CRIMINOLOGICAL

RESEARCH
 RESEARCH

 It is a systematic and refined

technique of thinking, employing
specialized tools, instruments, and
procedures in order to obtain a
more adequate solution to a
problem than would be possible.
 RESEARCH

A scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes
collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation
of facts that links man’s
speculation with reality”
 RESEARCH PAPER

ACADEMIC PAPER
(also c alled scholarly paper),
which is published in academic
journals and contains original
research results or reviews
existing results or show a totally
new invention
 RESEARCH PAPER
POSITION PAPER,
an essay that represents the author's opinion
TERM PAPER,
written by high school or college students
THESIS OR DISSERTATION, a document
submitted in support of a candidature for a
degree or professional qualification,
presenting the author's research and
 QUALITIES OF GOOD
RESEARCH

1. Communication skills
2. Independence & Critical thinking Skills
3. Intellectual skills
4. Organizational skills
5. Information Technology skills
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH
QUALITY RESEARCH
1. ANALYTIC AL – Utilizes proven analytic a l procedures in
data - gathering, whether historical, descritptive, experimental,
or any alternative research methods
2. C RITIC AL – exhibits careful and precise judgment
3. C ONTROLLED – the degree to which the observation
are controlled and alternative explanations outcomes are
ruled out
4. C YC LIC AL – starts with a problem and ends with a problem
5. EMPIRIC AL – based on experienc es or observation by the
researcher
TYPE OF RESEARCH AS TO PURPOSE

Basic or Pure – is driven by a scientist's

curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
The main motivation is to expand
knowledge, not to create or invent
something
TYPE OF RESEARCH AS TO PURPOSE

Applied – is designed to solve practical

problems of the contemporary world,
rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge's sake.
One might say that the goal of the applied
research is to come up with solutions,
processes, and products that will improve
our way of life.
TYPE OF RESEARCH AS TO PURPOSE

Action –is done by systematically

collecting data on your everyday practice
and analyzing it in order to come to some
decisions about what your future practice
should be.
TYPE OF RESEARCH AS TO METHOD

1. Qualitative – describes phenomena in words instead of

numbers or measures. (From fact to theory)
2. Quantitative – methods such as surveys and
experiments that record variation in social life in terms
of categories that vary in amount.
Data that are treated as quantitative are either
numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms
of magnitude. (Ex: Measurement of Crime Commission)
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVE

Basic Evaluative Creative Action Applied

To To guide To To solve a To test

develop decision- develop problem the
or revise makers products in a usefulnes
theories limited s of a
setting theory or
theories
 METHODS OF RESEARCH

1. Historical Research – accumulation of facts in relation

to a particular time sequence to determine whether
events in history actually happen. It gathers documentary
evidence.
2. Descriptive Research – attempts to define and describe
the social phenomena under investigation
3. Experimental Research – following the sequence
required in pursuant to a scientific study thru experiment.
OTHER METHODS OF RESEARCH

1. Exploratory research seeks to identify the

underlying meaning behind actions and individual
behavior.
2. Explanatory research seeks to identify the cause-
(s) and effect(s) of social phenomena.
3. Evaluation research seeks to determine the
effects of an intervention on individual behavior.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH METHODS
1. Qualitative Approach
a. Descriptive Method
b. Survey
c. Developmental Research Method
d. Correlational Research Method
e. Causal-Comparative Research
f. Experimental Research Method
2. Quantitative Approach
a. Case Study
b. Ethnographic Research
TERMS

INQUIRY- the “WHY” of the research, focused on the need to

investigate and search for truth and knowledge, which separates
research from everyday ways of learning

LOGICAL – based on valid procedures and principles

PROBLEM-SOLVING – finding out the answer to the problem

raised and addressing the objectives formulated
TERMS

REPLICABILILITY –research designs and

procedures are replicated to enable researcher
arrive at valid and conclusive results.

SYSTEMATIC – step by step procedure

INQUIRY- the “WHY” of the research, focused on the need to
investigate and search for truth and knowledge, which separates
research from everyday ways of learning

LOGICAL – based on valid procedures and principles

PROBLEM-SOLVING – finding out the answer to the problem

raised and addressing the objectives formulated
STEPS IN SCEINTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

▰ 1. Determining (recognizing) the problem

▰ 2. Forming a hypothesis
▰ 3. Doing the library search
▰ 4. Designing the study
▰ 5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
▰ 6. Collecting the date
▰ 7. Analyzing the data
▰ 8. Determining implications and conclusions from the findings
▰ 9. Making recommendations for further research.
STANDARD FORMAT IN RESEARCH WRITING

1. The Problem and the Setting

2. Related Literature and Studies
3. Methods of Research and Procedures
4. Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Attributes of Good Research Problem

