QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - Research is a systematic investigation that uses numerical and computational techniques.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH – Focuses on things that are up for discussion and debate. It is going to be describing a lot of
things.

RESEARCH – To search or investigate exhaustively.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI

 It is objective.
 It uses large sample sizes.
 It can be replicated.
 It presents numerical data,
KINDS OF QUANTI

 Descriptive Research - a type of research that is used to describe the characteristics of a population.
 Correlational Research - investigates relationships between two variables (or more) without the researcher
controlling or manipulating any of them.
 Quasi-Experimental Research - studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use randomization.
 Experimental Research - a study conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI RESEARCH

 to attain greater knowledge and understanding of the social world.

 It allows you to gain reliable, objective insights from data and clearly understand trends and patterns.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI IN ABM

 Since ABM strand focuses more on sales, business, and especially marketing then the importance of research is
basically to have survey and to gather information about what people more likely to buy, and strategic goals for a
company to reach their goal.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI IN STEM

 Improve our understanding of the science system's workings, structural dependencies and dynamics.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI IN HUMSS

 It helps you understand the and provide solutions different issues and problems of the community.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI IN TVL

 Research give us more information and may enhance our knowledge in the field of Technical and vocational
livelihood.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI IN OTHER DISCIPLINES

 COMMUNICATION - In terms of data gathering, the most common approaches to quantitative communication
involve survey research, lab behavioral experiments, and content analysis of various media.
 SPORTS MEDICINE - It gives coaches and athletes a way to gain solid information and apply it to sport
performance in the quantifiable approach.
 MEDICAL EDUCATION - Helps to understand the patterns of health behaviors, describe illness experiences,
design health interventions, and develop healthcare theories.
 EDUCATION - It is more reliable and objective in assessing students and lessons as data is obtained after lessons
have been taught.
 ANTHROPOLOGY - Combining qualitative and quantitative research data is one of the methods frequently in
conducting research in anthropology.
VARIABLES - Quantitative variables are any variables where the data represent amounts ( height, weight, or age).
KINDS OF VARIABLE

 CATEGORICAL VARIABLE - Categorical variables are any variables where the data represent groups. This includes
rankings ( finishing places in a race), classifications (e.g. brands of cereal), and binary outcomes ( coin flips).
 QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE - Quantitative variables are any variables where the data represent amounts ( height,
weight, or age).
BASIC TYPES OF VARIABLE

 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are
trying to measure. For example, someone's age might be an independent variable. Other factors (such as what
they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch) aren't going to change a person's age.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE – It is something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score could be a
dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied.
OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES

 MEDIATING VARIABLE - Mediating variables are behavioral, biological, psychological, or social constructs that
transmit the effect of one variable to another variable.
 MODERATOR VARIABLE - A moderating variable can be qualitative (non-numerical values like race,
socioeconomic class or sex) or quantitative (numerical values like weight, reward level or age). For example:
According to the American Psychological Association, stress has a bigger impact on men than women.
 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE - Extraneous variables can be natural characteristics of the participant, such as age or
gender, or they could be features of the environment such as noise or lighting.
 CONFOUNDING VARIABLE – Is an external factor is an experiment that affects both the independent and
dependent variables.
 CONSTANT VARIABLE - A constant variable, sometimes known as a control variable, is something you keep the same
during an experiment.
 CONTINUOUS VARIABLE - A continuous variable is defined as a variable which can take an uncountable set of
values or infinite set of values.
 DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE - Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or
levels. For example, if we were looking at gender, we would most probably categorize somebody as either "male"
or "female". This is an example of a dichotomous variable (and also a nominal variable).
 LATENT VARIABLE - A latent variable is a variable that cannot be directly observed or measured but is assumed
to exist based on observable or measurable data.
 MANIFEST VARIABLE - A manifest variable is a variable or factor that can be directly measured or observed.

 ATTRIBUTE VARIABLE - Attribute variable is a variable where we do not alter the variable during the study.
 COVARIATE VARIABLE - A covariate is a variable that affects the DV in addition to the IV. It doesn't have to be
correlated with the independent variable.
 EXOGENOUS VARIABLE - Exogenous variables are variables whose cause is external to the model and whose role
is to explain other variables or outcomes in the model.
 ENDOGENOUS VARIABLE - An endogenous variable is synonymous with a dependent variable, meaning it
correlates with other factors within the system being studied.
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC?

 Library
 Books
 Personal Interview
 Newspaper
 Article Blogs
HOW TO SELECT A RESEARCH TOPIC?

 Choose a topic that is interesting to you.

 Consider the scope of your topic.
 Talk about research ideas with a friend.
HOW TO NARROW DOWN A TOPIC?

 Start by writing down your broad topic.

 Identify the main ideas or terms.
 First start out with a general topic.
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH TITLE?

 Keep it simple, brief and specific.

