images or videos to
identify patterns and themes.
D.) Data mining involves the use of statistical and machine
learning techniques to analyze large data sets and identify
patterns.
♡ PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Data Interpretation Techniques

Data interpretation involves making sense of the insights derived from the
data analysis. The choice of data interpretation technique depends on the
research question and objectives. Some common data interpretation
techniques are:

a. Data Visualization
Data visualization involves presenting the data in a visual format, such as
charts, graphs, or tables, to communicate the insights effectively.

b. Storytelling
Storytelling involves presenting the data in a narrative format, such as a
story, to make the insights more relatable and memorable.

c. Comparative Analysis
Comparative analysis involves comparing the research findings with the
existing literature or benchmarks to draw conclusions.
♡ PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
HERE ARE SOME TECHNIQUES TO GUIDE YOU IN PRESENTING DATA:

Data presentation means the clear and concise presentation

of data to communicate research results. The choice of
information presentation technique depends on the research
question and objectives. Some of the more common data
presentation techniques are
A.) Tables and Graphs are effective data presentation techniques for
presenting numerical data.
B.) Infographic is an effective information presentation technique for
presenting complex information in a visual and easy-to-understand
form.
C.) Data storytelling involves presenting information in narrative form
to ensure effective communication of research findings.
 chapter 05 :
Summary, findings and recommendation
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE THE LAST
PART OF THE RESEARCH PAPER. THIS IS IMPORTANT IN ALL
RESEARCH, BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE.

Step 01: Summary

The purpose is to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the
central argument or conclusion without including unnecessary
background or optional details. The summary of results should
highlight the most important factors and findings of the study,
including theoretical limits and the rationale's completeness. It should
outline what was done, how it was done, and the research results. A
well-crafted summary allows readers to grasp smaller findings and
near-significant information for each result, view effect estimates
from different angles, and comprehend the explanations provided for
the evidence presented.
 chapter 05 :
Summary, findings and recommendation
Step 02: Conclusions
After analyzing the literature, the conclusion should help to understand
why the study is necessary for them. A conclusion is a synthesis of
critical elements, not just a description of issues or a reformulation of
a problem. In most studies, one well-developed paragraph is enough to
draw a conclusion. However, in some situations a two- or three-
paragraph conclusion may be considered necessary. It is very important
to include a conclusion in a thesis, journal article, or dissertation to
inform readers of the strength and impact of the arguments presented
in the research paper. The thesis conclusions can also help refocus the
reader's attention on the quality requirements of the research and the
details to be verified. The conclusions can also be the basis for further
research, generate new ideas to solve the problem raised in the work,
or propose new approaches to the problem.
chapter 05 :
Summary, findings and recommendation
Step 02: Conclusions
Consider the steps below to
begin writing your research
conclusion:
State your research topic.
Repeat theses (research
purpose).
Summarize the main points.
Mention importance or
results.
Make up your mind.
Avoidable Problems
Failure to be concise.
Inability to take a stand on more
important, more important
issues.
Failure to disclose matters will
result in adverse results.
Failure to provide a summary of
the observation.
Failure to align with the purpose
and goals of the research.
Don't apologize.
 chapter 05 :
Summary, findings and recommendation
Step 3: Recommendations
You can also additionally have already made tips for destiny studies for
the duration of the discussion, however a advice is a superb vicinity to
provide an explanation for the capability implications of your studies
findings for exercise and theory. Recommendations have to be primarily
based totally at the effects of the study. Special Cases Based on those
findings, managers have to consider Further studies should address,
further studies is wanted to confirm.Avoid overstating the practicality of
the study. If you're making political, enterprise or different coverage
implications, it's far fine to give them withinside the shape of pointers as
opposed to directives. The cause of instructional studies is to educate,
display and look at as opposed to teach.Make certain now no longer to
undermine the studies executed while making pointers for extra studies.
Academic studies goals to educate, display, and discover as opposed to to
instruct.
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