S = Specific – specifically stated

M = Measurable – easy to measure by using research
instrument in collection of data
A = Achievable – data are achievable using correct
statistical treatment/techniques to arrive at precise results
R = Realistic – real results are not manipulated
T = Time-bound – time frame is required in every activity
because the shorter completion of the activity the better
 CAPSULIZING RESEARCH PROBLEM INTO TITLE

1. It should clearly and specifically stated

2. Variables investigated should by all means be written as part of the title
3. Relationship between and among variables should be indicated
4. Target population should be indicated in the title to achieve specificity
5. It should have a maximum of twenty substantive words.
6. Function words should not be placed at the end of each line
7. Title must take the form of an inverted pyramid
PLAGIARISM
It is an act of incorporating into
one’s work the work of another
without indicating the source.
PLAGIARISM
= the unacknowledged used of
somebody else’s words or ideas
= an act wherein the writer uses
passages, ideas, writings, and
statements of others without giving
due credit
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Theoretical framework is the

foundation of the study.

The theory should have a

relationship with the issues
posted in the study
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

= an illustration of how research problems are

generated from the theoretical framework of
the study
= it may be some sort of modification of the
theoretical framework or personally
conceptualized by the researcher
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Presents the problem. What the problem is all about
Rationale or reasons for conducting the study
Setting of the Study
Locality of the study. Place where the study is to be
conducted
 CHAPTER 1
▰ Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
▻ Theoretical / conceptual foundation of the study
▰ Statement of the Problem
▻ General and specific statement of the problem determined in the study
▰ Assumption or Hypothesis
▻ Self-evident truth based upon known fact or phenomenon
(Assumption)
▻ Tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions (Hypothesis)
CHAPTER 1

▰ Significance of the Study

▻ Contribution of the result of the study to individuals, institutions,
administrators, society, etc…
▰ Scope and Limitation of the Study
▻ Boundaries in terms of time, sample, location (Scope)
▻ Weakness of the study beyond the control of the researcher
(Limitation)
CHAPTER 1

Definition of Terms
It can be lexical or operational
definition or a combination thereof
of different terms used in the study
which are arranged alphabetically
CHAPTER 2
 Foreign Literature
 Published articles from foreign countries
 Local Literature
 Locally published articles
 Foreign Studies
 Foreign unpublished articles
 Local Studies
 Locally unpublished articles
  Synthesis
 Relevance of literature and studies to the present
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
 Research Method
 Brief description and justification of the research
method used in the study
 Population and Sampling Scheme
 Brief presentation of the entire population of the
study and the type of sampling techniques used in
selecting sample respondents
 Description of the Respondents
 Contains detailed description of the respondents as to
age, sex, marital status, nature of employment, etc…
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
 Research Instrument
 Explanation on how the instrument used in gathering data was
develop as well as its detailed description.
 Validation of Instrument
 States brief discussion on how the instrument was validated
 Instrument is tested on individuals who are knowledgeable of
the subject matter but are not part of the respondents of the
study
 Procedures in Gathering Data
 Contains the step by step procedures used by the researcher in
reaching the respondents in order to gather data
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES

▰ Statistical Treatment
▻ Contains discussion on the statistics used in
consonance with the specific problem and
hypothesis to be tested
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

▰ Contains the answers to all the sub-problems of the

study
▰ Answers to the problems are stated one by one
according to the arrangement of sub-problems for
clarity and understanding
▰ Answers are presented in textual and tabular forms.
Textual explanations come after the tables
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

 Conclusions
 Written in present tense
 Should be based on the findings of the study
 Logical and valid outgrowth of the findings
 Should not contain any numerals from the findings
 Organized and categorized according to the sub-problems
  
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

  Recommendations

 An appeal to people or institutions

concerned to solve the problems
discovered in the study
 No recommendations that will be
made for problems that were not
discovered in the study
ABSTRACT

This portion contains a brief

summary of what is
included in the research.
It must be concise yet
accurate as only the
pertinent points in the
manuscript are included.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledge those whom writer/s
think have contributed to the work.
Always uses the third person point
of view when referring to the writer.
Mentions the name, and how this
person have helped; followed by
the next person, and so on.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 THE WORKS OR A LIST OF WORKS

REFERRED TO IN A TEXT OR USED AS
REFERENCE BY THE AUTHOR IN ITS
PRODUCTION

 LIST OF BOOKS, RESEARCHES OF OTHER

AUTHORS, SOURCES, LITERATURES USED
BY THE AUTHOR IN REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURES AND STUDIES
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 THE WORKS OR A LIST OF WORKS

REFERRED TO IN A TEXT OR USED AS
REFERENCE BY THE AUTHOR IN ITS
PRODUCTION

 LIST OF BOOKS, RESEARCHES OF OTHER

AUTHORS, SOURCES, LITERATURES USED
BY THE AUTHOR IN REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURES AND STUDIES