UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

J.P Rizal Ext., West Rembo, Makati City

HIGHER SCHOOL NG Umak

MATH – SCIENCE / RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

Course Title: Learning Module 1-2 What is a Quantitative Research?
Practical Research 2 no. Definition, Characteristics, Strengths,
Weaknesses and kinds
Learning Objective(s): At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Define and describe quantitative research accurately;
2. describe the kinds of quantitative research; and
3. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields

INTRODUCTION
“Research is a formal, systematic and
intensive process of carrying a scientific
method of analysis.”-John W. Best

One of the purposes of a research is to seek greater

knowledge and deeper understanding to the social
world. Research is also a methodical exploration
and analysis of materials and sources for the
purpose of establishing facts and drawing new
conclusions. photo courtesy of https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/sdg-
programme/sdg5/women-in-science

What is quantitative research? What are its characteristics, kinds, and

importance?
These are the key questions that we will ponder as we proceed to the succeeding part of this
lesson. This module covers the definition, characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of
qualitative research.

CONTENT / LECTURE DISCUSSION

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling
methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can
be depicted in the form of numerical. After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the
future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
➢ An example of quantitative research is the survey conducted to understand the amount of
time a doctor takes to tend to a patient when the patient walks into the hospital. A patient
satisfaction survey template can be administered to ask questions like how much time did
a doctor takes to see a patient, how often does a patient walks into a hospital, and other
such questions.
Quantitative outcome research is mostly conducted in the social sciences using the statistical
methods used above to collect quantitative data from the research study. In this research method,
researchers and statisticians deploy mathematical frameworks and theories that pertain to the
quantity under question.
Quantitative research templates are objective, elaborate, and many times, even investigational.
The results achieved from this research method are logical, statistical, and unbiased. Data

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/
 collection happened using a structured method and conducted on larger samples that represent
the entire population.
Quantitative Research

▪ Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across

groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.
▪ Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.

Importance of Quantitative Research

▪ Provides precise measurement
▪ Allows in-depth analysis of data
▪ Used to obtain objective understanding of people, places, things, and events (Muijs, 2011
and Gray, 2012 in Baraceros, 2016)
-Practical Research 2 2nd Edition Esther Baraceros, Rex Bookstore Inc. 2019

Purpose of Quantitative Research

The purpose of quantitative research is to generate knowledge and create understanding about the
social world. Quantitative research is used by social scientists, including communication
researchers, to observe phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals. Social scientists are
concerned with the study of people. Quantitative research is a way to learn about a particular group
of people, known as a sample population. Using scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on
data that are observed or measured to examine questions about the sample population.
https://methods.sagepub.com/

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Its main characteristics are:

➢ The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.

➢ The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.
➢ The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.
➢ The researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are
sought.
➢ All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
➢ Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or
other non-textual forms.
➢ Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or
investigate causal relationships.
➢ The researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect
numerical data.
- https://lib-guides.letu.edu/quantresearch

Types of Quantitative Research

There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-
Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research.

Types of Quantitative Research

Descriptive Correlational Casual-Comparative Experimental

Descriptive Research
-is used to understand a phenomenon, a situation, or a population. Unlike experimental research,
descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of certain variables. Rather, it seeks only to
observe and measure the variables in order to investigate them.
- It is generally concerned with investigating, measuring and describing one or more aspects or
characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon at a specific point in time.
-The most common methods of collecting descriptive research are through case studies,
observations, and surveys. Traditionally, it was conducted via face-to-face or via phone
calls/emails/social media.

Examples of Descriptive Research:

• A description of how second-grade students spend their time during summer vacation.
• A description of the tobacco uses habits of teenagers.

Correlational Research
- Correlational research is a non-experimental research method used to identify a relationship
between two variables with no influence from any extraneous variable.
-The correlation between the two variables will reflect the direction and/or strength of their
relationship. The direction of correlation can either be positive or negative, where a positive
correlation denotes that both variables change in the same direction, and a negative correlation
denotes that the variables change in opposite directions. A zero correlation denotes that there is no
relationship between the variables being studied.

Examples of Correlational Research:

• The relationship between diet and anxiety.
• The relationships between the types of activities used in math classrooms and student achievement.
• The covariance of smoking and lung disease.

Casual-Comparative Research
- Also known as “ex post facto” research. (Latin for “after the fact”). In this type of research
investigators attempt to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between
or among groups of individuals. -(cals.arizona.edu)
- It examines the effects of one variable (independent variable) that cannot be manipulated on other
variable (dependent). It compares two or more groups in a different variable (dependent variable). It is
not restricted to statistical analysis of two variables but extends to analyze how various variables or
groups change under the influence of the same changes.

Examples Of Causal Comparative Research Variables

-Achievement and other ability variables.
-Family-related variables.
-Organismic variables such as age, sex and ethnicity.
-Variables related to schools.
-Personality variables.

Examples of Casual-Comparative Research:

• The effects of teachers’ gender on students behavior.
• How administrative decision affected by gender.

