Name: Christine Talimongan Strand/Section: ABM - BEZOS

MODULE #1: Week 1

Topic: The Importance of research in daily life, its characteristics, processes and

ethics of research (Writing the parts of Chapter I)

Answer the following:

a. Educational Research: meaning and scope

Educational research is the process of scientific inquiry to solve the problems of

educational sector of a country. It includes theoretical elaboration, quality enhancement

matters, policy draft and implication, classroom dimension and so forth. It involves a

continuous enquiry in search of knowledge, advancement, problem solving methodology

and an attempt to realize the truth from an objective point of view based on factual

understanding and systematic study.

Educational Researches are the main input as well as the output to bring such

change in the educational sector. Research findings identify the shortcomings, strength

and weakness of the educational sector of the country and it recommends implementing

such and such programme for the development of their educational sector. Educational

research also helps to evaluate the effectiveness as well as the impact of particular

programmes and project which has been undertaken by any governmental or non-

governmental agencies. Hence the breadth and width of the educational research is

unlimited. It has a scope to conduct research in any area of education which has a chance

to contribute knowledge for the development of education of a society, community and

Nation as well.

b. The goal of research

 This is a simple yet crucial question. Here is some of my opinion, research is

conducted to

 Find out a new technology in overcoming problem more accurate or effective

 Invent a new technique on facing a new problem

 Prove a technique or technology is having a problem or give an inaccurate result

c. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative research

Explaining it in simple terms, qualitative research generates “textual data” (non-

numerical). Quantitative research, on the contrary, produces “numerical data” or

information that can be converted into numbers.

d. Types and classification of Research

There are many kinds of research which are classified according to their distinctive

features. Some of the classifications are as follows:

1. According to purpose - There are three broadly different kinds of research, namely,

predictive, directive and illuminative.

 Predictive or prognostic research has the purpose of determining the future

operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or

redirecting such for the better. “Predictive research proposes to give the result

from one specific educational practice or pattern and seeks to establish a close

statistical connection between characteristics of students and a prediction of

educational outcome.”

 Directive research determines what should be done based on the findings. This

is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.

  Illuminative research is concerned with the components of the variable being

investigated, as for example, “interaction of the components of educational

systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, student

characteristics, organizational patterns and policies, and educational

consequences.”

2. According to goal - According to goal, research may be classified as basic or pure

research and applied research.

 Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or principles. It

is conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of

research has been done in psychology and sociology.

 Applied research is the application of the results of pure research. This is

testing the efficacy of theories and principles. For instance, a principle says that

praise reinforces learning. To determine if this is true, one conducts an

experiment in which there are two classes. In one class, he uses praise but in the

other class there is no praise at all. All other things are kept equal. At the end of

the experimental period, he gives the same test to the two classes. If the scores

of the pupils in the class with praise are significantly higher than those in the

class without praise, then the principle is true.

3. According to the levels of investigation - French categorizes research according to

the levels of investigation into exploratory research, descriptive research and

experimental research.
  In exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a

specific situation.

 In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of the

variables.

 In experimental research, the experimenter studies the effects of the variables

on each other.

4. According to the type of analysis -According to the type of analysis, research is

classified into analytic and holistic research.

 In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the

components of the research situation.

 The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the

system first and then on its internal relationships.

5. According to choice of answer to problems - Research that is concerned with

finding answers to problems into evaluation and development research.

 In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and

identified and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.

 In development research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable

instrument or process than has been available.

6. According to statistical content - Under this type may be mentioned quantitative

research and non-quantitative research.

 Quantitative or statistical research is one in which inferential statistics are

utilized to determine the results if the study. Inferential statistics such as

 correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis.

This type of research usually includes comparison studies, cause-and-effect

relationships, etc.

 Non-quantitative research. This is the research in which the use of quantity or

statistics is practically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies

where description is usually used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than

quantitative data.

e. The scientific method of the research process

The principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered

characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the

observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena,

experimentation to demonstrate the truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion

that validates or modifies the hypothesis.

