Basic Parts of a Thesis Proposal

CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Kinds of Variable
Variable – a quantity susceptible or liable to fluctuation
or change in value, level, degree, scale, or magnitude
under different conditions.
(these quantities represent numerical values, groups,
classes, kinds , or categories)
1. Independent Variable – the stimulus or cause
variable chosen by the researcher to determine the
relationship of an observed phenomenon.
Kinds of Variable
2. Dependent Variable – a response variable or effect
that is observed or measured to determine the effect of
the independent variable and changes when the
independent variable varies.
3. Moderator Variable – a special kind of independent
variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the relationship between the IV
and DV.
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

Catfish
Survival Rate
Shrimp Meal
Bread Meal Weight
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

Teaching English
Effectiveness
K to 12 Students
of NDDU
Mean Scores
Kinds of Variable
2. Dependent Variable – a response variable or effect
that is observed or measured to determine the effect of
the independent variable and changes when the
independent variable varies.
3. Moderator Variable – a special kind of independent
variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the relationship between the IV
and DV.
Kinds of Variable
4. Control Variable – a variable that is managed by the
researcher in which the effects can be neutralized by
eliminating or removing the variable.
5. Intervening Variable – hinders the IV and DV, but the
effects can either strengthen or weaken the IV and DV.
Independent Intervening Dependent
Variable Variable Variable

Catfish Water
Fish Meal Oxygen Survival
Bread Meal Electricity Rate
Temperature
Independent Intervening Dependent
Variable Variable Variable

Teaching Teacher Quality

English
Instructional Effectiveness
Facilities
K to 12 Mean Scores
Students of Classroom
NDDU Facilities
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

- gives transparent explanation about the relationships of variables.

- describes properly the relationships of variables
Theoretical Framework
- shapes the justification of the research problems in order to provide
the legal basis for defining their parameters (identify key concepts for
better comprehension of the role of theory in research)
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework
- a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws,
variables and their relations to explain and predict how an observed
phenomenon exists and operates.
Note: Theories are useful device for interpreting, enriching, and
unifying established scientific laws or facts that serve as guide in
discovering new generalizations.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework
- presents specific and well-defined concepts, called constructs.
- the constraints used are derived from abstract concepts of the
theoretical framework
DEFINITION OF TERMS
FRAMEWORK
- described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning
that guide the development of the study
- all frameworks are based on the identification of key
concepts and the relationships among those
concepts.
CONCEPT
- abstractly describes and names an object or
phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate
identity and meaning.
- An intellectual representation of some aspect of
reality that is derived from observations made from
phenomena.
example of concept: Anxiety or Stress or Pain
CONSTRUCT
- concepts at very high levels of abstraction that have
general meanings.
Example: a construct associated with the concept of
anxiety.
VARIABLES
These signify a more concrete level and are narrow in
their definitions.
A variable is more specific and is measurable.
Framework can be derived from related concepts
(conceptual) or existing theories (theoretical).
Conceptual Framework
- consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and
sequential design.
- represents less formal structure and used for studies in
which existing theory is inapplicable or insufficient.
- based on specific concepts and propositions, derived from
empirical observation and intuition.
- may deduce theories from a conceptual framework.
Purpose:
- to clarify concepts and propose relationships among the
concepts in a study.
- to provide a context for interpreting the study findings. - -
to explain observations
- to encourage theory development that is useful to
practice
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theory provides a point of focus for attacking the
unknown in a specific area.
If a relationship is found between two or more
variables a theory should be formulated to explain why
the relationship exists.
Theories are purposely created and formulated, never
discovered; they can be tested but never proven.
The explanation concerns the relationship between two
or more variables or phenomena.
- more formal and used for studies based on existing
theories.
- derived from specific concepts and propositions that
are induced or deduced.
Purposes of Theoretical Framework
- to test theories
- to make research findings meaningful and
generalizable
- to establish orderly connections between
observations and facts.
- to predict and control situations
- to stimulate research
Purposes of Theories and Conceptual Models
Their overall purpose is to make research findings
meaningful and generalizable.
Theories and conceptual models help to stimulate research
and the extension of knowledge by providing both direction
and impetus.
Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework may be
represented as models:
A model is a symbolic representation that helps the
researcher to express abstract concepts and relationships
easily, using minimal words.
A model can be represented schematically or
mathematically.
*Schematic model - conveys concepts and propositions
through the use of boxes, arrows or other symbols.
*Mathematical or statistical model - conveys concepts and
propositions through the use of letters, number and
mathematical symbols.
Basic Parts of a Thesis Proposal