 Keep it concise and informative.
 Incorporate important keywords.
HOW TO WRITE A BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY?

 Mention the main developments in your research area.

 Highlight significant questions that need to be addressed.
 Discuss the relevant aspects of your study.
TWO TYPES OF RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS

 RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS -Is a question that a study or research project aims to answer.
 NON RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS - One for which data could not be collected for analysis.

CHARACTERISTICS IN FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 FOCUSED - it is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the writing task allows.
 RESEARCHABLE - an uncertainty about a problem that can be challenged, examined, and analyzed to provide
useful information.
 FLEXIBLE - Quick way to collect data.
 SPECIFIC - Is a specific inquiry which the research seeks to provide a response to.
 COMPLEX - It is not answerable with a simple “yes” or “no,” but rather requires synthesis and analysis of ideas
and sources prior to composition of an answer.
CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 DESCRIPTIVE - Descriptive research questions are a systematic methodology that helps in understanding the
what, where, when and how.
 EXPLORATIVE - Designed to help you understand more about a particular topic of interest.

 EVALUATIVE - They define the topics that will be evaluated.

 PREDICTIVE - The kind you ask if you're concerned about the future outcome of an event or an action.
 EXPLANATORY - Explaining the causes for something.
 CONTROL - An element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables.

STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 Clearly define research objectives.

 Identify specific research questions.
 Determine the target population for the study.
 Outline the variables to be investigated.
 Establish limitations and constraints.

WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?

  A representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables, or the characteristics
or properties that you want to study.
HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?

 Choose your research question.

 Select your independent and dependent variables.
 Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship.
WHAT IS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?

 Introduces and describes the theory which explains why the research problem under study exists.
HOW TO WRITE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?

 Specify research objectives.

 Explore and review the literature through keywords identified as prominent variables.
 Note the prominent variables under the study.
TWO WAYS TO DEFINE A TERM:

 THEORETICAL - a non-observational term

 OPERATIONAL - a detailed explanation
WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS?

 states your predictions about what your research will find.

DIFFERENT HYPOTHESIS:

 NULL HYPOTHESIS - there is no difference between groups or no relationship between variables.

 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS - exists relationship between two variables one is called independent variable or
cause and the other is dependent variable or effect.
 DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS - specifies the expected direction to be followed to determine the relationship
between variables.
 COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS - predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent
variables.
 NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS - does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship
between the two variables.
 CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS - is a supposition or theory about how things interact.
 ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS - states that a change in one variable results in the change of the other
variable.
WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?

 a written overview of major writings and other sources on a selected topic.

HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW?

 Narrow your topic and select papers accordingly.

 Search for literature.
 Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.
 Write the paper.
 Review your work.
WHAT ARE ETHICAL STANDARD IN WRITING?

 Deception
 Flagiarism
 Fabrication of Data

WHAT IS AN ASSUPMTION OF A STUDY?

  Realistic expectation which is something that we believe to be true.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASUMPTION OF THE STUDY AND HYPOTHESES?

 ASSUMPTION – Belief about Variables.

 HYPOTHESIS – Predictions about The Relationship of Variables.

HOW TO WRITE ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY?

 Explain them in more details and Give Examples

 Offer Evidence.

Good day! Here are brief answers and examples for your questions:

1. **What is a Literature Review?** A literature review is a comprehensive and critical summary of

existing research and literature on a specific topic. It helps researchers understand the current state of
knowledge in their field and identifies gaps or areas where new research is needed. For example, in a
study on the effects of social media on mental health, a literature review would summarize and analyze
various studies on this topic to provide context for the new research.

2. **How to Write a Literature Review?** To write a literature review, researchers should start by
clearly defining their research question, then systematically search for and evaluate relevant sources.
They organize the review by themes, concepts, or theories, highlighting key findings and discussing
their implications. The goal is to synthesize existing knowledge and identify areas for further
investigation.

3. **What Are Ethical Standards in Writing?** Ethical standards in writing encompass principles of
honesty, integrity, and proper attribution of sources. This includes avoiding plagiarism, citing sources
correctly, and ensuring research involving human subjects complies with ethical guidelines and obtains
informed consent.

4. **What is an Assumption of a Study?** Assumptions in a research study are fundamental beliefs or

conditions that the researcher takes for granted. These are often unstated but crucial for the study's
validity. For instance, in a climate change study, an assumption might be that temperature data from
reliable sources are accurate.

5. **Difference Between Assumption of Study and Hypothesis?** An assumption is a premise or belief

considered true without evidence in the context of the study, while a hypothesis is a testable statement
predicting a specific relationship between variables. Assumptions provide foundational context, while
hypotheses are subject to testing and validation through research.

6. **How to Write Assumptions of the Study?** Assumptions should be explicitly stated in the research
proposal or study. For example, "This study assumes that survey respondents provide truthful
information." They should be transparent and relevant to the research, helping readers understand the
study's underlying beliefs.