Experimental Research
- Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating
one or more control variables of the research subject(s) and measuring the effect of this manipulation
on the subject. It is known for the fact that it allows the manipulation of control variables.
- This research method is widely used in various physical and social science fields, even though it
may be quite difficult to execute. Within the information field, they are much more common in
information systems research than in library and information management research.
- Experimental research is usually undertaken when the goal of the research is to trace cause-and-
effect relationships between defined variables. However, the type of experimental research chosen has
a significant influence on the results of the experiment.

Therefore, bringing us to the different types of experimental research. There are 3 main types of
experimental research, namely; pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental
research.

Examples of Experimental Research:

• The effect of Peer Assisted Learning Strategy to the academic performance of Grade 9 Low
Performing Students.
• Antibacterial Activity of Guyabano, Ulasimang Bato, Sambong, and Tsaang Gubat Leaf Extracts
against Common Drug-resistant Bacteria.
•The effect of Gamified Activities on the academic performance of students in learning Anatomy and
Physiology.

https://www.wssu.edu/about/offices-and-departments/office-of-sponsored-programs/pre-award/_Files/documents/develop-
quantitative.pdf

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

The purpose of quantitative research is to generate knowledge and create understanding about
the social world. People do endless research to find solutions to a existing problems. Research is
also the most tangible way to improve and enhance the quality of life and ways of doing.

Here are some examples:

A. Quantitative Research and Anthropology
-As defined, Anthropology compares human societies across the globe and across time.
Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in the society, racial conflicts and
human evolution have given numbers of contributions to the improvement of human life.
B. Quantitative Research and Medicine
-Medical practitioners conduct a series of experimentation, study and researches in order
to provide quality medical practices and enhancement in the production of medicinal drugs
for the improvement of one’s health and life.
C. Quantitative Research and Behavioral Science / Psychology
- Quantitative research is also important in the field of behavioral science and psychology.
In behavioral science, scientist study and analyze why, when and how a certain individual
is engage in a particular behavior by examining its thoughts, motivation, habits and likes.
In the field of psychology, psychologist engage in studying and understanding one’s mental
processes, brain functions and behavior, based from the data gathered during tests
(psychological test).
D. Quantitative Research and Social Science - Sociology
- Quantitative research is also used in Sociology. Series of researches help the sociologist
to identify the existing social problems, human social relationships and institutions. The
method that is often employed in this type of quantitative social research are usually survey,
interview, etc. The best application of this research is the way Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) select and study the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program (4Ps) beneficiaries.
E. Quantitative Research and Politics, Governance and Public Administration
-Quantitative research is very useful in the field of politics. Especially during the time
before the national election, the Social Weather Stations (SWS) often conduct electoral
surveys to assess the pulse of the Filipino people regarding to their preferences to the
nation’s future leaders.
 ASSESSMENT

Activity #1: Research on the strength and weaknesses of Quantitative Research then fill out the
table below:

Quantitative Research
Strengths Weaknesses

Activity #2: Identify what type of quantitative research used the following scenarios. Write your
answer on the space provided after the item. Briefly explain your answer why you choose that
type of quantitative research for each scenario.
** Explanation should not exceed more than 2 sentences.
Scenario / Situation Type of Brief Explanation
Quantitative
Research
1. A researcher wishes to conduct
a study on the job analysis of
personnel in the public and
private hospitals in Quezon
City. He devises a
questionnaire to analyze the
job of the respondents of
similar position, functions,
duties and responsibilities and
with the same salary.
2. The teacher wants to determine
the effectiveness of
Gamification Activity in
teaching factoring for Grade 8
Students.
3. The SHS researcher wants to
determine the relationship of
students sleeping habits and
students’ motivation.
4. The researchers’ desires to
determine the impact of how is
having a working-single parent
affects students’ motivation in
schooling.
 ASSIGNMENT

Experimental vs Non-Experimental Design

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggSWW8Nheuk
Video Title: Experimental vs Non Experimental
Design | Research Design | MIM Learnovate

**(Preparation / Topic for the next lecture session)

Research on the Experimental vs Non-Experimental Design then fill out the table below:

Experimental Research
Definition -

Characteristics -

-
Non-Experimental Research
Definition -

Characteristics -

Let’s Reflect Today!:

a. Why do I need to research? How do research and education connected?
b. How does research change the people’s way of living?
c. What are the things that I’ve learned today?
d. What part of the lesson that I did not understand clearly?

a. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

b. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

c. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

d. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
 REFERENCES

1. Quantitative Research: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/

https://methods.sagepub.com/
https://lib-guides.letu.edu/quantresearch
2. Types of Quantitative Research: https://www.wssu.edu/about/offices-and-
departments/office-of-sponsored-programs/pre-award/_Files/documents/develop-
quantitative.pdf
3. Book References and Sources:
Baraceros, E.L. 2019.Practical Research 2. Second Edition. Rex Publishing House