COURSE CODE: PROF ED 33

COURSE DESCRIPTION: EDUCATIONAL

RESEARCH
 Course Description:
This course provides a comprehensive discussion of the
theories and principles of research and statistics in education. It
underscores the process of research to achieve a desired style of
research within the confines of a real educational or social setting.
The content of this course focuses on patterns of research
decisions and their consequences for research findings. It includes
a discussion of systematic content analysis, measurement, and
strategies for the integration of quantitative research. The text and
associated materials attempt to include a broad range of tools for
research inquiry, set in the context of general principles of
educational management.
 Course Description:
The course is intended to provide the
students an experience of writing a research
paper. Through this subject each student will be
able to relate between research methods and
statistical models. Learning the methods of
research will lead the students to understand the
research designs, how to state problems and
with very minimal lessons on statistical data
analysis.
Course Goals:
At the end of the course , each student is expected to:
• demonstrate knowledge on research and its application within/across fields of
specialization using computing and ICT facilities;
• develop critical and creative thinking and/or other higher order thinking skills in learning
the principles of research;
• apply the knowledge gained in research process from conceptualization to reporting of
research results;
• discuss the process of selecting a study design and integral relationship between
inference and sampling design;
• demonstrate familiarity with a range of data gathering for communicating research
data; and
• demonstrate positive attitude towards research, and in learning in general, particularly
by manifesting collaboration and other social skills.
Expected Output:
Completed Research
THE NATURE OF
EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH
 The Nature of Research

Research
Means searching for a theory, for testing
theory, or for solving a problem.
A systematic quest for undiscovered
truth.
 The Main Aim of Research

Research
Contribute new knowledge such as new
facts, generalizations, techniques,
equipment, processes or new substances, etc.
 Considerations to Characterize Research
1. Research is scientific and objective
2. Research is expert, systematic and accurate
investigation
3. Research gathers new knowledge and data
from primary and secondary sources
- It places emphasis upon the discovery of
general principles.
 Characteristics of Research

4. Research endeavors to organize data in quantitative

terms if possible and to express these data in
numerical measures.
5. Researchers requires courage
6. research is carefully recorded and reported
 Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical
The collection of research is based on the
researcher’s direct experience or observation.
2. Logical
A research is based on valid procedures or
principles.
Scientific investigation is done in an orderly
manner.
 Characteristics of Research
3. Cyclical
The process starts with a problem and ends up
with a problem.
4. Analytical
This applies analytic procedures in gathering
the data.
It uses historical research, descriptive research,
experimental research and case studies.
 Characteristics of Research
5. Replicability
The research design and procedures are
repeated or duplicated with their similarities and
differences compared.
4. Critical
The researcher interprets the result of a
research to see whether he should accept or reject the
hypothesis.
It should show careful and precise judgment.
APPROACHES IN
RESEARCH
 APPROACHES in Research
A. Quantitative
B. Q ualitative
C. Mixed approach (quanti + Quali)
Quantitative vs. qualitative
Quantitative vs. qualitative
 What is quantitative research?
Quantitative Research are concerned with collecting and
analyzing data that is structured and can be represented
numerically.

Central Goal:
To build accurate and reliable measurements that
allow for statistical analysis.
 What is quantitative research?
It answers the “what” and “how” of a given situation.
Questions are direct and quantifiable.
 What is quantitative research?

In quantitative research, one can

1. Learn about demographics of a population;
2. measure;
3. Examine attitudes and behaviors;
4. document trends;
5. explain what is known anecdotally.
Descriptive Research Methods: Observational Method

1.1. Quantitative Observation

is the objective collection of data which is
primarily focused on numbers and values
Results of quantitative observation are
derived using statistical and numerical
analysis methods.
Descriptive Research Methods: Observational Method

1.2. Qualitative Observation

- doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but
instead just monitoring characteristics.
- In this case the researcher observes the
respondents from a distance.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Types of Research
A. BASED ON INQUIRY
1. Rationalistic inquiries
- Begins with an existing theory.
- Formal instruments in are used in categorizing the
basis for collecting data and transforming such data into
quantitative measures.
- Findings are generalized
- The problem is converted into dependent and
independent variables after which the researcher develops
strategies and instruments to control relationships between and
among naturally occurring variables.
 Types of Research