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY :
This should present a clear description of the research
design, sampling design and procedures data collection
techniques, instruments/ tools for measuring variables,
data processing, procedures of data analysis, indicating
statistical/ special techniques to be employed in the
study.
METHODOLOGY :
• Research Design
• Research Locale
• Respondents of the Study
• Research Instruments
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Statistical Treatment
Research Design
- RD refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation so conceived
so as to obtain answer to research questions or problems. It is the
complete scheme or program of the research and includes an outline from
writing the hypothesis and their operational implications to the final
analysis of data (Almeida, et.al., 2016)
The research design will guide the researcher in planning the following
aspects or procedures of research:
• Identifying the population of the study
• How the sample of the study will be selected
• Ethics in the selection of samples and data gathering
• Choice of method in data collection
• Considerations in the use of questionnaires
• How interviews will be conducted
Locale of the Study
Sample:
• Research Locale
The study will be conducted at the Notre Dame of Dadiangas University
(NDDU) Engineering Laboratory at Marist Avenue, General Santos City. The
fabrication of specimen, curing, and testing will be conducted within the
premises of the laboratory.
NDDU is a Catholic Institution run by the Marist Brothers (FMS, Fratres
Maristae Scholis). The institution obtained its University Status on June 26,
2006 via CHED Memorandum Order No. 48 and is awarded recognition as a
Center of Development for Civil Engineering by CHED Memorandum Order
No. 4, series of 2012, Resolution Number 488-2009 of the Commission on En
Banc dated December 23, 2009. NDDU has been granted an Autonomous
Status and has maintained its level 3 in PAASCU Center of Development for
Excellence in Civil Engineering (CODE-CE) for Region XII. A positive
recommendation towards Quality Management System (QMS) Certification
to ISO 9001:2015 is also granted to the institution.
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
- the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure
or the truthfulness of the response
TYPES:
1. Content – (i.e. achievement test: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor)
2. Concurrent – test agrees or correlates with a criterion or an
acceptable measure
3. Predictive – outcome of the subject is predicted
4. Construct – tests on understanding, appreciation, and
interpretation of data
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Reliability
- the extent to which a test is consistent and
dependable
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Practicability
FACTORS:
- ease of administration
- ease of scoring
- ease of interpretation and application
- low cost
- proper mechanical make-up
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Practicability
FACTORS:
- ease of administration
- ease of scoring
- ease of interpretation and application
- low cost
- proper mechanical make-up
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Practicability
FACTORS:
- ease of administration
- ease of scoring
- ease of interpretation and application
- low cost
- proper mechanical make-up
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Justness
- fairness in the evaluation of the results
- the criteria should be explained to the subjects of the
study
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Morality
- degree of secrecy
- confidentiality to avoid embarrassment
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Honesty
- plagiarism
- act of infringement
- Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293)
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity
 Reliability
 Practicability
 Justness
 Morality
 Honesty
Source: Research and Thesis Writing
by L. P. Calmorin
SAMPLING DESIGNS
Sampling is a technique of getting a representative portion of the
population (objects, persons, families, species, orders of plants or
animals).

