INTRODUCTION TO

RESEARCH
DEFINITON OF RESEARCH

• Research is defined as “careful, critical, disciplined

inquiry, varying in technique and method according
to the nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification or
resolution of a problem. (Good, p. 464)
• Research is defined as simply, the systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic or problem. After a careful,
systematic search for pertinent information or data on a specific
topic or problem, and after the research worker has analyzed
and interpreted the data, he eventually faces another essential
task- that of preparing the research report. (Aquino, p.1)
• Research is defined as “a systematic study or
investigation of something for the purpose
of answering questions posed by the
researcher”. (Parel as Cited by Sanchez, p.2)
• Research is defined as the process of
gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner (Manuel and Medel,
p.5)
• Research in its broadest sense is an attempt to
gain solutions to problems. More precisely, it is
the collection of data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or
explanation. (Treece and Treece, p.3)
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

• To discover new facts about known phenomena

• To find answers to problems which are partially
solved by existing methods and information
• Improve existing techniques and develop new
instruments or products
• To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements
• Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements
• To order related, valid generalizations into
systematized science
• To provide basis for decision-making in
business, industry, education, government, and
in other undertakings
• To satisfy researcher’s curiosity
• To find answers to queries by means of
scientific methods
• To acquire a better and deeper
understanding about one phenomenon
that can be known and understood better
• To expand or verify existing knowledge
CHARCTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1.Research is systematic
2.Research is controlled
3.Research is empirical
4.Research is analytical
5.Research is objective, unbiased, and logical
6.Research employs hypothesis
7.Research employs quantitative or statistical methods
8. Research is original work
9. Research is done by an expert
10.Research is accurate investigation, observation and
description
11. Research is patient and unhurted activity
12.Research requires an effort-making capacity
13. Research requires courage
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
1. According to purpose
a. Predictive research- it has the purpose of determining the future operation of
the variables under investigations with the aim of controlling or redirecting such
for the better.

b. Directive research- it determines what should be done based on findings. This is

to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any.
c. Illuminative research- concerned with the interaction of components of the
variable being investigated.
2. According to goal
a. Basic or pure research- done for the development of
theories or principles. It is conducted for the intellectual
pleasure of learning.
b. Applied research- application of the results of pure research.
This is testing of the efficacy of theories and principles
3. According to level of investigation
a. Exploratory- studies the variables pertinent to specific situation

b. Descriptive- the researcher studies the relationship of the

variables
c.Experimental- studies the effect of the variables on each other.
4. According to type of analysis
a. Analytic- the researcher attempts to identify and
isolate the components of the research situation
b.Holistic- begins with the total situation, focusing
attention on the system first and then on its internal
relationship.
5. According to scope
.

a.Action research- a type of research done on a

very limited scope to solve a particular problem
which is not so big. It is almost problem solving
6. According to choose of answers to problems
a. Evaluation research- are possible courses of action are specified and identified and
the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.

b. Developmental research- the focus is on the finding or

developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been
available.
7 . According to statistical content
a. Quantitative- is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine the
results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysis
of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research usually
includes comparison studies, cause-and-effect, etc.

b. Non-quantitative- in this research the used of quantity or statistics is practically

null. This is especially true in anthropological studies where description is usually
used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.
8. According to time element
a.Historical research- describes what was
b.Descriptive research- describes what is
c.Experimental research- describes what will
be.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

• One of the characteristics of research is that, it is systematic. It

follows the scientific method of research which include the
following:
1. Determining the problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Doing the library research
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6.Collecting the data
7.Analyzing the data
8.Determining implications and conclusions from the
findings; and
9. Making recommendations for further research.
• Principles of Scientific Method
1.Rigid control
2.Objectivity
3.Systematic organization, and
4.Rigorous standards
DESIGNING THE STUDY

• Designing the study must follow the scientific method of

research. Aside from choosing the right problem, forming the
hypothesis, and library research, designing the study includes
deciding on the method of research to be used, the study
population, the instrument for gathering data and its preparation,
the sampling design, statistical treatment of data, and analysis
and presentation of data