A. BASED ON INQUIRY
2. Naturalistic Inquiry
- subjects under study interpret their
environment to be able to understand human
behavior.
- The individual’s thoughts, values,
perceptions and actions are studied.
 Types of Research
B. BASED ON PURPOSE
1. Basic Research/ fundamental or pure research
- This is intended to add to a body of
knowledge.
- It uses careful sampling in order to extend the
findings beyond the group or situation studied.
- It is carried out in laboratory, often with
animals as subjects.
 Types of Research
B. BASED ON PURPOSE
1. Basic Research/ fundamental or pure research
- Problems require more time and better
qualities of the mind.
Examples: research on the structure of the nucleus
Newton’s Law, Boyle’s Law
 Types of Research
B. BASED ON PURPOSE
2. Applied Research/ also known action research
- conducted with an immediate purpose in mind
directed towards the practical application of knowledge.
- It aims to improve a product or a process by testing
theoretical concepts in the actual problem situation.
- there is development of a new system or procedure, a
new device, or a new method in order to solve the problem.
Examples:
The problem on population explosion
The problem on shortage of rice
 Types of Research
B. BASED ON PURPOSE
3. Developmental Research
- refers to the systematic work drawing on
existing knowledge gained from research and/or
practical that is directed to producing new
materials, products and devices.
- This type of research is often used in
engineering and technology areas.
 Types of Research
C. BASED ON METHOD
1. Historical Research
- is the critical investigation of events, developments and
experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity
of sources of information of the past and the interpretation of the
weighted evidence.
Purpose: Discover generalizations that is helpful in
understanding the present and anticipating the future.
- Data are gathered through the collection of original
documents or interviewing eye witness.
Example: A teacher is interested to find out how the subject was taught
 Types of Research
C. BASED ON METHOD
2. Descriptive Research
- focuses on fact-finding and needs a lot of
interpretation of the conditions that now exist.
- describes the population’s characteristics involving
comparisons and contrast.
- major emphasis is on the discovery of insights and
ideas.
- Exploratory or normative surveys
- Qualitative methods and quantitative methods are
used.
Qualitative Methods:
1. Case Study- involves a complete
analysis of and reports on the status of
an individual subject with respect to
specific phases of his personality.
2. Content analysis
3. Ethnographic studies
Qualitative Methods:
2. Content analysis- involve the analysis of
text treated as research data.
3. Ethnographic studies
Quantitative Methods:
1. Survey research
2. Cross-sectional survey
3. Cohort study
4. Correlational research
5. longitudinal survey
 Types of Research
C. BASED ON METHOD
3. Correlational Research
- involves the collection of two or more
sets of data from a group of subjects with the
attempt to determine the subsequent relationship
between those sets of data.
 Types of Research

C. BASED ON METHOD
4. Ex Post Facto Research
- is a systematic empirical inquiry in which
the researcher does not have direct control of the
independent variable.
 Types of Research

C. BASED ON METHOD
5. Evaluation Research
- judges the value , worth or merit of an
existing program. Formative and summative
evaluation are applied in training programs,
textbook, manuals or curricula..
 Types of Research
C. BASED ON METHOD
6. Experimental Research
- is a study conducted in the laboratory.
- this includes field experiments and quasi-
experimental experiments.
- This involves the experimental group and
control group.
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

1. Descriptive Survey
2. Descriptive Normative
3. Descriptive –status
4. Descriptive –analysis
5. Descriptive –classification
6. Descriptive –evaluative
7. Descriptive – comparative
8. correlational surveys
9. longitudinal surveys
 DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
This is appropriate when ever the
objects of any class vary among
themselves and when one is interested of
knowing to which different conditions
obtain among these objects.
 DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
The survey can do two things:
1. Prove the value of facts
2. To focus on the most important things
to be reported