Benefits:
 economical, cheaper, and faster
 saves time, money and effort
 more accurate
 gives more comprehensive information
 more effective
SAMPLING DESIGNS
Ss – Sample Size
N – Total Population (say, 850)
V – Standard Value of 1% Level of
Probability with 0.99 Reliability
Level (say, 2.58)
Se – Sampling Error (say, 1%)
p – Proportion of the Target
Population (say, 50%)
SAMPLING DESIGNS
Sampling is a technique of getting a representative portion of the
population (objects, persons, families, species, orders of plants or
animals).

Benefits:
 economical, cheaper, and faster
 saves time, money and effort
 more accurate
 gives more comprehensive information
 more effective
SAMPLING DESIGNS
Factors:
1. Findings based upon larger samples have more certainty than those
based on smaller ones. “The larger the sample size, the more
accurate the findings.”

2. The greater the variation in the study population with respect to

the characteristics under study for a given sample size, the greater
the uncertainty.

Note:
Bias must be avoided in the selection of the sample in order to achieve
maximum precision in estimates within a given sample size.
SAMPLING DESIGNS (Calmorin, 2016)
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING
Each member of the population is given an equal chance of
being included in the sample.
1. Restricted Random Sampling
2. Unrestricted Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Systematic Sampling
5. Multistage Sampling
6. Cluster Sampling
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Restricted Random Sampling
- applicable only when the population being studied is homogeneous
- restrictions are intended to improve the validity of the sample

2. Unrestricted Random Sampling

- best random sampling because there are no restrictions imposed

Random Sampling Techniques:

Lottery or Table of Random Numbers
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Restricted Random Sampling
- applicable only when the population being studied is homogeneous
- restrictions are intended to improve the validity of the sample

2. Unrestricted Random Sampling

- best random sampling because there are no restrictions imposed

Random Sampling Techniques:

Lottery or Table of Random Numbers
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Restricted Random Sampling
- applicable only when the population being studied is homogeneous
- restrictions are intended to improve the validity of the sample

2. Unrestricted Random Sampling

- best random sampling because there are no restrictions imposed

Random Sampling Techniques:

Lottery or Table of Random Numbers
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
3. Stratified Random Sampling
- divides the population into two or more strata (i.e., MALE and
FEMALE)
- sample items are drawn at random for each stratum

4. Systematic Sampling
- The individuals in the population are arranged in a methodical
manner
- alphabetical or chronological
- May be numbered by four (4), by ten (10), and so on
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
3. Stratified Random Sampling
- divides the population into two or more strata (i.e., MALE and
FEMALE)
- sample items are drawn at random for each stratum

4. Systematic Sampling
- The individuals in the population are arranged in a methodical
manner
- alphabetical or chronological
- May be numbered by four (4), by ten (10), and so on
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
5. Multistage Sampling
- done in several stages
- the population individuals are arranged in hierarchy of units
- sampling is done consecutively

Nationwide Study:
region provinces municipalities barangays
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
6. Cluster Sampling
- population is grouped into small units
- for heterogeneous populations

Example:
blocks or districts in a municipality or a city
SAMPLING DESIGNS
NON-SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING
Not all members of the population are given an equal chance of
being included in the sample.
1. Purposive Sampling
2. Incidental Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
NON-SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Purposive Sampling
- an individual is chosen as part of a sample due to good evidence
that he/she is a representative of the total population

2. Incidental Sampling
- applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most
available

3. Quota Sampling
- individuals with the requisite characteristics
- data from samples that meet the prescribed criteria or characteristics
NON-SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Purposive Sampling
- an individual is chosen as part of a sample due to good evidence
that he/she is a representative of the total population

2. Incidental Sampling
- applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most
available

3. Quota Sampling
- individuals with the requisite characteristics
- data from samples that meet the prescribed criteria or characteristics
NON-SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Purposive Sampling
- an individual is chosen as part of a sample due to good evidence
that he/she is a representative of the total population

2. Incidental Sampling
- applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most
available

3. Quota Sampling
- individuals with the requisite characteristics
- data from samples that meet the prescribed criteria or characteristics