CRITICAL QUESTIONS:

1. How to achieve a good research in our daily life?

We must need to know about the nature of research first, because through this we

acquire knowledge, knowledge is power, and we use this knowledge gained through

research to gain power over ourselves, and over the world around us. Next is to construct

a system to boost productivity. Time is limited. For research, time is an enemy. We

always race against the clock to get things done, finish tasks and assignments and meet

deadlines. So, we need to optimize it to get better results. Lastly, find and evaluate

credible resources. When you do research, you want to find the best information to
 support your ideas. Evaluate information means to find the most relevant information for

your topic and assignment, to ensure the quality and reliability of your research, to find

expert views, opinions, and research on your topic, and to weed out unreliable, biased,

outdated, and/or incorrect information.

2. How can a good researcher balance ethical consideration and bias?

The size, complexity, and diversity of research efforts, among other factors, contribute to

excellence in a changing and competitive scientific research environment. However,

these same features can provide opportunities for misconduct in science, questionable

research practices, and other misconduct. A good researcher must acknowledge

responsibility and take action in order to balance ethical consideration and bias.

Recognizing the presence of an ethical issue is the first step in ethical decision making

because we can’t solve a moral problem unless we first know that one exists. Like for

example, many students are focused on finishing their research paper and see no problem

with plagiarism.

3. How can these issues in the society address the needs to concern individual?

Because we are in position to affect social change. And talking about issues is the start of

the process. Discussing social issues in everyday life helps create awareness, and better

understanding of problems regarding their exact nature and causes, etc. More people

talking about them will raise the popularity of the issues, which leads to increase in

momentum, which is required to cause any sort of social change. Also, the more often

you talk about these issues, the more you make yourself and your peers think about them,
 which leads to greater clarity on what the bigger picture is, then leads to clearer demands

you can place on your political representatives.

4. How to make a possible solution to these issues?

Self-discipline, understanding others, contribution than expectation, looking at other side

of an issue, respecting and listening to all, thinking alternatives for a demanded solution,

suggesting probable solutions than complaints, cooperating with the mass, correcting

erring people by making them understanding, solution than advice or suggestions

agreeable to majority. If everyone follows these, society will have least problems but

there will always be least people without satisfaction and happiness.

5. How can research help improve the quality of life?

Research improves the quality of life in all different aspects, since it is a lesson learned,

lesson that shows what others did, what mistakes they fell in and how they succeeded. It

saves many years of struggling and trying; it paved the road for a happy life, guided to

the right directions. Think of it this way, if it weren’t for research, we will still be

uncivilized cavemen.
Module # 2 - Week 2

TOPIC: Qualitative and Quantitative Research and Kinds of Research Across

Fields (Writing the parts of Chapter I)

Answer the following Questions:

a. Educational research is the process of scientific inquiry to solve the problems of

educational sector of a country. It includes theoretical elaboration, quality enhancement

matters, policy draft and implication, classroom dimension and so forth. It involves a

continuous enquiry in search of knowledge, advancement, problem solving methodology

and an attempt to realize the truth from an objective point of view based on factual

understanding and systematic study.

b. The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding

of a topic or issue.

Research methods refers to the tools that one uses to do research. These can either be

qualitative or quantitative or mixed. Quantitative methods examine numerical data and

often requires the use of statistical tools to analyze data collected. This allows for the

measurement of variables and relationships between them can then be established. This

type of data can be represented using graphs and tables. Qualitative data is non-numerical

and focuses on establishing patterns. Mixed methods are composed of both qualitative

and quantitative research methods. Mixed methods allow for explanation of unexpected

results.
c. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be

used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and

generalize results to wider populations.

d. Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The

main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t

facilitate in creating or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a

simple fact.

Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems.

This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods.

Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of

humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a disease.

Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is

conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions. The

term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when analyzing a situation.

Problem solving research: This type of research is conducted by companies to

understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied

research to find solutions to the existing problems.

Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps

create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a

non-statistical method.

Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and

analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a

 computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data. Quantitative data is all

about numbers.

Research can be classified according to the distinctive feature. Some of the classification

are:

 According to purpose

 According to goal

 According to the levels of investigation

 According to the type of analysis

 According to scope

 According to the choice of answers to the problem

 According to statistical content

 According to time element

e. It is important because issues or topics discussed on research papers are different and

unique, usually there is a specific method of research intended to use. For example, if you

are planning to collect your data through various forms of surveys then quantitative

research method is the most appropriate to apply.